白马蝠蛾幼虫食性的观察

<正> 关于虫草蝙蝠蛾Hepialus armoricanus Oberthür幼虫的食性,前人报道主要取食珠芽蓼Polygonum viviparum、头花蓼P. sphaerosta、大小黄Rheum pumilum等植物。我们于1984至1987年对云南冬虫夏草的主要寄主白马蝠蛾H. baimaensis Liang幼虫的食性及某些影响取食的因子作了初步观察,现整理出来供参考。     

白马蝠蛾Hepialus baimaensis Linag消化系统的解剖

本文首次报道了云南冬虫夏草优势寄主昆虫白马蝠蛾5龄幼虫消化系统的构造。用形态解剖学的方法对该虫的前肠、中肠、后肠及唾腺进行了观察研究和描述。结果如下: 白马蝠蛾幼虫的消化道简单的呈长筒状,直占于腹腔中,其前肠、中肠、后肠三部分分段明显(图1)     

白马蝠蛾幼虫的抗寒性研究

本文报道了云南产冬虫夏草菌的优势寄主白马蝠蛾Hepialus baimaensis Liang幼虫抗寒能力.其1—6龄虫的过冷却点分别为-20.4℃、-20.6℃、21.5℃、-19.8℃、-18.8℃、-18.2℃,1—3龄幼虫的过冷却点明显低于其它龄虫,最低过冷却点达-27.8℃.越冬幼虫在高寒草甸土壤里,土壤温度-0.2—-6.8℃半年也不会死亡.越冬初期体内的脂肪、糖和无机盐类含量升高、水分下降有利于提高其抗寒作用.该虫经低温适应锻炼和在消化道里无残存食物的情况下能显著地提高耐寒能力.     

玉龙蝠蛾生殖的观察

玉龙蝠蛾Hepialus yulongensis Liang也是我国名贵药材虫草的重要寄主。对其生殖生物学的研究不仅为鳞翅目昆虫的演化有着重要意义,而且能为冬虫夏草的人工饲养繁殖提供基础资料。 观察实验在冬虫夏草主产区之一的云南省迪庆藏族自治州白马雪山(海拔3850m)中国科学院昆明动物研究所虫草组研究基地进行。供实验用材料采自云南丽江玉龙雪山虫草花园(海拔4300—4380m)处的老熟幼虫和蛹。将羽化后刚交配的蛾子引入观察笼内,或将羽化未交配的雌雄蛾按1:1,1:2比例放入观察笼内饲养观察,记录成虫羽化、交配、产卵、成虫死亡及卵孵化日期和数量。死亡的雌蛾解剖观察体内余腹卵数和交配授精情况。其结果如下:     

虫草蝠蛾生物学研究

虫草蝠蛾(Thitarodes armoricanus Oberthur)的卵于室温11.4℃时,历期32—47天,在潮湿滤纸表面孵化率高达93.2%.幼虫在土壤中生活三年多才化蛹.蛹期35—50天.成虫寿命3—12天.卵在发育中有变色现象,即由白→黄→灰→黑.变色过程一般需6—13小时.幼虫栖息地表以下10—25cm土层中,适宜在地温5—10℃、土壤含水量70%左右条件下生活.蛹腹节有棘突,助蛹活动.成虫白天不吃不动,黄昏时活动,无趋光性,也无趋化性.雌雄交配自傍晚至深夜,经4—10小时.一雌产卵400—800粒.     

云南蝠蛾属一新种及生物学特性研究

1985至1987年,作者于云南西北部人支雪山冬虫夏草主产地采到一批寄主昆虫,经研究,确认是该地产虫草的优势寄主之一,是蝠蛾属(Hepialus)一新种,并对其生活史及生态习性进行了观察,现描述和报道如下。模式标本保存于中国科学院昆明动物研究所。     

虫草菌感染虫草蝠蛾幼虫的研究

本文叙述了虫草菌在自然条件下感染虫草蝠蛾幼虫的过程和特性,主要内容包括自然感染的虫龄和影响感染的生态因子。     

蝠蛾属一新种(鳞翅目:蝙蝠蛾科)

本文记述了采自四川省康定县的蝙蝠蛾科蝠蛾属一新种,模式标本存放于四川省中药研究所。 贡嘎蝠蛾 Hepialus gonggaensis Fu et Huang 新种(图1—2)     

狼蛛科蜘蛛的繁殖行为

根据国内外研究进展,对狼蛛科蜘蛛的繁殖行为进行了简要综述,内容涉及狼蛛科蜘蛛的求偶、交配、产卵和携卵、携幼等4方面的行为研究。     

贡嘎蝠蛾初孵幼虫迁移行为观察

在实验室内对贡嘎蝠蛾Hepialusgonggaensis的初孵幼虫迁移行为进行了初步观察。结果表明 ,该初孵幼虫迁移与其习性、虫口密度、环境湿度、栖居场所、食料等因素均有关。     

温,湿度对德钦蝠蛾繁殖力的影响

本文研究了不同温度、土壤含水率和相对湿度对德钦蝠蛾羽化、交配、产卵及孵化率的影响。结果表明：温度在15 ℃-18 ℃,土壤含水率25.0%-30.0%时,正常羽化率达95.0%-100.0%,交配率为18.0%-30.0%;在该温度范围内,相对湿度70.0%-100.0%时,产卵率达63.6%-43.2%;在以上温度内,土壤含水率30.0%、35.0%的孵化率最高。     

笼养褐马鸡繁殖行为的研究

1984年我们对褐马鸡(Crossoptilon mantchuricum)的繁殖行为作了观察。了解到它们的一些行为特征,通过这一工作希望有助于促进褐马鸡和其它珍禽的饲养管理和繁殖。 材料与方法 观察的三对褐马鸡,其中两对于1982年获自河北省西部的小五台山,都是当年的幼体;另一对于1983年初取自北京动物园,是1982年该园繁殖的后代。观察期间,褐马鸡圈养在笼舍内,舍内面积约3×2米,舍外架设网以防外逸并作为活动场所,面积约7×2.5米。观察是在距活动场10—15米的室内隐蔽处进行。录相是在活动场的护网外用     

圈养小熊猫繁殖行为变化及繁殖行为对策

In order to investigate the change of reproductive behaviors and understand reproductive strategies of both male and female red pandas, one-year behavioral observation was conducted through the focal sampling method in the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding from December 1999 to November 2000. Our results indicated that reproductive behaviors showed significant differences between the estrous and non-estrous seasons. Frequencies of the rubbing anogenital, sniffing and licking marking were much higher in estrus than in non-estrus. Bleating only appeared in the estrus and can be regarded as an estrous indicator.The result also demonstrated that both male and females applied different reproductive behavioral strategies. Frequencies of activity, rubbing anogenital, licking and sniffing marking, and bleat were much higher in the male than in the female. However, those of resting and investigating were much lower in the male than in the female. This indicated that the male was more active than the female during the estrus and might imply that the male acts mainly as an estrous message sender, and the female as a message receiver in the estrous season.     

Population variation in spawning current speed selection in the blacktail shiner,Cyprinella venusta (Pisces: Cyprinidae)

Synopsis Many stream fishes lay demersal eggs. Some species simply scatter the eggs across the substrate, but many place the eggs in protected sites such as crevices (e.g., Cyprinidae:Cyprinella). Eggs laid in crevices may experience increased development times or lower embryo survival due to reduced water exchange rates compared to more open egg deposition sites. If so, the presence of an appreciable current near the crevice may be important for insuring water exchange. However, currents that are too strong may prevent complete insemination or prevent the eggs from adhering to the substratum before they are washed from the crevice. Thus, current speed preferences for spawning may be under strong stabilizing selection. Representatives of four populations of a crevice spawning stream fish (blacktail shiner,Cyprinella venusta), representing environments ranging from a swift stream to a lake, were studied in stream tanks to evaluate female spawning current use. The observed frequency of use of spawning currents was significantly different from random in all populations. Low current speeds were generally avoided, and a speed of ca. 30 cm sec^–1 was used most often. However, significant differences were observed among populations, and the variation correlated well with the apparent range of current speeds found in the four environments. Although other possible explanations cannot be dismissed, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that the populations have become adapted to their local current regimes.Authorship in order of seniority     

广州地区西藏小型猪的繁殖行为学表现

目的对广州地区西藏小型猪的繁殖性能和繁殖行为进行了观察研究。方法以广州地区雌雄西藏小型猪为研究对象,根据其繁殖卡的详细资料进行分类统计。结果雄性西藏小型猪阴茎首次伸出日龄为(39.50±2.63)d,此时体重为(3.26±0.87)kg;其射精日龄为(65.22±3.69)d,体重为(5.34±1.03)kg。雌性西藏小型猪初情日龄为(142±5.3)d,成年母猪发情周期为(20.35±0.72)d,发情持续期(4.2±0.31)d;其妊娠期约为114 d左右。初产雌性西藏小型猪产仔数为(2.30±0.82)头,2月龄断乳存活率为86.5%;而经产雌性西藏小型猪产仔数为(5.70±1.00)头,其2月龄断乳存活率为91.4%。哺乳期雌性西藏小型猪母性强,护仔行为强烈。结论广州地区西藏小型猪生长发育繁殖正常,产仔率和2月龄存活率等繁殖性能指标与原产地一致。     

Sexual activity of male rhesus monkeys introduced into a heterosexual group.

Unfamiliar males were introduced during the breeding season to a stable heterosexual group of rhesus monkeys to determine how the presence of more dominant resident males affected their mating activity and how their entry was received by resident females. Initially, new males were allowed access to females under controlled conditions both in the presence and absence of resident males, simulating situations which may occur under natural conditions. Results indicated that the sexual activity, including ejaculation rate, of the new males was initially inhibited by the presence of more dominant, resident males, but these inhibiting properties did not carry over to periods when the resident males were absent and were diminished with time. Group females preferentially directed their behavior towards the new males throughout the study. These data suggest that although entry of new males into a stable group is at low rank, their subsequent reproductive success may not be reduced and that the association with resident females may facilitate male rhesus transfer between groups observed during the breeding season.