Assessing the risk of freshwater fish introductions into the Iberian Peninsula

1. Preventing the introduction of species likely to become invaders is the best management option to deal with biological invasions. A data set consisting of native, introduced and species not currently present in Iberian Peninsula (n = 167 species) was used to identify freshwater fish species that are likely to be introduced and become successful invaders in the near future. 2. Principal component analysis (PCA) of species traits was used to determine species likely to be introduced, assuming that the traits of species introduced in the future will resemble those of previously introduced species. The likelihood of introduction was calculated as the proportion of neighbour species (in the space defined by the PCA) that have been introduced to the Iberian Peninsula and, together with metrics related to different stages of invasion, was used to construct a region‐specific risk index (Iberian risk index). 3. Introduced species had higher index values compared with native species or species currently absent from the region. The Iberian risk index was positively related to the results of an independent risk analysis for freshwater fish as well as to the geographical spread of species previously introduced to the Iberian Peninsula. 4. Iberian risk index values were used to establish a cut‐off value for estimating the probability of a successful invasion. This threshold value was used to construct a list of 20 species to be included in a ‘watch list’ to prevent freshwater fish invasions in the Iberian Peninsula.     

Presence and absence of non‐native fish species in the Wet Tropics region,Australia

Distributional records of non‐native fish species were identified in the Wet Tropics region, Far North Queensland, Australia, through a compilation of published records and expert knowledge. A total of 1106 records were identified comprising 346 presence and four uncertain records for at least 13 species, and 756 absence records. All current presence records consist of six species from the families Cichlidae and Poeciliidae with established self‐sustaining populations in the region, probably affecting the highly diverse native fish fauna.     

Contrasting patterns and mechanisms of spatial turnover for native and exotic freshwater fish in Europe

Aim We compare the distribution patterns of native and exotic freshwater fish in Europe, and test whether the same mechanisms (environmental filtering and/or dispersal limitation) govern patterns of decrease in similarity of native and exotic species composition over geographical distance (spatial species turnover). Locations Major river basins of Europe. Methods Data related to geography, habitat diversity, regional climate and species composition of native and exotic freshwater fish were collated for 26 major European river basins. We explored the degree of nestedness in native and exotic species composition, and quantified compositional similarity between river basins according to the beta‐sim (independent of richness gradient) and Jaccard (dependent of richness gradient) indices of similarity. Multiple regression on distance matrices and variation‐partitioning approaches were used to quantify the relative roles of environmental filtering and dispersal limitation in shaping patterns of decreasing compositional similarity over geographical distance. Results Native and exotic species exhibited significant nested patterns of species composition, indicating that differences in fish species composition between river basins are primarily the result of species loss, rather than species replacement. Both native and exotic compositional similarity decreased significantly with increasing geographical distance between river basins. However, gradual changes in species composition with geographical distance were found only for exotic species. In addition, exotic species displayed a higher rate of similarity decay (higher species turnover rate) with geographical distance, compared with native species. Lastly, the majority of explained variation in exotic compositional similarity was uniquely related to geography, whereas native compositional similarity was either uniquely explained by geography or jointly explained by environment and geography. Main conclusions Our study suggests that large‐scale patterns of spatial turnover for exotic freshwater fish in Europe are generated by human‐mediated dispersal limitation, whereas patterns of spatial turnover for native fish result from both dispersal limitation relative to historical events (isolation by mountain ranges, glacial history) and environmental filtering.     

Current and projected future risks of freshwater fish invasions in China

Biological invasions are a primary threat to global biodiversity, supporting mounting calls for the development of early‐warning systems to manage existing and emerging invaders. Here, we evaluated the geographical pattern of invasion risks of currently established and potentially emerging nonnative freshwater fishes in China by jointly considering the threats of introduction and establishment under climate change. Introduction threats were estimated according to proxies of human activities and propagule pressure for two primary pathways (aquaculture or ornamental). Establishment threats for 51 current and 64 potential invaders (based on whether having established or not self‐sustaining populations) were assessed using an ensemble of species distribution models under current (1960–1990) and future [2041–2060 (2050s) and 2061–2080 (2070s)] climate scenarios. Geographical patterns of invasion risk were then assessed by overlaying the threats of introduction and establishment for each species group both in present‐day and in the future. We found that eastern China displayed the highest threat of introduction. By contrast, southeastern and northwestern regions were identified as the most suitable for the establishment of both current and potential invaders. Under a changing climate, 83 out of 115 species displayed an increase in habitat suitability, resulting in an overall increase of 4.8% by 2050s and 7.1% by 2070s in the extent of suitable habitat for nonnative freshwater fishes. Taken together, invasion risk was found to be highest in southeastern China and lowest in the Tibet Plateau. Our research highlights the importance of assessing invasion risk by integrating the threats associated with the introduction and establishment stages. In particular, our findings revealed convergent patterns of invasion risk between current and potential nonnative freshwater fishes under climate change. Geographic patterns in hotspots of existing and emerging invasions provide critical insights to guide the allocation of resources to monitor and control existing and emerging invasions in China.     

湖北省外来入侵植物初步调查

【目的】近年来,湖北省外来入侵植物数目和种类都呈现上升趋势,但该地区外来入侵植物编目的研究相对滞后,本研究试图填补这项空白,为湖北省外来入侵植物的防治和生态环境保护提供比较全面和准确的数据。【方法】通过查阅文献资料和个人观察,初步确定湖北省外来入侵植物的种类,再根据相关文献和实际野外调查排除不符合外来入侵植物定义的物种,最后确定湖北省外来入侵植物的原产地、生活型、引入途径等。【结果】湖北省外来入侵植物共有145种,隶属于41科,以菊科、豆科、苋科、茄科为主。原产地有8种来源,大部分外来入侵物种原产于北美洲(85种;占全部外来入侵物种的35.6%)。生活型以草本植物为主(134种;占全部外来入侵物种的75.3%)。引入途径有意引入、无意引入、自然传入,占比分别为56.0%、36.7%、7.3%。【结论】研究结果可用于湖北省外来入侵植物的防治,但是为了保证数据的准确性,应定期对湖北省外来入侵植物名录进行更新,以反映实际情况。     

“世界100种恶性外来入侵物种”在我国大陆的入侵现状

[目的] 明确世界自然保护联盟公布的“世界100种恶性外来入侵物种”在我国大陆发生分布现状,为我国制定外来入侵物种管控对象和分级管理对策提供依据。[方法] 基于在线数据库系统、文献报道以及外来入侵物种本底调查结果,采用分类统计方法,对物种的分类地位、原产地、在我国的入侵状态及其所在的生态系统进行分析。[结果] 世界100种恶性外来入侵物种已有82种在我国发生分布,包括本地种33种、外来入侵种32种、外来非入侵种16种,以及未明确入侵状态1种。其中,32种外来入侵种包括陆生无脊椎动物8种、哺乳动物2种、鱼类2种、两栖动物1种、爬行动物1种、水生无脊椎动物2种、陆生植物9种、水生植物4种、真菌1种、卵菌1种和病毒1种。以上物种主要分布在东南沿海地区和西南地区,而较少分布在西北地区和东北地区;约75%物种分布在农田、城镇、森林和湿地4类生态系统。[结论] 建议外来入侵物种管理部门重点关注尚未在国内发生分布的18种潜在外来入侵物种,并列入国家外来入侵物种相关管理对象,严防其传入与扩散;严密监控国内已发生且具有潜在危险的外来物种,防止其向可能入侵的生态系统边缘扩散;继续对在国内已发生的外来入侵种实施区域性分级控制管理措施。     

The times are changing: temporal shifts in patterns of fish invasions in central European fresh waters

This study examines the invasion history of alien fish species based on exhaustive national data sets on fish invasions of two contiguous central European countries (Germany and Austria). Fifteen alien fish species are currently established in both countries, constituting 14 and 17% of the total freshwater fish fauna of Germany and Austria, respectively. In both countries, six alien species are present, but not established. The status of five alien species in Germany and three species in Austria remains unknown. Accumulation rates of alien fish species have increased in recent decades with >50% of them reported after 1971. North America and Asia were the primary sources of alien fish species in Germany and Austria up to the 1980s, whereas European species of Ponto‐Caspian origin dominate now. Fisheries (including aquaculture) and the animal trade were responsible for most earlier introductions, whereas waterways were the main pathway for recent invaders. The extent of the spatial distribution of alien species was positively correlated with residence time, i.e. the time elapsed since the first national record. Different thermal preferences of early invaders (mostly coldwater species) and new invaders (typically warmwater adapted) may benefit the latter in the face of climate change. It is concluded that new challenges for alien fish management arise and that ecosystem‐based approaches as endorsed by the E.U. Water Framework Directive (maintaining or restoring good ecological status of rivers and streams) should become the centrepiece of river management in Europe.     

Anthropogenic changes in the freshwater fish fauna of Italy, with reference to the central region and Barbus graellsii, a newly established alien species of Iberian origin

In a survey of the west-central Italian rivers Ombrone, Fiora, Albegna and Bruna, among established exotic species, the Iberian barbel Barbus graellsti was recorded in Italian fresh waters for the first time. Morphological identification was supported by comparison of cytochrome b sequences with those from related barbel species. Other exotics of particular note were Barbus barbus, Pseudorasbora parva and Leuciscus cephalus , together with the Padano-Venetian Chondrostoma genei and Padogobius bonelli. Native species still present included Leuciscus lucumonis, Telestes muticellus, Rutilus rubilio and Padogobius nigricans , but were now more restricted to upper reaches and smaller watercourses. The deleterious effect of alien species on native forms is discussed with particular reference to probable competition between C. genei and L. lucumonis , and between the two gobies. The checklist of species introduced to the fresh waters of Italy is now updated to 34. For the Italian freshwater fish fauna in general, the conservation status of three native species ( Acipenser naccari, Salmo marmoratus and Knipowitschia punctatissima ) has been improved but five species are believed to be at risk ( Salmo carpio, L. lucumonis, Scardinius scardafa, Gobio benacensis and P. nigricans ) and four anadromous species ( Petromyzon marinus, Lampetra fluviatilis, Acipenser sturio and Huso huso ) no longer breed in Italian fresh waters. The processes of change in the composition of the Italian freshwater fish fauna as a whole may be summarized as successively 'padanization', 'danubization' and now 'globalization'.     

环境DNA技术在淡水底栖大型无脊椎动物多样性监测中的应用

环境DNA (eDNA)是指生物有机体在环境中(例如土壤、沉积物或水体)遗留下的DNA片段。eDNA技术是指从环境中提取DNA片段进行测序以及数据分析来反映环境中的物种或群落信息。与传统方法相比, eDNA技术具有高灵敏度、省时省力、无损伤等优点。目前, eDNA技术已成为一种新的水生生物监测方法, 主要应用于水生生物的多样性研究、濒危和稀有动物的物种状态及外来入侵动物扩散动态的监测等。本文从eDNA技术在水生生物多样性监测应用领域的发展历程、eDNA技术的操作流程以及其在监测淡水底栖大型无脊椎动物方面的应用进展、技术优势和局限性五个方面进行了综述。最后, 本文对eDNA技术在淡水底栖大型无脊椎动物多样性监测应用的发展趋势和前景作出展望。     

黑龙江省外来入侵植物的种类组成

近年来,黑龙江省外来入侵植物种类呈逐渐增多趋势。为摸清本地区外来入侵植物状况,我们于2008年6月至2010年10月对原产地在国外、已经在黑龙江省内自然或半自然生态系统建立种群、威胁或者破坏当地经济和生态环境的植物种类(包括种下分类单位)进行了全面调查。根据实地调查和文献资料,我们给出了目前黑龙江省外来入侵植物名录,对它们的原产地、引入途径以及区系成分等进行了分析。黑龙江省目前共有外来入侵植物41种,隶属于17科35属,以菊科种类为最多,有12种,占外来入侵植物总种数的29.3%,并且它们以草本植物为主,共39种,占95.1%。从来源地来看,来自美洲、欧洲的种类分别为22种和14种,占外来入侵植物总种数的53.7%和34.2%。从传入途径看,基本上为有意或无意引入(40种,占97.6%)。本区外来入侵植物属的区系成分共包括9个分布区类型,其中温带成分占明显优势,共17属,占68.0%。根据对黑龙江省外来植物的入侵现状及有效防治进行的探讨,我们建议实行具有地域特色的外来物种引进风险评估制度。     

中国外来入侵物种的分布与传入路径分析

外来物种入侵已成为全球性的环境问题,本文采用文献调研,实地考察与专家咨询相结合的方式,调查了全国陆生,淡水水生生态系统中外来入侵微生物,无脊椎动物,两栖爬行类,鱼类,鸟类,哺乳类,杂草,树木和海洋生态系统中外来入侵物种的种类及分类地位,起源,引入路径和环境影响等内容。查明我国共有283种外来入侵物种,其中外来入侵微生物,水生植物,陆生植物,水生无脊椎动物,陆生无脊椎动物,两栖爬行类,鱼类,哺乳类分别为19种,18种,170种,25种,33种,3种,10种和5种,来源于美洲,欧洲,亚洲,非洲,大洋洲的外来入侵物种分别占55.1%,21.7%,9.9%.8.1%和0.6%。我国对外来物种的引进存在一定程度的盲目性;50.%的外来入侵植物是作为牧草或饲料,观赏植物,纤维植物,药用植物,蔬菜,草坪模特而引进的;25%的外来入侵动物是用于养殖,观赏,生物防治的引种,对外来物种只重引进,疏于管理,也可能导致外来物种逃逸到自然环境中,造成潜在的环境意传入的;76.3%的外来入侵动物是由于检查不严,随贸易物品或运输工具传入我国的。因此,我国既要加强检疫工作,又要对外来物种的有意引进进行严格管理,实行外来物种引进的风险评估制度。     

Species Risk Assessment of Microscopic Exotic Organisms Associated with Forest-Related Commodities and Goods

Recent increases in international trade have increased the cost to control and eradicate exotic species. Although many species are under quarantine control for agriculture, forestry, and public health, most species invisible to the naked eye are ignored because of the lack of both specialized assessors and risk assessments. We developed a species risk assessment particularly adapted to fungi, nematodes, and mites, that might be unintentionally introduced with exotic forest products and become threats to terrestrial ecosystems. We developed our assessment with reference to existing risk assessments for exotic organisms, including their ecological features such as phoresy and parasitism. We then tested our assessment with well-known organisms and assessed the risks of organisms unintentionally introduced into Japan. The assessment demonstrated scientifically acceptable scores for each organism. We suggest quarantine control of risk pathways as a practical approach for controlling unintentionally introduced organisms that are invisible to the naked eye.     

Propagule pressure and the invasion risks of non-native freshwater fishes: a case study in England

European countries in general, and England in particular, have a long history of introducing non-native fish species, but there exist no detailed studies of the introduction pathways and propagules pressure for any European country. Using the nine regions of England as a preliminary case study, the potential relationship between the occurrence in the wild of non-native freshwater fishes (from a recent audit of non-native species) and the intensity ( i.e. propagule pressure) and diversity of fish imports was investigated. The main pathways of introduction were via imports of fishes for ornamental use ( e.g. aquaria and garden ponds) and sport fishing, with no reported or suspected cases of ballast water or hull fouling introductions. The recorded occurrence of non-native fishes in the wild was found to be related to the time (number of years) since the decade of introduction. A shift in the establishment rate, however, was observed in the 1970s after which the ratio of established-to-introduced species declined. The number of established non-native fish species observed in the wild was found to increase significantly ( P < 0·05) with increasing import intensity (log₁₀ x + 1 of the numbers of fish imported for the years 2000–2004) and with increasing consignment diversity (log₁₀ x + 1 of the numbers of consignment types imported for the years 2000–2004). The implications for policy and management are discussed.     

广东省农林重要外来有害昆虫的入侵现状及地理分布格局

【背景】广东省是中国外来物种入侵最严重的地区之一,入侵昆虫引发的生物灾害日趋严重。【方法】根据广东省各地区的野外调查结果及国内外的相关文献,汇总分析了广东省外来入侵昆虫的种类、原产地、入侵地、地理分布格局。【结果】据统计,在广东省造成一定程度危害的外来入侵昆虫种类共计30种,以蚧类最多,占30.00%;在广东省的外来入侵昆虫中,原产于亚洲的种类最多,为12种,占40.00%,其中东盟8种,北美洲、南美洲各占20.00%、16.67%,从非洲、欧洲和大洋洲传入的分别占10.00%、3.33%和3.33%;外来入侵昆虫的首次发现地位于广东省的有17种,占56.67%,且全部位于珠三角地区,海南省的占20.00%,云南省的占10.00%,出现在广西壮族自治区、北京市、上海市的均为3.33%;广东省外来入侵昆虫的地理分布存在较大的空间差异,珠三角地区外来入侵昆虫物种数量较多,粤西地区相对次之,粤北和粤东地区相对较少。【结论与意义】明确广东省外来有害昆虫的入侵现状及地理分布格局,可为广东省外来入侵昆虫的监测和防控提供科学依据。     

Effects of invasive clam (Corbicula fluminea) die‐offs on the structure and functioning of freshwater ecosystems

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