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1.
鸣声是鸟类之间进行沟通和传递信息的重要方式,这为通过声学监测评估鸟类多样性提供了独特的机会。利用声学指数快速评估生物多样性是一种新兴的调查方法,但城市森林中的复杂声环境可能会导致声学指数的指示结果出现偏差。为了解声学指数在城市森林中应用的可行性,本研究在北京市东郊森林公园设置了50个矩阵式调查样点,于2021年4–6月每月进行1次鸟类传统观测和同步鸣声采集,通过比较两种方法的结果来探究声学监测的有效性。采用Spearman相关分析和广义线性混合模型评估6个常用声学指数与鸟类丰富度和多度的关系,并衡量了每个指数的性能。结果表明:(1)本研究共记录到鸟类10目23科35种,通过声学监听识别的总物种数与传统鸟类观测相等,但具体鸟种存在差异;(2)不同月份间声学指数与鸟类丰富度和多度的相关性有明显差别,声学复杂度指数(ACI)和标准化声景差异指数(NDSI)优于其他指数,是评估鸟类多样性的关键变量;(3)声学指数对鸟类多度的预测能力(R2m=0.32,R2c=0.80)要高于丰富度(R2m=0.12,R2c=0.18)。声学指数为快速评估生物多样性提... 相似文献
2.
城市景观异质性及其维持 总被引：46，自引：2，他引：46
城市景观异质性及其维持李团胜（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＨｅｔｅｒｏｇｅｎｅｉｔｙａｎｄＩｔｓＭａｉｎｔｅｎａｎｃｅｏｆＵｒｂａｎＬａｎｄｓｃａｐｅ．ＬｉＴｕａｎｓｈｅｎｇ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,Ａｃ... 相似文献
3.
随着录音设备性能的提高和硬件价格的降低,基于录音评估声景来反映生境特征和生物多样性的方法得到快速发展。声学指数是对声音整体特征的量化,受到录音生境和生物组成的共同影响,因此可构建声学指数与生境特征和生物组成的关联。按照作用的尺度,声学指数可分为两类:反映录音内信息的alpha声学指数和比较不同录音之间差异的beta声学指数。随着录音设备的普及,以及在大尺度上进行生物监测工作的增加,对不同时间、不同地点的录音进行比较的需求日益迫切。因此,beta声学指数的开发和应用是声学指数研究的重要方向。本文介绍了11个常用的beta声学指数,并探讨了这些指数的数学特征(非负性、同一性、对称性、直递性、有限性)。本文还通过文献检索获取了beta声学指数在实证中的应用情况,发现研究中常使用beta声学指数反映时间节律、生境特征的差异或生物组成的改变。最后,本文指出了beta声学指数研究/应用中迫切需要发展的3个方向:开发新的指数、优化已有指数的计算方式、增加实证研究。 相似文献
4.
随着数字录音技术、电子学和微电子学、人工智能、信息科学等跨学科领域的技术革新,现代生物声学逐渐与生物学、生态学等学科及关联学科之间形成了广泛的交叉前沿领域。现阶段,现代生物声学主要以生物学、生态学等基础学科的理论方法为指导,着重于揭示环境中各类声音在生物之间以及生物与人类、环境之间的相互作用及相关科学规律,为人类认识、保护和利用生物声学资源提供理论基础和解决方案。本文重点阐述了现代生物声学的学科内涵和学科特征,介绍了动物生物声学、生态声学、水下生物声学、环境生物声学、保护生物声学、计算生物声学以及现代生物声学研究的技术框架等前沿热点和发展趋势,评估了中国生物声学研究的学科现状与发展机遇,并对未来学科建设进行了展望。 相似文献
5.
城市生物多样性是全球生物多样性的重要组成部分,城市是地理学、生态学及风景园林学等学科领域关注的核心地域。城市生态系统退化直接或间接地干扰了城市生境并造成了区域生物多样性丧失。为实现可持续城市和社区(SDG11)和陆地生物(SDG15)两项可持续发展目标,提升城市生物多样性的途径是当前城市生物多样性研究热点。可持续景观格局调控与构建是提升生物多样性的可能途径,城市生境与生物多样性的关系是可持续景观格局构建的重要内涵,科学地认知两者的相互作用关系是景观格局调控的根本。研究通过梳理生物多样性与景观生态学的交叉研究,提出了可持续城市景观格局研究的转变趋向:从生物多样性保护的被动适应式的生态安全格局构建转向主动调控提升生物多样性的可持续城市景观格局构建。加强多尺度的级联,在斑块尺度上的城市生境恢复和营建,景观尺度上构建面向城市生物多样性提升的可持续景观格局识别与连通优化,区域尺度上开展生物多样性保护规划。研究为城市生物多样性的保护与提升提供科学途径,进而促进城市景观生态学的理论与实践发展。 相似文献
6.
Daniella Teixeira;Paul Roe;Berndt J. van Rensburg;Simon Linke;Paul G. McDonald;David Tucker;Susan Fuller; 《Conservation Science and Practice》2024,6(6):e13132
Passive acoustic recorders have emerged as powerful tools for ecological monitoring. However, effective monitoring is not simply an act of recording sounds. To have meaning for conservation and management, acoustic monitoring needs to be properly planned and analyzed to yield high quality information. Here, we provide a set of considerations for the design of an effective acoustic monitoring program. We argue that such a program, has the following attributes: (1) has established appropriate partnerships with landowners, Traditional Owners, researchers, or other relevant stakeholders, (2) is based on clear objectives and questions, (3) is explicit in its target sound signals, (4) has considered in-field sensor placement for a range of factors, including experimental design, statistical power, background noise, and potential impacts on human privacy and animal disturbance, (5) has a justified recording schedule and periodicity, (6) has methods to process sound data in line with objectives, and (7) has protocols for permanent data storage and access. Acoustic monitoring is increasingly used in large-scale programs and will be important in addressing global biodiversity targets and new biodiversity markets. It is critical that new monitoring programs are designed to effectively and efficiently capture data that address pertinent and emerging issues in conservation. 相似文献
7.
综合利用遥感、GIS技术、景观生态和实验分析方法,选择南京市紫金山东郊17个典型湿地,在2008年3月至2009年3月期间进行野外湿地水体水质监测。以每个湿地所在的小流域为景观单元,通过SPSS系统聚类分析将17个小流域划分3类,揭示城市化影响区域小流域土地利用特征及其对湿地水体质量影响,结果表明:(1)城市土地利用对湿地水质影响显著。以林地斑块为主要景观类型的小流域水质比以草地斑块为主的小流域水质好,林地面积越大,湿地水质越好;(2)通过引入增强斑块指数ZQI、削减斑块指数XJI、及增强-削减斑块对比指数R_ZXI,进一步揭示小流域内景观格局与水质之间的相关关系。研究表明,当R_ZXI小于-1时,随着R_ZXI的增加,一些易流失营养型污染物质TN、CODMn呈下降趋势,而当其大于-1呈上升趋势;一些易沉积营养物质如TP则表现出相反变化趋势;(3)小流域内各景观斑块空间上分布越均匀,湿地水体中的易流失营养型污染物质表现出下降趋势,而易沉积型营养物质则表现出上升的趋势。 相似文献
8.
Tomoki Ishiguro;Marc T. J. Johnson;Shunsuke Utsumi; 《Oikos》2024,2024(2):e10210
Urbanization is a global threat to biodiversity due to its large impact on environmental changes. Recently, urban environmental change has been shown to impact the evolution of many species. However, much remains unknown about how urban environments influence evolutionary processes and outcomes due to the non-linearity and discontinuity of environmental variables along urban–rural gradients. Here, we focused on the evolution of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) production and its components (presence/absence of cyanogenic glycosides and the hydrolytic enzyme linamarase) in the herbaceous plant white clover Trifolium repens, which thrive in both urban and rural areas. To comprehensively elucidate how plants evolve and adapt to heterogenous urban environments, we collected 3299 white clover plants from 122 populations throughout Sapporo, Japan. We examined the spatial variation in environmental factors, such as herbivory, sky openness, impervious surface cover, snow depth, and temperature, and how variation in these factors was related to the production of HCN, cyanogenic glycosides, and linamarase. Environmental factors showed complex spatial variation due to the heterogeneity of the urban landscape. Among these factors, herbivory, sky openness, and impervious surface cover were highly related to the frequency of plants producing HCN in populations. We also found that impervious surface cover was related to the frequency of plants producing cyanogenic glycosides, while herbivory pressure was not. As a result, the cyanogenic glycoside frequency showed a clearer trend along urban–rural gradient rather than HCN frequency, and thus, the predicted spatial distributions of HCN and cyanogenic glycosides were inconsistent. These results suggest that urban landscape heterogeneity and trait multifunctionality determines mosaic-like spatial distribution of evolutionary traits. 相似文献
9.
Guilherme Sementili-Cardoso Fernanda Gonçalves Rodrigues Rafael Martos Martins Raphael Whitacker Gerotti Renata Marques Vianna Reginaldo José Donatelli 《Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment》2018,53(2):120-131
Geographical variation of bird vocalizations may be related to factors influencing sound production and sound propagation. If birds, e.g. the Great Antshrike (Taraba major), produce vocalizations that develop normally in the absence of learning, these variations may reflect evolutionary divergence within species. In this case, vocal variation could be influenced by habitat structure, since abiotic features and vegetal cover affect sound propagation through environment. Selective pressures may be acting on populations in different ways, which could culminate in a process of speciation. Thus, we searched for structural variation of Great Antshrike vocalizations between subspecies and sought for relationships between these vocal variation and environmental structure. We found variations in frequency and time features of vocalizations among subspecies, which are correlated to latitude, elevation and climate. We also observed an increase in vocal differences along with an increase in distances between individuals, which could reflect isolation of subspecies and the vocal adaptation to different environments. 相似文献
10.
《生态学杂志》2025,44(1)
植物是否存在感知声音和相互交流的能力;一直被学界所关注。自20世纪60年代以来;学者利用多种技术手段;探索了植物对声音的响应以及相关信号的传递路径和机制。大量科学实验证实;声音被视为一种外部机械力;与其他机械刺激（如风、雨、触摸和振动）一样;其在调节植物生长和发育的同时;也激活了逆境应答过程中的标志性细胞防御机制事件;如清除活性氧（ROS）、初级代谢改变和激素信号等。这种防御机制在声音等外力刺激下;通过产生化合物或物质引起信号级联（涉及植物信号的转知和跨膜转化、植物胞间信号的传导、植物细胞的生理生化反应等主要转导过程）激活其行为的改变;对植物应对食草动物、害虫、病原体和环境变化起着重要作用。本文分析了1965—2022年间关于声音对植物影响及其机制的研究进展;梳理当前植物声学的研究方法;提出声学刺激植物的化感作用等新概念和观点;以期促进声学生态学、听觉力学和植物生理学等学科间的交叉研究。同时;文章进一步阐述声音在促进植物生长、产量、品质等方面的实施路径与应用前景;以期从“活态”声音中有效探索影响植物生命过程和途径;为未来声音植物工厂构建提供理论基础。 相似文献
11.
Jaimie M. Hopkins Will Edwards Juan Mula Laguna Lin Schwarzkopf 《Journal of avian biology》2021,52(1)
Novel noises can affect various animal behaviours, and changes to vocal behaviour are some of the most documented. The calls of invasive species are an important source of novel noise, yet their effects on native species are poorly understood. We examined the effects of invasive bird calls on the vocal activity of an endangered Australian finch to investigate whether: 1) native finch calling behaviour was affected by novel invasive bird calls, and 2) the calls of the finches overlapped in frequency with those of invasive birds. We exposed a wild population of black‐throated finch southern subspecies Poephila cincta cincta to the vocalisations of two invasive birds, nutmeg mannikins Lonchura punctulata and common mynas Acridotheres tristis, a synthetic ‘pink' noise, and a silent control. To determine whether the amount of black‐throated finch calling differed in response to treatments, we recorded and quantified black‐throated finch vocalisations, and assessed the amount of calling using a generalised linear mixed model followed by pairwise comparisons. We also measured, for both black‐throated finches and the stimulus noises: dominant, minimum and maximum frequency, and assessed the degree of frequency overlap between black‐throated finch calls and stimulus noises. Compared to silent controls, black‐throated finches called less when exposed to common myna calls and pink noise, but not to nutmeg mannikin calls. We also found that pink noise overlapped most in frequency with black‐throated finch calls. Common myna calls also somewhat overlapped the frequency range of black‐throated finch calls, whereas nutmeg mannikin calls overlapped the least. It is possible that masking interference is the mechanism behind the reduction in calling in response to common myna calls and pink noise, but more work is needed to resolve this. Regardless, these results indicate that the calls of invasive species can affect the behaviour of native species, and future research should aim to understand the scope and severity of this issue. 相似文献
12.
Tropical savannas commonly exhibit large spatial heterogeneity in vegetation structure. Fine-scale patterns of soil moisture,
particularly in the deeper soil layers, have not been well investigated as factors possibly influencing vegetation patterns
in savannas. Here we investigate the role of soil water availability and heterogeneity related to vegetation structure in
an area of the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado). Our objective was to determine whether horizontal spatial variations of soil water
are coupled with patterns of vegetation structure across tens of meters. We applied a novel methodological approach to convert
soil electrical resistivity measurements along three 275-m transects to volumetric water content and then to estimates of
plant available water (PAW). Structural attributes of the woody vegetation, including plant position, height, basal circumference,
crown dimensions, and leaf area index, were surveyed within twenty-two 100-m2 plots along the same transects, where no obvious vegetation gradients had been apparent. Spatial heterogeneity was evaluated
through measurements of spatial autocorrelation in both PAW and vegetation structure. Comparisons with null models suggest
that plants were randomly distributed over the transect with the greatest mean PAW and lowest PAW heterogeneity, and clustered
in the driest and most heterogeneous transect. Plant density was positively related with PAW in the top 4 m of soil. The density-dependent
vegetation attributes that are related to plot biomass, such as sum of tree heights per plot, exhibited spatial variation
patterns that were remarkably similar to spatial variation of PAW in the top 4 m of soil. For PAW below 4 m depth, mean vegetation
attributes, such as mean height, were negatively correlated with PAW, suggesting greater water uptake from the deep soil by
plants of larger stature. These results are consistent with PAW heterogeneity being an important structuring factor in the
plant distribution at the scale of tens of meters in this ecosystem. 相似文献
13.
Henrique A. Mews José Roberto R. Pinto Pedro V. Eisenlohr Eddie Lenza 《Biotropica》2016,48(4):433-442
The relationships between floristic patterns and environmental variation in tropical savannas have been the focus of many studies worldwide. However, important aspects of these relationships, such as the role of geographic distance in structuring plant communities, have received little attention. We investigated the individual and combined influences of substrate, climatic, and spatial factors on the floristic‐structural dissimilarity between two savanna physiognomies in the core region of Brazilian savannas: one on plain relief with deep soils and another on steep relief with shallow rocky soils. Ten 1‐ha plots were sampled in each physiognomy. We modeled species abundance using multiple linear models and variance partitioning. Our results indicated that spatial processes that are intrinsically related to species variation have negligible effects on floristic variation. The most important predictors in our models were related to soil characteristics (mainly nutrient availability) and topography (relief and elevation). Consequently, the substrate component exhibited the greatest power (14%) in explaining the floristic‐structural variation in the overall variance partitioning. Our results provide the first demonstration of the individual and combined contributions of substrate, climatic, and spatial factors to the occurrence and abundance of woody species in the most diverse and threatened savanna in the world. We also provide evidence that neutral processes might not be strong predictors of vegetation structure where savanna substrates differ greatly; instead, community structure may be primarily regulated by environmental filters. 相似文献
14.
二维与三维景观格局指数在山区县域景观格局分析中的应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
景观格局指数是景观格局分析中常用的定量分析工具,而传统二维景观格局指数却忽略了地形对景观的影响,在定量描述山区景观格局时可能存在一定局限.本文以典型山地丘陵区山东栖霞市为研究区,在地形结构分析的基础上,选择面积/密度(类型面积、平均斑块大小)、边缘/形状(边缘密度、景观形状指数、平均斑块分维数)、多样性(香农多样性指数、香农均匀度指数)、聚散性(聚集度)4个方面的8个景观格局指数,比较分析传统二维景观格局指数与三维景观格局指数对山区景观格局及其动态变化定量描述的差异.结果表明:三维类型面积、平均斑块大小和边缘密度与其相应二维指数差异显著,三维景观形状指数、平均斑块分维数、香农多样性指数和香农均匀度指数与其相应二维指数差异不显著,三维聚集度与二维聚集度无差别.由于采用斑块表面面积和表面周长计算三维景观格局指数,采用各斑块的投影面积和投影周长计算二维景观格局指数,所以在描述山区景观面积、密度、边界等指标时三维景观格局指数相对精确,但在测定景观形状、多样性和聚散性等指数时,则与传统的二维景观格局指数差异不显著.三维景观格局指数引入了地形特征,对景观格局及其动态变化的反映相对精确. 相似文献
15.
城市野境是城市内部或周边区域中自然过程占主导的土地,其中人类开发和控制程度相对较低,允许在一定程度上发生自然演替和生态过程,各类野生生物能够与人类繁荣共存。城市野境在重新连接人与自然、促进人类身心健康、保护生物多样性、维持生态系统服务方面具有重要和独特的价值。基于文献综述与案例研究,提出并阐释了保护与营造城市野境的 4 种途径,包括保护、修复、设计与融合,即在城市保护地中保护野性自然、再野化部分城市区域、在城市公园中营造类荒野景观以及在城市空间中系统性融入野性自然。建议在中国城市规划与城市设计中,融入野性自然保护与修复的理念,进一步探索城市野境保护与营造的理论与方法。 相似文献
16.
自然保护地整合优化是我国重构自然保护地体系、衔接三条控制线划定、完善国土空间规划的重要举措。利用自然保护地整合优化成果、国土三调数据,综合运用GIS空间分析、景观格局指数和保护地边界分析法,对贵州思南县自然保护地整合优化各阶段景观格局的变化特征及其合理性进行了分析。结果表明：（1）整合优化后土地利用/覆盖组成变化显著,耕地、建设用地显著减少,优势景观林地面积增加。（2）整合优化后,思南县自然保护地景观异质性降低、优势度增强、破碎度增加。（3）各斑块类型的复杂性和异质性降低,林地优势度增强,但耕地、园地的破碎度增加,整合优化未造成优势景观的破碎化。（4）整合优化后,自然保护地边界复杂度显著提高,自然保护区、地质公园变化最明显,将给自然保护地勘界定桩增加难度。（5）耕地、建设用地、林地变化是思南县自然保护地景观格局变化的主要因素,耕地、建设用地主要作为矛盾调出自然保护地,而林地则主要作为破碎化斑块伴随矛盾一并调出。本研究自然保护地整合优化方案围绕矛盾和问题开展调整,所反映的景观格局变化,与整合优化调整规则限定的内容相适应,整合优化方案总体可行、合理。由于存在的破碎化、边界复杂化、区域分离等问题,在整合优化过程中应进一步优化调整规则,统一数据精度,尽量避免此类问题的产生。景观格局指数变化所反馈的信息可为自然保护地整合优化的科学开展及其成果的合理性评价提供一定参考,引入成果评估机制对自然保护地整合优化工作具有重要意义。 相似文献
17.
The severity of fire impacts on fire-prone vegetation is often spatially heterogeneous, and may lead to small-scale patchiness in the structure of plant populations by affecting mortality, topkill, and reproduction. This patchiness, however, is not usually taken into account in fire ecology studies. We show that a dry-season fire may result in small-scale patchiness in the population structure of the common shrub Miconia albicans, mostly by differential topkill and resprouting. We related fire severity to population structure parameters of the study species and assessed the effects of fire on its soil seed bank. Basal area of non-woody live stems and of dead stems increased with fire severity, whereas that of woody live stems decreased, indicating topkill and resprouting. However, there was no relationship between fire severity and the total number of live or dead plants, showing that mortality in the fire was low. We found very few seedlings, indicating that resprouting, not germination from the soil seed bank, is the main recovery strategy of this species. The fire also affected the soil seed bank, as there were fewer seedlings emerging from soil collected in burned patches. Although this study was performed with a single species, it is likely that other species, especially those with basal resprouting, will show similar patterns of post-fire patchiness in population structure. This patchiness, in turn, may affect the spatial distribution of future fires, and should be taken into account in studies of fire ecology. 相似文献
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识别城市景观格局演变的驱动因子,是更好地理解城市景观动态格局、过程及其影响的关键,对于城市景观格局优化与预测、城市空间规划和政策制定等均至关重要。系统梳理了城市景观格局演变的驱动因子;归纳了城市景观格局变化驱动因子定量分析模型,包括基于经验的统计模型和基于过程的动态模型;阐明了全球、国家、城市群和城市等不同尺度下城市景观格局演变驱动因子的时空和尺度异质性特征,以及不同驱动因子的直接和间接效应。提出了城市景观格局演变驱动因子的未来研究方向。 相似文献
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Amie Wheeldon Hannah L. Mossman Martin J. P. Sullivan James Mathenge Selvino R. de Kort 《African Journal of Ecology》2019,57(2):168-176
Afromontane forests, like those in the Aberdare National Park (ANP) in Kenya, sustain unique avifaunal assemblages. There is a growing need for biodiversity inventories for Afromontane forests, especially through the utilisation of unskilled observers. Acoustic surveys are a potential aid to this, but more comparisons of this technique with that of traditional point counts are needed. We conducted a systematic survey of the ANP avifauna, assessing whether acoustic and traditional surveys resulted in different species richness scores, and whether this varied with habitat and species characteristics. We also investigated the role of habitat and elevation in driving variation in species richness. The ANP provides habitat types including scrub, moorland, montane, hagenia and bamboo forests. Overall, the surveys yielded 101 identified species. The acoustic method resulted in higher species richness scores compared to the traditional method across all habitats, and the relative performance of the two methods did not vary with habitat type or visibility. The methods detected different species, suggesting that they should be used together to maximise the range of species recorded. We found that habitat type was the primary driver of variation in species richness, with scrub and montane forest having higher species richness scores than other habitats. 相似文献
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