Carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems: do browsing and grazing herbivores matter?

Large mammalian herbivores manifest a strong top‐down control on ecosystems that can transform entire landscapes, but their impacts have not been reviewed in the context of terrestrial carbon storage. Here, we evaluate the effects of plant biomass consumption by large mammalian herbivores (>10 kg adult biomass), and the responses of ecosystems to these herbivores, on carbon stocks in temperate and tropical regions, and the Arctic. We calculate the difference in carbon stocks resulting from herbivore exclusion using the results of 108 studies from 52 vegetation types. Our estimates suggest that herbivores can reduce terrestrial above‐ and below‐ground carbon stocks across vegetation types but reductions in carbon stocks may approach zero given sufficient periods of time for systems to respond to herbivory (i.e. decades). We estimate that if all large herbivores were removed from the vegetation types sampled in our review, increases in terrestrial carbon stocks would be up to three orders of magnitude less than many of the natural and human‐influenced sources of carbon emissions. However, we lack estimates for the effects of herbivores on below‐ground biomass and soil carbon levels in many regions, including those with high herbivore densities, and upwards revisions of our estimates may be necessary. Our results provide a starting point for a discussion on the magnitude of the effects of herbivory on the global carbon cycle, particularly given that large herbivores are common in many ecosystems. We suggest that herbivore removal might represent an important strategy towards increasing terrestrial carbon stocks at local and regional scales within specific vegetation types, since humans influence populations of most large mammals.     

CO2浓度升高与氮沉降对南亚热带森林生态系统植物生物量积累及分配格局的影响

CO2浓度升高与氮沉降增加对陆地生态系统的耦合作用已成为全球变化的研究热点。应用大型开顶箱 (OTC) 人工控制手段研究了人工生态系统在1) 高CO2 (700±20μmol·mol-1) +高氮沉降 (100kg N·hm-2·a-1) (CN) ;2) 高CO2 (700±20μmol·mol-1) +背景氮沉降 (C+) ;3) 高氮沉降 (100kg N·hm-2·a-1) +背景CO2 (N+) ;4) 背景CO2+背景氮沉降处理 (CK) 4种处理条件下荷木 (Schima superba) 、红锥 (Castanopsis hystrix) 、海南红豆 (Ormosia pinnata) 、肖蒲桃 (Acmena acuminatissima) 、红鳞蒲桃 (Syzygium hancei) 等主要南亚热带森林植物的生物量积累模式及其分配格局。连续近3年的实验结果表明:不同处理条件下, 各参试植物生物量积累具有不同的响应特征, N+处理显著促进荷木、肖蒲桃及红鳞蒲桃生物量的积累;C+处理显著促进肖蒲桃、海南红豆生物量的积累;CN处理显著促进除红锥外其他物种生物量的积累, 并且具有两者单独处理的叠加效应。不同处理改变物种生物量的分配模式, N+处理降低植物的根冠比, 促进地上部分生物量的积累;C+处理增加红锥和红鳞蒲桃地下部分生物量的分配, 却促进荷木和海南红豆地上部分的积累;CN处理仅促进红磷蒲桃地下部分的积累。群落生物量的积累与分配格局取决于优势物种的生物量及其分配格局在群落中所 占的权重。     

森林生态系统碳循环对全球氮沉降的响应

森林土壤和植被储存着全球陆地生态系统大约46%的碳,在全球碳平衡中起着非常重要的作用。过去几十年来,森林生态系统的碳循环和碳吸存受到了全球氮沉降的深刻影响,因为氮沉降改变了陆地生态系统的生产力和生物量积累。以欧洲和北美温带森林区域开展的研究为基础,综述了氮沉降对植物光合作用、土壤呼吸、土壤DOM及林木生长的影响特征和机理,探讨了森林生态系统碳动态对氮沉降响应的不确定性因素。热带森林C、N循环与大部分温带森林不同,人为输入的氮对热带生态系统过程的影响也可能不同,因此指出了在热带地区开展碳氮循环耦合研究的必要性和紧迫性。     

The globalization of N deposition: ecosystem consequences in tropical environments

Human activities have more than doubled the inputs of nitrogen (N) into terrestrial systems globally. The sources and distribution of anthropogenic N, including N fertilization and N fixed during fossil fuel combustion, are rapidly shifting from the temperate zone to a more global distribution. The consequences of anthropogenic N deposition for ecosystem processes and N losses have been studied primarily in N-limited ecosystems in the temperate zone; there is reason to expect that tropical ecosystems, where plant growth is most often limited by some other resource, will respond differently to increasing deposition. In this paper, we assess the likely direct and indirect effects of increasing anthropogenic N inputs on tropical ecosytem processes. We conclude that anthropogenic inputs of N into tropical forests are unlikely to increase productivity and may even decrease it due to indirect effects on acidity and the availability of phosphorus and cations. We also suggest that the direct effects of anthropogenic N deposition on N cycling processes will lead to increased fluxes at the soilwater and soil-air interfaces, with little or no lag in response time. Finally, we discuss the uncertainties inherent in this analysis, and outline future research that is needed to address those uncertainties.     

气候变暖对陆地植被-土壤生态系统的影响研究

由于自然因素及人类活动的长期影响,全球气候变化已经成为不容置疑的事实,并对陆地生态系统的植被及土壤产生了深远影响。陆地植被一土壤生态系统在全球气候变化中的反应与适应等过程已成为众多科学家所关注的问题。为更好地了解陆地植被一土壤生态系统对全球气候变化的响应机制,综述了气候变暖对植物的物候与生长、光合特征、生物量生产与分配,以及土壤呼吸等方面的影响,并对分析得到的结论进行了总结。分析指出,随着全球气候变暖,植物个体和群落特征以及土壤特性都会发生相应改变,高海拔地区的植被高度有增加趋势,而低海拔地区的植被可能出现矮化。然而,在以下方面还存有不确定性：（1）气候变暖导致的植被特征变化是否会减弱全球气候变化;（2）在较长时间尺度上气候变暖如何影响植物的物候和生长,特别是植物的体型;（3）高寒生态系统冬季土壤呼吸对气候变暖如何响应。     

Pantropical geography of lightning‐caused disturbance and its implications for tropical forests

Lightning is a major agent of disturbance, but its ecological effects in the tropics are unquantified. Here we used ground and satellite sensors to quantify the geography of lightning strikes in terrestrial tropical ecosystems, and to evaluate whether spatial variation in lightning frequency is associated with variation in tropical forest structure and dynamics. Between 2013 and 2018, tropical terrestrial ecosystems received an average of 100.4 million lightning strikes per year, and the frequency of strikes was spatially autocorrelated at local‐to‐continental scales. Lightning strikes were more frequent in forests, savannas, and urban areas than in grasslands, shrublands, and croplands. Higher lightning frequency was positively associated with woody biomass turnover and negatively associated with aboveground biomass and the density of large trees (trees/ha) in forests across Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Extrapolating from the only tropical forest study that comprehensively assessed tree damage and mortality from lightning strikes, we estimate that lightning directly damages c. 832 million trees in tropical forests annually, of which c. 194 million die. The similarly high lightning frequency in tropical savannas suggests that lightning also influences savanna tree mortality rates and ecosystem processes. These patterns indicate that lightning‐caused disturbance plays a major and largely unappreciated role in pantropical ecosystem dynamics and global carbon cycling.     

尖峰岭热带山地雨林长期减弱的碳汇及其环境驱动因素分析

热带森林作为全球最为重要的陆地生态系统之一,在当前气候变化背景下,其碳循环动态对于全球碳平衡状况及碳收支估算具有重要的影响作用。本研究利用尖峰岭热带山地雨林长期样地（P8401、P8402、P8901）自1984~2013年的清查数据,分析生物量长期动态变化,并结合降水等环境因子,试图探求尖峰岭热带山地雨林固碳能力的影响机理。结果表明：海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林仍然具有一定的碳汇能力,碳汇速率平均为0.71±0.22 mg·C·hm^-2·a^-1,与世界其他地区热带森林碳汇能力相当,但其碳汇能力却存在逐渐减少的趋势。碳汇能力的减少主要源于干旱和台风暴雨导致死亡生物量的显著增加,但不同样地间存在明显的差异,说明极端气候事件对热带森林固碳能力的影响同时也受局地环境条件和森林自身状况的影响,急需开展更多点上热带森林固碳能力对气候变化的影响研究,以减少热带森林在全球碳循环中估算中的不确定性。     

Assessing the Spatiotemporal Variation in Distribution,Extent and NPP of Terrestrial Ecosystems in Response to Climate Change from 1911 to 2000

To assess the variation in distribution, extent, and NPP of global natural vegetation in response to climate change in the period 1911–2000 and to provide a feasible method for climate change research in regions where historical data is difficult to obtain. In this research, variations in spatiotemporal distributions of global potential natural vegetation (PNV) from 1911 to 2000 were analyzed with the comprehensive sequential classification system (CSCS) and net primary production (NPP) of different ecosystems was evaluated with the synthetic model to determine the effect of climate change on the terrestrial ecosystems. The results showed that consistently rising global temperature and altered precipitation patterns had exerted strong influence on spatiotemporal distribution and productivities of terrestrial ecosystems, especially in the mid/high latitudes. Ecosystems in temperate zones expanded and desert area decreased as a consequence of climate variations. The vegetation that decreased the most was cold desert (18.79%), while the maximum increase (10.31%) was recorded in savanna. Additionally, the area of tundra and alpine steppe reduced significantly (5.43%) and were forced northward due to significant ascending temperature in the northern hemisphere. The global terrestrial ecosystems productivities increased by 2.09%, most of which was attributed to savanna (6.04%), tropical forest (0.99%), and temperate forest (5.49%). Most NPP losses were found in cold desert (27.33%). NPP increases displayed a latitudinal distribution. The NPP of tropical zones amounted to more than a half of total NPP, with an estimated increase of 1.32%. The increase in northern temperate zone was the second highest with 3.55%. Global NPP showed a significant positive correlation with mean annual precipitation in comparison with mean annual temperature and biological temperature. In general, effects of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems were deep and profound in 1911–2000, especially in the latter half of the period.     

Carbon benefits from Forest Transitions promoting biomass expansions and thickening

The growth of the global terrestrial sink of carbon dioxide has puzzled scientists for decades. We propose that the role of land management practices—from intensive forestry to allowing passive afforestation of abandoned lands—have played a major role in the growth of the terrestrial carbon sink in the decades since the mid twentieth century. The Forest Transition, a historic transition from shrinking to expanding forests, and from sparser to denser forests, has seen an increase of biomass and carbon across large regions of the globe. We propose that the contribution of Forest Transitions to the terrestrial carbon sink has been underestimated. Because forest growth is slow and incremental, changes in the carbon density in forest biomass and soils often elude detection. Measurement technologies that rely on changes in two‐dimensional ground cover can miss changes in forest density. In contrast, changes from abrupt and total losses of biomass in land clearing, forest fires and clear cuts are easy to measure. Land management improves over time providing important present contributions and future potential to climate change mitigation. Appreciating the contributions of Forest Transitions to the sequestering of atmospheric carbon will enable its potential to aid in climate change mitigation.     

Future hotspots of terrestrial mammal loss

Current levels of endangerment and historical trends of species and habitats are the main criteria used to direct conservation efforts globally. Estimates of future declines, which might indicate different priorities than past declines, have been limited by the lack of appropriate data and models. Given that much of conservation is about anticipating and responding to future threats, our inability to look forward at a global scale has been a major constraint on effective action. Here, we assess the geography and extent of projected future changes in suitable habitat for terrestrial mammals within their present ranges. We used a global earth-system model, IMAGE, coupled with fine-scale habitat suitability models and parametrized according to four global scenarios of human development. We identified the most affected countries by 2050 for each scenario, assuming that no additional conservation actions other than those described in the scenarios take place. We found that, with some exceptions, most of the countries with the largest predicted losses of suitable habitat for mammals are in Africa and the Americas. African and North American countries were also predicted to host the most species with large proportional global declines. Most of the countries we identified as future hotspots of terrestrial mammal loss have little or no overlap with the present global conservation priorities, thus confirming the need for forward-looking analyses in conservation priority setting. The expected growth in human populations and consumption in hotspots of future mammal loss mean that local conservation actions such as protected areas might not be sufficient to mitigate losses. Other policies, directed towards the root causes of biodiversity loss, are required, both in Africa and other parts of the world.     

全球变化格局下重要传粉昆虫大蜜蜂的潜在适生区变化

【目的】当前全球气候变化、土地利用改变、人类活动加剧等正威胁着传粉昆虫的多样性及分布;蜜蜂是生态系统中重要的传粉昆虫类群,对气候、环境变化响应敏感。本研究以重要的传粉昆虫大蜜蜂Apis dorsata为对象,探讨全球变化格局下其潜在适生区变化以及影响其分布的关键因子。【方法】通过文献、馆藏和野外调查系统收集了全球范围内大蜜蜂的物种分布数据,使用13个环境变量通过MaxEnt模型模拟了大蜜蜂当前的潜在适生区;使用9个气候变量并结合公共地球系统模型(CCSM4)模拟了大蜜蜂过去、当前和未来的潜在适生区。【结果】AUC比率显示MaxEnt模型对大蜜蜂的潜在适生区模拟具有较高的准确性,模拟结果表明大蜜蜂的中高潜在适生区主要分布在南亚和东南亚湿润的热带雨林、热带季节性雨林和低地雨林。人类影响、温度季节性变化、等温性、最冷季均温和海拔是影响大蜜蜂潜在适生区的5个最主要因子;在人类影响下大蜜蜂的潜在适生区向山区和连片的湿润常绿森林区收缩,中高潜在适生区显著减少且呈破碎化趋势。基于9个气候变量和CCSM4气候模型对过去、当前和未来的模拟结果显示：在过去的末次冰盛期,东南亚地区可能是大蜜蜂的避难所;在未来,广布于热带地区的大蜜蜂适生区与当前的相近,且部分地区适生指数升高。【结论】基于气候的模拟结果显示大蜜蜂能积极应对未来气候变暖,但随人类活动的加剧及全球气候变化,大蜜蜂仍然面临较大的威胁,需要加强其在南亚和东南亚的中高潜在适生区的重视和保护。     

Soil Respiration and Belowground Carbon Allocation in Mangrove Forests

Mangrove forests cover large areas of tropical and subtropical coastlines. They provide a wide range of ecosystem services that includes carbon storage in above- and below ground biomass and in soils. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from soil, or soil respiration is important in the global carbon budget and is sensitive to increasing global temperature. To understand the magnitude of mangrove soil respiration and the influence of forest structure and temperature on the variation in mangrove soil respiration I assessed soil respiration at eleven mangrove sites, ranging from latitude 27°N to 37°S. Mangrove soil respiration was similar to those observed for terrestrial forest soils. Soil respiration was correlated with leaf area index (LAI) and aboveground net primary production (litterfall), which should aid scaling up to regional and global estimates of soil respiration. Using a carbon balance model, total belowground carbon allocation (TBCA) per unit litterfall was similar in tall mangrove forests as observed in terrestrial forests, but in scrub mangrove forests TBCA per unit litter fall was greater than in terrestrial forests, suggesting mangroves allocate a large proportion of their fixed carbon below ground under unfavorable environmental conditions. The response of soil respiration to soil temperature was not a linear function of temperature. At temperatures below 26°C Q10 of mangrove soil respiration was 2.6, similar to that reported for terrestrial forest soils. However in scrub forests soil respiration declined with increasing soil temperature, largely because of reduced canopy cover and enhanced activity of photosynthetic benthic microbial communities.     

Potential impacts of climate change on the environmental services of humid tropical alpine regions

Aim Humid tropical alpine environments are crucial ecosystems that sustain biodiversity, biological processes, carbon storage and surface water provision. They are identified as one of the terrestrial ecosystems most vulnerable to global environmental change. Despite their vulnerability, and the importance for regional biodiversity conservation and socio‐economic development, they are among the least studied and described ecosystems in the world. This paper reviews the state of knowledge about tropical alpine environments, and provides an integrated assessment of the potential threats of global climate change on the major ecosystem processes. Location Humid tropical alpine regions occur between the upper forest line and the perennial snow border in the upper regions of the Andes, the Afroalpine belt and Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Results and main conclusions Climate change will displace ecosystem boundaries and strongly reduce the total area of tropical alpine regions. Displacement and increased isolation of the remaining patches will induce species extinction and biodiversity loss. Drier and warmer soil conditions will cause a faster organic carbon turnover, decreasing the below‐ground organic carbon storage. Since most of the organic carbon is currently stored in the soils, it is unlikely that an increase in above‐ground biomass will be able to offset soil carbon loss at an ecosystem level. Therefore a net release of carbon to the atmosphere is expected. Changes in precipitation patterns, increased evapotranspiration and alterations of the soil properties will have a major impact on water supply. Many regions are in danger of a significantly reduced or less reliable stream flow. The magnitude and even the trend of most of these effects depend strongly on local climatic, hydrological and ecological conditions. The extreme spatial gradients in these conditions put the sustainability of ecosystem management at risk.     

Determination of tropical deforestation rates and related carbon losses from 1990 to 2010

We estimate changes in forest cover (deforestation and forest regrowth) in the tropics for the two last decades (1990–2000 and 2000–2010) based on a sample of 4000 units of 10 ×10 km size. Forest cover is interpreted from satellite imagery at 30 × 30 m resolution. Forest cover changes are then combined with pan‐tropical biomass maps to estimate carbon losses. We show that there was a gross loss of tropical forests of 8.0 million ha yr^?1 in the 1990s and 7.6 million ha yr^?1 in the 2000s (0.49% annual rate), with no statistically significant difference. Humid forests account for 64% of the total forest cover in 2010 and 54% of the net forest loss during second study decade. Losses of forest cover and Other Wooded Land (OWL) cover result in estimates of carbon losses which are similar for 1990s and 2000s at 887 MtC yr^?1 (range: 646–1238) and 880 MtC yr^?1 (range: 602–1237) respectively, with humid regions contributing two‐thirds. The estimates of forest area changes have small statistical standard errors due to large sample size. We also reduce uncertainties of previous estimates of carbon losses and removals. Our estimates of forest area change are significantly lower as compared to national survey data. We reconcile recent low estimates of carbon emissions from tropical deforestation for early 2000s and show that carbon loss rates did not change between the two last decades. Carbon losses from deforestation represent circa 10% of Carbon emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production during the last decade (2000–2010). Our estimates of annual removals of carbon from forest regrowth at 115 MtC yr^?1 (range: 61–168) and 97 MtC yr^?1 (53–141) for the 1990s and 2000s respectively are five to fifteen times lower than earlier published estimates.     

Aboveground Forest Biomass and the Global Carbon Balance

The long‐term net flux of carbon between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere has been dominated by two factors: changes in the area of forests and per hectare changes in forest biomass resulting from management and regrowth. While these factors are reasonably well documented in countries of the northern mid‐latitudes as a result of systematic forest inventories, they are uncertain in the tropics. Recent estimates of carbon emissions from tropical deforestation have focused on the uncertainty in rates of deforestation. By using the same data for biomass, however, these studies have underestimated the total uncertainty of tropical emissions and may have biased the estimates. In particular, regional and country‐specific estimates of forest biomass reported by three successive assessments of tropical forest resources by the FAO indicate systematic changes in biomass that have not been taken into account in recent estimates of tropical carbon emissions. The ‘changes’ more likely represent improved information than real on‐the‐ground changes in carbon storage. In either case, however, the data have a significant effect on current estimates of carbon emissions from the tropics and, hence, on understanding the global carbon balance.     

陆地生态系统碳密度格局研究概述

 准确了解陆地生态系统中碳密度的时空格局及其影响因子和作用机制,对于估算和预测不同类型生态系统中的植被和土壤的碳存储能力、判定碳汇、制定缓解全球变化的合理政策措施,具有重要意义。该文综述了现有研究中发现的世界陆地生态系统碳密度空间分布的地带性规律及中国陆地生态系统碳密度格局的独特特点。在全球尺度上,植被碳密度分布与植物生物量格局基本一致,除北方森林外其余大部分随纬度升高而减小;土壤碳密度则随纬度升高而增大。陆地生态系统中北方森林和热带森林的总体碳密度最高,不同的是,前者的碳主要集中在土壤中,而后者则集中在植被中。但在区域尺度上,由于气候、地形及人类活动影响,这种规律性可能会发生变化甚至不起作用。水热条件、土壤养分、生物多样性、气候和大气CO2浓度的变化以及土地利用与覆盖变化等是碳密度空间格局形成和发生变化的驱动因子。在某一特定区域,它们通过直接或间接提高植被净初级生产力,抑制呼吸和分解作用来增加陆地生态系统碳密度。综合分析特定时空条件下各因子对碳存储量的影响是解释碳密度分布现状,预测碳密度格局变化的关键,但目前的研究对各项驱动因子的作用机制、影响强度及多个因子间的相互作用仍不是很清楚,需要加强该方面的研究力度。碳密度研究中的数据获取、机理分析和过程模拟等方面仍存在很大的不确定性,因此有必要建立规范统一的碳密度测量估算系统和更为精准有效的估算模型,进行多尺度、多精度水平的综合研究。     

全球不同气候带陆地植被净初级生产力变化趋势与可持续性

分析全球不同气候带陆地植被净初级生产力(NPP)的变化趋势与可持续性,对于估算全球陆地生态系统的结构、功能和碳源(汇)具有重要意义。运用Mann-Kendall突变检验、Theil-Sen斜率估计、Hurst指数分析全球不同气候带陆地NPP的变化趋势与可持续性。结果表明：(1)全球陆地NPP有明显的地域分异规律,呈现低纬高、高纬低,沿海高、内陆低的特点。约48.79%陆地生态系统的植被NPP得到了改善,其中显著改善的面积占全球陆地生态系统的8.45%,主要分布在北美洲北部和中部、亚马逊河流域西部、刚果盆地、欧洲南部、印度半岛西北部、中国黄土高原;轻微改善的面积占全球陆地生态系统的40.34%,主要分布在南美洲中南部、亚洲东部和澳大利亚大陆东部。(2)各气候带NPP变化趋势和突变点表现为：热带、亚热带、极地带的NPP呈不显著下降趋势(R²=0.111,P=0.176;R²=0.144,P=0.120;R²=0.002,P=0.854),热带无明显突变点,亚热带突变点为2015年,极地带突变点为2005年;干旱气候带的NPP...     

土壤微生物对气候变暖和大气N沉降的响应

气候变暖和大气N沉降是近一、二十年来人们非常关注的全球变化现象,它们所带来的一系列生态问题已成为全球变化研究的重要议题。它们不仅影响地上植被生长和群落组成,还直接或间接地影响土壤微生物过程,而土壤微生物对此做出的响应正是生态系统反馈过程中非常重要的环节。该文分别从气候变化对土壤微生物的影响(土壤微生物量、微生物活动和微生物群落结构)和土壤微生物对气候变化的响应(凋落物分解、养分利用与循环以及养分的固持与流失)两个角度,综述近期土壤微生物对气候变暖和大气N沉降响应与适应的研究进展。气候变暖和大气N沉降对土壤微生物的影响更多地反映在微生物群落的结构和功能上,而土壤微生物量、微生物活动和群落结构的变化又会通过改变凋落物分解、养分利用和C、N循环等重要的土壤生态系统功能和过程做出响应,形成正向或负向反馈,加强或削弱气候变化给整个陆地生态系统带来的影响。然而,到目前为止土壤微生物的响应对陆地生态系统产生的最终结果仍是未决的关键性问题。     

增温对土壤有机碳矿化的影响研究综述

全球变暖的大背景下,土壤作为陆地生态系统中最大碳汇的载体,其微小变化都会引起大气CO2浓度显著的改变。土壤有机碳对气候变化的响应和适应对于预测未来气候变化具有十分重要的作用。然而,目前增温对土壤有机碳的影响及其影响机制仍存诸多未解决的问题。综述了目前土壤有机碳矿化的研究方式及增温对土壤有机碳矿化影响的国内外研究进展。结果发现增温往往会促进土壤有机碳排放,主要源于土壤微生物代谢活性或群落组成的改变。同时该排放强度因生态系统类型、增温方式和幅度以及增温季节和持续时间的不同而存在巨大差异,且长期增温反而使土壤微生物产生适应及驯化现象,从而降低或缓解陆地生态系统对全球变暖的正反馈效应。但这些结果大都基于温带实验,而原位增温实验对高生产力、多样性丰富的热带亚热带地区的影响是否与温带一致仍待进一步考证。室内模拟实验虽可深入研究温度对土壤有机碳矿化的影响机制,却无法真实反映野外自然环境。同时,野外增温方式及室内研究方式的多样均降低不同研究之间的可比性,进而难以预估由实验方法本身差异引起的结果变异。     

氮沉降对森林生态系统碳吸存的影响

工业化带来的大气氮沉降增加是影响森林生态系统碳吸存的重要因素。将森林碳库分为地上和地下两部分,从3个方面综述了国内外氮沉降对森林生态系统碳吸存影响的研究现状。(1)地上部分:氮限制的温带森林,氮沉降增加了地上部分碳吸存。氮丰富的热带森林,氮沉降对地上部分碳吸存没有影响。过量的氮输入会造成森林死亡率的上升,从而降低地上部分碳吸存。(2)地下部分:相比地上部分研究得少,表现为增加、降低和没有影响3种效果。(3)目前的结论趋向于认为氮沉降促进森林生态系统碳吸存,然而氮沉降所带来的森林生态系统碳吸存能力到底有多大依然无法确定,这也将成为未来氮碳循环研究的重点问题。分析了氮沉降影响森林生态系统碳吸存的机理,介绍了氮沉降对森林生态系统碳吸存影响的4种研究方法。探讨了该领域研究的不足及未来的研究方向。