中国天然林保护工程区森林覆盖遥感监测

天然林资源保护工程（天保工程）自1998年开始实施至2020年底结束,标志着我国林业由以木材生产为主向以生态建设为主进行转变,对天然林资源开展定量监测与评估,有助于全面、及时、科学地评价天保工程对森林资源的保护成效。基于公开发布的土地覆盖产品,利用新的遥感数据合成算法构建了森林类型综合提升方法,生产了一套我国天保工程区的森林覆盖产品,对天保工程区1997年至2020年间的森林覆盖情况开展监测与评估。利用中国森林生态系统定位研究网络数据（CFERN）、森林资源规划设计调查数据和地面调查数据进行精度检验,森林类型的分类精度优于90%。分析结果显示,自天保工程实施以来,工程区的森林覆盖度总体呈恢复性增长趋势,森林覆盖从1997年的30.15%增长到2020年的31.74%,净增长1.59%,其中,长江上游地区森林增长量最高,占全工程区森林增长面积的50.97%。研究结果表明我国天保工程区内森林资源得到有效保护和恢复,天保工程实施效果显著。     

Impacts of climate change on fire activity and fire management in the circumboreal forest

Forest fires are a significant and natural element of the circumboreal forest. Fire activity is strongly linked to weather, and increased fire activity due to climate change is anticipated or arguably has already occurred. Recent studies suggest a doubling of area burned along with a 50% increase in fire occurrence in parts of the circumboreal by the end of this century. Fire management agencies' ability to cope with these increases in fire activity is limited, as these organizations operate with a narrow margin between success and failure; a disproportionate number of fires may escape initial attack under a warmer climate, resulting in an increase in area burned that will be much greater than the corresponding increase in fire weather severity. There may be only a decade or two before increased fire activity means fire management agencies cannot maintain their current levels of effectiveness.     

全球变化背景下野火研究进展

野火是森林和多种植被生态系统面临的最重要自然干扰,也是一种重要的自然灾害;而人类活动已在全球范围内显著影响了野火的发生与分布,因此野火成为全球变化及其环境影响研究的关键议题之一。本文基于国际野火研究的文献搜索和统计分析,从野火的观测-评估-预警技术、野火时空格局研究、气候变化和人类活动对野火的影响、野火的环境-生态-进化效应等方面入手,综述了自21世纪以来的国际野火研究进展。概括起来,遥感技术的快速发展,推动了野火观测的时空分辨率不断提高,对野火时空格局的刻画从单一因子向多重指标的火烧体系评估转变。气候变化在某些区域已经显著影响了野火的发生频率,预计随着全球变暖野火风险将进一步加大,并且极端大火的发生机制和生态影响越来越受到关注。人类活动一方面通过增加火源提高了野火频率,另一方面又通过提高生态系统管理的强度、扑救火灾以及降低可燃物的连通性抑制了野火的发生。植被在长期演化过程中形成了一系列适应火的功能机制,这些功能属性影响着生态系统对野火的响应,并对火后生态恢复和重建具有科学指导价值。未来野火研究将向跨时空尺度、观测和模拟深度融合、典型机制和大尺度效应相结合的方向发展。     

黑龙江省温带森林火灾碳排放的计量估算

森林火灾干扰作为森林生态系统重要的干扰因子,剧烈地改变着森林生态系统的结构、功能、格局与过程,对区域乃至全球的碳循环与碳平衡产生重要影响。随着全球气候变暖,森林火灾干扰的频率和强度进一步加剧,其排放的含碳气体对大气中温室气体浓度的贡献率更大,进而加快气候变暖的速率。科学有效地对森林火灾碳排放及含碳气体排放量进行计量估算,对了解区域乃至全球的碳循环及碳平衡具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。根据黑龙江省温带森林1953—2012年火灾统计资料和森林调查数据,结合地理信息系统GIS技术,通过野外火烧迹地调查以及实验室的控制环境实验来确定森林火灾碳排放计量中的各种参数,在林分水平上,利用排放因子的方法,估算了黑龙江省温带森林60年间火灾碳排放量和含碳气体排放量。结果表明:黑龙江省温带森林60年间火灾碳排放量为5.88×107t,年均排放量为9.80×105t,约占全国年均森林火灾碳排放量的8.66%;含碳气体CO2、CO、CH4和非甲烷烃(nonmethane hydrocarbons,NMHC)的排放量分别为1.89×108、1.06×107、6.33×105和4.43×105t,含碳气体CO2、CO、CH4和NMHC的年均排放量分别为3.15×106、1.77×105、1.05×104和7.38×103t,分别占全国年均森林火灾各含碳气体排放量的7.74%、6.52%、9.42%和6.53%。研究发现针阔混交林型的森林火灾面积占总过火林地面积的57.54%,由于其燃烧效率较低,在森林火灾中的碳排放量仅占排放总量的38.57%;尤其是针阔混交林森林火灾面积占总过火林地面积的20.71%,而碳排放量仅占总排放量的9.67%;且CO2的排放因子较低,其CO2排放量仅占总排放量的8.95%。同时研究表明,黑龙江省温带森林年均的碳排放对该区域的碳循环与碳平衡产生重要影响,并针对研究结果提出了应对气候变化的森林经营可持续管理策略,亦提出了科学的林火管理策略及其合理化的林火管理路径。     

中国亚热带4个森林动态监测样地无人机可见光遥感影像数据集

常绿阔叶林是我国亚热带地区的地带性植被类型。由于亚热带森林植物群落垂直结构复杂、林冠郁闭度高, 对常绿阔叶林冠层的研究尚缺乏高质量的监测数据。本数据集包含浙江天童山、浙江百山祖、广东车八岭、广东鼎湖山4个大于20 ha的森林动态监测样地2014年8月或2016年9月采集的无人机可见光遥感影像。本数据集是通过将无人机影像、地面控制点和地面调查数据相结合而获得的。每个样地的数据集包括4个文件: ~5 cm空间分辨率的正射影像图和数字表面模型、1 m空间分辨率的森林冠层高度数据和正射影像质量报告。本数据集可为常绿阔叶林的林冠生态学、生物多样性、生态系统功能等研究提供数据支撑。     

GEMI: a non-linear index to monitor global vegetation from satellites

Knowledge about the state, spatial distribution and temporal evolution of the vegetation cover is of great scientific and economic value. Satellite platforms provide a most convenient tool to observe the biosphere globally and repetitively, but the quantitative interpretation of the observations may be difficult. Reflectance measurements in the visible and near-infrared regions have been analyzed with simple but powerful indices designed to enhance the contrast between the vegetation and other surface types, however, these indices are rather sensitive to atmospheric effects. The correction of satellite data for atmospheric effects is possible but requires large data sets on the composition of the atmosphere. Instead, we propose a new vegetation index which has been designed specifically to reduce the relative effects of these undesirable atmospheric perturbations, while maintaining the information about the vegetation cover.     

黄瓜砧用白籽南瓜对不同盐胁迫的耐性评价

采用营养液栽培,研究Ca(NO₃)₂和NaCl胁迫对黄瓜嫁接用砧木南瓜幼苗生长和抗氧化酶活性的影响,并用隶属函数法综合评价其耐盐性.结果表明： 低浓度盐30 mmol·L^-1Ca(NO₃)₂和等渗的45 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理促进砧木幼苗生长;高浓度盐60、120 mmol·L^-1Ca(NO₃)₂和等渗的90、180 mmol·L^-1NaCl胁迫下,各砧木幼苗的生长和抗氧化酶系统均受到不同程度的抑制,其中,‘青砧1号’的盐害指数最小,生物量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的下降幅度以及相对电导率的上升幅度均小于其他砧木.高盐Ca(NO₃)₂胁迫下,各砧木SOD、POD和CAT酶活性均高于等渗的NaCl,而盐害指数和相对电导率低于NaCl,表明Ca(NO₃)₂对砧木南瓜幼苗生长的危害小于NaCl.4个砧木品种的耐盐性顺序为‘青砧1号’>‘佐木南瓜’>‘丰源铁甲’>‘超霸南瓜’.     

Fire, People and Pixels: Linking Social Science and Remote Sensing to Understand Underlying Causes and Impacts of Fires in Indonesia

This study in the wake of 1990s fire catastrophes identifies and analyzes underlying causes of vegetation fires in eight locations across Borneo and Sumatra. Multidisciplinary and multiscale analysis integrates geospatial technologies with varied social research approaches and participatory mapping. It helps fill a void of site-specific evidence on diverse underlying causes of the Indonesian fires, despite emerging consensus on macrolevel causes and impacts, and policy debates on preventing future fire disasters. Our most important findings include confirmation of multiple direct and underlying fire causes at each of the eight locations, no single dominant fire cause at any site, and wide differences in fire causes among sites. Conclusions emphasize the importance of location specific studies within a regional analytical context. Our “hybrid” research methods demonstrate the explanatory power of integrating geospatial and social analysis techniques, and the benefits of analyzing fire causes and impacts at multiple scales in varied locations across diverse regions.     

Causal Explanation of Indonesian Forest Fires: Concepts, Applications, and Research Priorities

Problems with studies, claims, and assumptions that have been made about the causes of fires in Indonesia's tropical moist forests are identified, and the kinds of concepts, methods, prioritizing, and data needed to resolve the problems are discussed. Separate sections are devoted to studying ignitions, studying fire susceptibility and fire behavior, and using the goal of causal explanation to guide interdisciplinary research.