Changes in the temperature sensitivity of SOM decomposition with grassland succession: implications for soil C sequestration

Understanding the temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition is important for predicting soil carbon (C) sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems under warming scenarios. Whether Q₁₀ varies predictably with ecosystem succession and the ways in which the stoichiometry of input SOM influences Q₁₀ remain largely unknown. We investigate these issues using a grassland succession series from free‐grazing to 31‐year grazing‐exclusion grasslands in Inner Mongolia, and an incubation experiment performed at six temperatures (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25°C) and with four substrates: control (CK), glucose (GLU), mixed grass leaf (GRA), and Medicago falcata leaf (MED). The results showed that basal soil respiration (20°C) and microbial biomass C (MBC) logarithmically decreased with grassland succession. Q₁₀ decreased logarithmically from 1.43 in free‐grazing grasslands to 1.22 in 31‐year grazing‐exclusion grasslands. Q₁₀ increased significantly with the addition of substrates, and the Q₁₀ levels increased with increase in N:C ratios of substrate. Moreover, accumulated C mineralization was controlled by the N:C ratio of newly input SOM and by incubation temperature. Changes in Q₁₀ with grassland ecosystem succession are controlled by the stoichiometry of newly input SOM, MBC, and SOM quality, and the combined effects of which could partially explain the mechanisms underlying soil C sequestration in the long‐term grazing‐exclusion grasslands in Inner Mongolia, China. The findings highlight the effect of substrate stoichiometry on Q₁₀ which requires further study.     

帽儿山地区不同土地利用方式下土壤-微生物-矿化碳氮化学计量特征

土地利用方式的变化导致土壤碳氮含量及其化学计量关系的变化,然而土壤微生物化学计量及其驱动的碳氮矿化过程如何响应这种变化仍不明确。以帽儿山地区天然落叶阔叶林、人工红松林、草地和农田4种不同土地利用类型为对象,测定其土壤有机碳(C_(soil))、全氮(N_(soil))、微生物生物量碳和氮(C_(mic)和N_(mic))、土壤碳和氮矿化速率(C_(min)和N_(min)),旨在比较不同土地利用方式对土壤、微生物碳氮化学计量特征及矿化速率的影响,探索土壤-微生物-矿化之间碳氮化学计量特征的相关性,揭示微生物对土壤碳氮化学计量变化的响应和调控机制。结果显示:C_(soil)、N_(soil)、C_(mic)、N_(mic)和C_(min)均呈现天然落叶阔叶林人工红松林草地农田,而天然落叶阔叶林和草地的N_(min)显著高于人工红松林和农田。土地利用方式显著影响土壤和微生物碳氮比(C∶N_(soil)和C∶N_(mic)),均呈现农田最高。不同土地利用方式的数据综合分析发现:碳氮矿化速率比与C∶N_(mic)呈负相关,而和微生物与土壤碳氮化学计量不平衡性(C∶N_(imb))显著正相关。单位微生物生物量的碳矿化速率(qCO_2)随着C∶N_(mic)的增加而降低,而单位微生物生物量的氮矿化速率(qAN)随着C∶N_(mic)的增加而增加。C∶N_(imb)与qCO_2正相关,与qAN负相关。以上结果表明,微生物会通过改变自身碳氮化学计量、调整碳氮之间相对矿化速率,以适应土地利用变化导致的土壤碳氮及其化学计量的变异性,以满足自身生长和代谢的碳氮需求平衡。     

罗浮栲林土壤微生物碳利用效率对短期氮添加的响应

作为调节土壤碳矿化过程的重要参数,微生物碳利用效率(CUE)对理解陆地生态系统中的碳循环至关重要。本研究在戴云山罗浮栲林设置对照(0 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)、低氮(40 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)和高氮(80 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1) 3个氮添加水平以模拟氮沉降,测定了表层(0～10 cm)土壤基本理化性质、有机碳组分、微生物生物量和酶活性;并利用¹⁸O标记水方法测定土壤微生物CUE,以更好地理解氮沉降加剧对微生物CUE的影响及其影响因素。结果表明: 短期氮添加显著降低了土壤微生物的呼吸速率、碳和氮获取酶活性,但显著增加了土壤微生物CUE。β-N-乙酰氨基酸葡糖苷酶(NAG)/微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物呼吸速率、β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)/MBC、纤维素水解酶(CBH)/MBC和土壤有机碳含量是影响CUE的主要因素,且CUE与NAG/MBC、微生物呼吸速率、BG/MBC和CBH/MBC呈显著负相关,与土壤有机碳呈显著正相关。综上,短期氮添加导致土壤微生物获取碳和氮的成本降低,减少微生物呼吸,从而提高了土壤微生物CUE,这将有助于提高罗浮栲林土壤碳固存潜力。     

植被类型变化对土壤微生物碳利用效率的影响研究进展

植被类型变化强烈影响着土壤碳循环。土壤微生物碳利用效率（CUE）是微生物将从环境中获取的碳分配给自身生长的比例,是土壤碳循环的综合指标。研究植被类型变化对CUE的影响有助于从微生物视角理解该过程中的土壤碳动态,可以为评估植被类型变化对土壤质量及生态系统碳循环的影响提供基础,具有重要的理论及实际价值。通过系统查阅相关文献,综述了植被类型变化导致的CUE变化情况,以及该过程中影响CUE的因子与机制。目前,相关研究主要涉及以林地、草地和农业用地为起点或终点的植被变化类型。天然林（原生林、次生林）变化为人工林、林地变化为草地后CUE普遍下降,随终点植被的发展CUE可能恢复至起点水平。植被成熟度越高,发生转变时CUE变化越剧烈。植被类型变化以农业用地为起点或终点时,CUE变化方向的不确定性及幅度的变异性均增加。植被类型变化导致的CUE变化主要受到植被、土壤、微生物因子及其交互作用的驱动,指示CUE的指标、采样季节和土层也会一定程度上影响CUE的变化。今后相关研究应采用直接的CUE测定方法,拓宽研究气候区及植被变化类型,关注植被变化过程中CUE变化的土层差异及动态监测,深入对植被类型变化导致的生态环境因子变化与CUE的关系及作用机制的研究。     

Increasing the organic carbon stocks in mineral soils sequesters large amounts of phosphorus

Despite the fact that phosphorus (P) is critical for plant biomass production in many ecosystems, the implications of soil organic carbon (OC) sequestration for the P cycle have hardly been discussed yet. Thus, the aims of this study are, first, to synthesize results about the relationship between C and P in soil organic matter (SOM) and organic matter inputs to soils, second, to review processes that affect the C:P ratio of SOM, and third, to discuss implications of OC storage in terrestrial ecosystems for P sequestration. The study shows that the storage of OC in mineral soils leads to the sequestration of large amounts of organic phosphorus (OP) since SOM in mineral soils is very rich in P. The reasons for the strong enrichment of OP with respect to OC in soils are the mineralization of OC and the formation of microbial necromass that is P‐rich as well as the strong sorption of OP to mineral surfaces that prevents OP mineralization. In particular, the formation of mineral‐associated SOM that is favorable for storing OC in soil over decadal to centennial timescales sequesters large amounts of OP. Storage of 1,000 kg C in the clay size fraction in the topsoils of croplands sequesters 13.1 kg P. In contrast, the OC:OP ratios of wood and of peatlands are much larger than the ones in cropland soils. Thus, storage of C in wood in peatlands sequesters much less P than the storage of OC in mineral soils. In order to increase the C stocks in terrestrial ecosystems and to lock up as little P as possible, it would be more reasonable to protect and restore peatlands and to produce and preserve wood than to store OC in mineral soils.     

氮沉降增加情景下植物-土壤-微生物交互对自然生态系统土壤有机碳的调控研究进展

大气氮沉降增加倾向于促进受氮限制陆地生态系统地上生物量,但是对地下碳过程和土壤碳截存的影响结果迥异,导致陆地生态系统“氮促碳汇”的评估存在很大的不确定性。大气氮沉降输入直接影响微生物活性或间接影响底物质量,改变凋落物和土壤有机质(SOM)的分解速率和分解程度,进而影响土壤有机碳(SOC)的积累与损耗过程。过去相关研究主要集中在土壤碳转化过程和碳储量动态方面,缺乏植物-微生物-SOM交互作用的理解,对土壤碳截存调控的生物化学和微生物学机理尚不清楚。本文以地下碳循环过程为主线,分别综述了氮沉降增加对植物地下碳分配、SOC激发效应、微生物群落碳代谢过程的影响,深入分析SOM化学稳定性与微生物群落动态的关系。该领域研究的薄弱环节体现在:(1)增氮倾向于降低根系的生长和周转,对根际沉积碳分配(数量和格局)的影响及驱动因素不明确;(2)虽然认识到氮素有效性影响土壤激发效应的方向和强度,但是氧化态NO-3和还原态NH+4输入对有机质激发效应的差异性影响及潜在机理知之甚少;(3)微生物碳利用效率(CUE)是微生物群落碳代谢的关键表征,能够很好地解释土壤碳的积累与损耗过程;由于缺乏适宜的测定方法,难以准确量化土壤微生物的CUE及微生物生物量的周转时间;(4)增氮会抑制土壤真菌群落及其胞外酶活性,对细菌群落组成的影响尚未定论,有关SOM化学质量与土壤微生物群落活性、组成之间的耦合关系尚不清楚。未来研究应基于长期的氮添加控制实验平台,结合碳氧稳定性同位素示踪、有机质化学、分子生物学和宏基因组学等方法,深入分析植物同化碳的地下分配规律、微生物碳代谢和周转、有机质化学结构与功能微生物群落的耦合关系等关键环节。上述研究将有助于揭示植物-土壤-微生物交互作用对SOC动态的调控机制,完善陆地生态系统碳-氮耦合循环模型,有效降低区域陆地碳汇评估的不确定性,并可为陆地生态系统应对全球变化提供科学依据。     

生态系统演替过程中土壤与微生物碳氮磷化学计量关系的变化

土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征会显著影响微生物的生长、群落结构、生物量C:N:P化学计量及其代谢活动。然而生态系统演替过程中土壤-微生物C:N:P化学计量的时间格局及其协调关系还不明确。为此, 该研究收集了2016年5月以前发表的文献中19个生态系统演替序列(包括13个森林、6个草地生态系统)的土壤-微生物生物量C:N:P研究结果, 整合分析了其中土壤-微生物生态化学计量的时间动态, 结果表明: (1)生态系统演替过程中土壤C:N没有一致的时间格局, 而土壤C:P和N:P均随演替进程显著增加, 其中土壤C:N:P与演替时间之间线性关系的斜率与相应演替序列的初始土壤有机C含量呈负相关关系。(2)演替进程中土壤-微生物生物量C:N:P没有一致的时间格局。(3)微生物生物量C占土壤有机C百分比(qMBC)、微生物生物量N占土壤全N百分比、微生物生物量P占土壤全P百分比均随着演替进程而显著增加, 即单位资源所能支持的微生物生物量随着演替进程而增加, 这与宏观生态系统演替理论相符。(4) qMBC随着土壤C:N、C:P和N:P以及C:N、C:P和N:P化学计量不平衡性(即土壤C:N、C:P和N:P分别除以微生物生物量C:N、C:P和N:P)的增加而减小; 其中, C:N、C:P和N:P化学计量不平衡性解释了qMBC变异性的37%-57%, 是演替时间解释率的7-17倍, 表明土壤-微生物生态化学计量关系对qMBC演替动态有重要影响。该研究强调了生态化学计量学理论和生态系统演替理论在土壤微生物时间动态研究中的重要作用, 表明适当地融合生态学宏观理论于土壤微生物研究可以加深对土壤-微生物生态过程的认识。     

Carbon sequestration potential of soils in southeast Germany derived from stable soil organic carbon saturation

Sequestration of atmospheric carbon (C) in soils through improved management of forest and agricultural land is considered to have high potential for global CO₂ mitigation. However, the potential of soils to sequester soil organic carbon (SOC) in a stable form, which is limited by the stabilization of SOC against microbial mineralization, is largely unknown. In this study, we estimated the C sequestration potential of soils in southeast Germany by calculating the potential SOC saturation of silt and clay particles according to Hassink [Plant and Soil 191 (1997) 77] on the basis of 516 soil profiles. The determination of the current SOC content of silt and clay fractions for major soil units and land uses allowed an estimation of the C saturation deficit corresponding to the long‐term C sequestration potential. The results showed that cropland soils have a low level of C saturation of around 50% and could store considerable amounts of additional SOC. A relatively high C sequestration potential was also determined for grassland soils. In contrast, forest soils had a low C sequestration potential as they were almost C saturated. A high proportion of sites with a high degree of apparent oversaturation revealed that in acidic, coarse‐textured soils the relation to silt and clay is not suitable to estimate the stable C saturation. A strong correlation of the C saturation deficit with temperature and precipitation allowed a spatial estimation of the C sequestration potential for Bavaria. In total, about 395 Mt CO₂‐equivalents could theoretically be stored in A horizons of cultivated soils – four times the annual emission of greenhouse gases in Bavaria. Although achieving the entire estimated C storage capacity is unrealistic, improved management of cultivated land could contribute significantly to CO₂ mitigation. Moreover, increasing SOC stocks have additional benefits with respect to enhanced soil fertility and agricultural productivity.     

鄱阳湖湿地优势植物叶片-凋落物-土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征

2013年11月初在鄱阳湖南矶湿地国家级自然保护区,采集芦苇(Phragmites australis)、南荻(Triarrhena lutarioriparia)、菰(Zizania latifolia(Griseb.))、灰化苔草(Carex cinerascens)、红穗苔草(Carex argyi)和水蓼(Polygonum hydropiper)等6种优势植物新鲜叶片、凋落物及表层0—15cm土壤样品测定了碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量,以阐明不同物种、不同生活型间C、N、P化学计量差异,探讨化学计量垂直分异。结果表明:1)C、N、P含量变化范围分别为:叶片380.6—432.2 mg/g,15.3—32.6 mg/g和1.3—2.0 mg/g;凋落物345.4—416.1 mg/g,10.8—20.8 mg/g和1.1—1.7 mg/g;土壤15.0—38.1 mg/g,1.2—3.1 mg/g和0.7—1.1mg/g,不同物种间叶片、凋落物及土壤C、N、P含量差异显著,且叶片C、N、P含量显著高于凋落物与土壤。2)土壤C∶N、C∶P及N∶P值显著低于叶片与凋落物,且土壤C、N、P化学计量关系与凋落物更为密切,凋落物的C∶N、N∶P分别能解释土壤C∶N、N∶P变异的35%、18%。3)挺水植物与湿生植物之间叶片C∶N、N∶P值差异显著,C∶P则差异不显著,凋落物C∶N、C∶P与N∶P均未达到显著性差异。     

脉冲式降水对不同类型草地土壤微生物呼吸碳释放量的影响

降水事件引起土壤短时间内释放大量CO₂的现象常称为降水脉冲效应。降水事件发生后,由于水分和养分可获得性快速提升使土壤微生物呼吸速率快速升高至正常水分状况的数倍,从而导致土壤CO₂大量释放并一定程度上影响着生态系统碳循环过程和土壤碳平衡,尤其在干旱或半干旱地区。利用自主研发的能快速测定土壤微生物呼吸速率的装置,对内蒙古三类典型草原(草甸草原、典型草原和荒漠草原)土壤分别开展土壤复湿实验(60%饱和含水量),并采用高频测定(48 h测定288次)。在土壤复湿后在所有温带草地类型中均发生了明显的脉冲效应,降水脉冲过程中单位有机质(土壤有机碳,SOC)最大呼吸速率(R_SOC-max)整体表现为荒漠草原(1.59 mg C g^-1 SOC h^-1)>草甸草原(0.73 mg C g^-1 SOC h^-1)>典型草原(0.50 mg C g^-1 SOC h^-1);而脉冲效应的持续时间(Dura...     

Increases in soil organic carbon sequestration can reduce the global warming potential of long‐term liming to permanent grassland

The application of calcium‐ and magnesium‐rich materials to soil, known as liming, has long been a foundation of many agro‐ecosystems worldwide because of its role in counteracting soil acidity. Although liming contributes to increased rates of respiration from soil thereby potentially reducing soils ability to act as a CO₂ sink, the long‐term effects of liming on soil organic carbon (C_org) sequestration are largely unknown. Here, using data spanning 129 years of the Park Grass Experiment at Rothamsted (UK), we show net C_org sequestration measured in the 0–23 cm layer at different time intervals since 1876 was 2–20 times greater in limed than in unlimed soils. The main cause of this large C_org accrual was greater biological activity in limed soils, which despite increasing soil respiration rates, led to plant C inputs being processed and incorporated into resistant soil organo‐mineral pools. Limed organo‐mineral soils showed: (1) greater C_org content for similar plant productivity levels (i.e. hay yields); (2) higher ¹⁴C incorporation after 1950s atomic bomb testing and (3) lower C : N ratios than unlimed organo‐mineral soils, which also indicate higher microbial processing of plant C. Our results show that greater C_org sequestration in limed soils strongly reduced the global warming potential of long‐term liming to permanent grassland suggesting the net contribution of agricultural liming to global warming could be lower than previously estimated. Our study demonstrates that liming might prove to be an effective mitigation strategy, especially because liming applications can be associated with a reduced use of nitrogen fertilizer which is a key cause for increased greenhouse gas emissions from agro‐ecosystems.     

高寒山区不同土地利用类型土壤养分化学计量特征及影响因素

了解高寒地区不同土地利用类型下土壤养分化学计量特征及其影响因素可为评估脆弱生态系统土壤质量和功能提供参数。通过测定青海省东部24个样点0—30 cm土壤基本理化性质(pH、容重BD、孔隙度P_s、黏粒含量C_y、土壤含水量SWC、有机碳SOC、全氮TN、全磷TP、速效氮AN和速效磷AP),并提取各样点环境因子数据(年均温MAT、年均降雨量MAP、年均蒸发量E_a、植被归一化指数NDVI、海拔ALT、坡度SG、地表粗糙度SR、经度LON和纬度LAT),分析了农、林、草三种土地利用类型下土壤养分化学计量比分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明,农地土壤有机碳SOC和全氮TN含量显著低于林地和草地(P<0.05),而全磷TP和速效磷AP含量则相反,农、林、草地速效氮AN含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。农、林、草地不同深度土壤C∶N(平均值19.93,变异系数<16%)和AN∶AP(平均值2.73,变异系数<71%)较为稳定且无显著差异(P>0.05),而农地C∶P和N∶P(平均值分别为19.27和0.99)却显...     

中亚热带不同森林更新方式生态酶化学计量特征

了解土壤生态化学计量特征对预测不同生态系统养分变化、功能以及植物生产力具有重要意义。森林更新是维持中亚热带森林生态系统可持续发展的重要手段。选取福建省三明市陈大林业采育场3种不同森林更新方式进行研究,包括米槠次生林（SF）、米槠人工促进天然更新林（AR）和杉木人工林（CF）,测定其土壤理化性质及土壤3种酶,计算酶化学计量。结果显示：1）AR的土壤总氮、全磷、铵态氮含量以及含水量最高（P < 0.05）,土壤有效磷的含量则是CF最高（P < 0.05）;2）生态酶化学计量结果表明AR的土壤微生物处于氮限制状态,CF的土壤微生物处于磷限制状态;3）冗余分析表明,土壤含水量和铵态氮是驱动不同森林更新方式土壤生态酶化学计量变异的重要环境因子。研究表明,人促更新方式更有利于土壤有效氮的积累,而人工林则有利于土壤有效磷积累,这可能与造林树种有关。土壤生态酶化学计量更易受到土壤含水量以及有效性养分的驱动,而与土壤化学计量未呈现良好的耦合性。     

草地土壤固碳潜力研究进展

土壤固碳功能和固碳潜力已成为全球气候变化和陆地生态系统研究的重点。草地土壤有机碳库,作为陆地土壤有机碳库的重要组成部分,其较小幅度的波动,将会影响整个陆地生态系统碳循环,进而影响全球气候变化。因此,深入研究草地土壤固碳功能和固碳潜力对于适应和减缓气候变化具有重要意义。在土壤固碳潜力相关概念界定基础上,结合《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》,从样点及区域尺度上综述了目前关于草地土壤固碳潜力的一般估算方法,同时对各类方法的特点及适用性进行了评述,提出了草地生态系统固碳潜力研究概念模型。最后在对草地土壤固碳的影响因素及固碳措施总结的基础上,阐明了草地土壤有机碳固定研究中存在的问题和发展前景。     

长期施肥下农田土壤-有机质-微生物的碳氮磷化学计量学特征

探讨外源养分的输入对土壤系统内碳、氮、磷化学计量特征的影响,对于深刻认识农田土壤有机碳(C)和养分循环及其相互作用过程具有重要意义。以26年的农田长期定位施肥试验为平台,分析长期不同施肥条件下土壤、有机态及微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量及其化学计量学特征,并根据内稳性模型y=c x~(1/H)计算其化学计量内稳性指数H。结果表明:与长期撂荒处理(CK_0)相比,种植作物条件下26年化肥配施有机肥处理(MNPK和1.5MNPK)显著降低微生物生物量氮含量,但显著提高了微生物生物量磷的含量。相对于撂荒处理,即使长期配施化肥磷处理(NP、PK、NPK),其土壤有机磷降低显著。对于C∶N比而言,化肥配施有机物料处理(秸秆或有机肥)的土壤C∶N比、有机质C∶N及微生物生物量C∶N比均显著低于化肥处理(N、NP、PK和NPK)。对于C∶P比而言,相对于撂荒处理,26年施用磷肥(化肥磷或有机磷)显著降低了土壤C∶P比和微生物生物量C∶P比,而CK和偏施化肥处理(N、NP和PK)显著降低了土壤有机质C∶P比。对于土壤N∶P比而言,撂荒处理土壤N∶P比显著高于其他处理,而撂荒处理土壤有机质N∶P比显著高于CK和化肥处理,表明不施肥或化肥条件下作物种植加剧了土壤有机质中氮素的消耗。微生物生物量C∶N、C∶P、N∶P比的内稳性指数H分别为0.24、0.75、0.64,不具有内稳性特征。微生物生物量C∶N、C∶P、N∶P比分别与土壤C∶N、C∶P、N∶P比呈显著正相关关系,但与土壤有机质碳氮磷化学计量比之间无显著相关性。表明土壤碳、氮、磷元素的改变会直接导致微生物生物量碳、氮、磷化学计量比的改变,但微生物生物量碳氮磷化学计量比对土壤有机质碳氮磷化学计量比无显著影响,土壤有机质的碳氮磷计量比可能更多是受到作物和施肥等养分管理措施的影响。     

Carbon use efficiency of microbial communities: stoichiometry,methodology and modelling

Carbon use efficiency (CUE) is a fundamental parameter for ecological models based on the physiology of microorganisms. CUE determines energy and material flows to higher trophic levels, conversion of plant‐produced carbon into microbial products and rates of ecosystem carbon storage. Thermodynamic calculations support a maximum CUE value of ~ 0.60 (CUE _max). Kinetic and stoichiometric constraints on microbial growth suggest that CUE in multi‐resource limited natural systems should approach ~ 0.3 (CUE _max/2). However, the mean CUE values reported for aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems differ by twofold (~ 0.26 vs. ~ 0.55) because the methods used to estimate CUE in aquatic and terrestrial systems generally differ and soil estimates are less likely to capture the full maintenance costs of community metabolism given the difficulty of measurements in water‐limited environments. Moreover, many simulation models lack adequate representation of energy spilling pathways and stoichiometric constraints on metabolism, which can also lead to overestimates of CUE. We recommend that broad‐scale models use a CUE value of 0.30, unless there is evidence for lower values as a result of pervasive nutrient limitations. Ecosystem models operating at finer scales should consider resource composition, stoichiometric constraints and biomass composition, as well as environmental drivers, to predict the CUE of microbial communities.     

Soil organic carbon stocks in China and changes from 1980s to 2000s

The estimation of the size and changes of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks is of great importance for decision makers to adopt proper measures to protect soils and to develop strategies for mitigation of greenhouse gases. In this paper, soil data from the Second State Soil Survey of China (SSSSC) conducted in the early 1980s and data published in the last 5 years were used to estimate the size of SOC stocks over the whole profile and their changes in China in last 20 years. Soils were identified as paddy, upland, forest, grassland or waste‐land soils and an improved soil bulk density estimation method was used to estimate missing bulk density data. In the early 1980s, total SOC stocks were estimated at 89.61 Pg (1 Pg=10³ Tg=10¹⁵ g) in China's 870.94 Mha terrestrial areas covered by 2473 soil series. In the paddy, upland, forest and grassland soils the respective total SOC stocks were 2.91 Pg on 29.87 Mha, 10.07 Pg on 125.89 Mha, 34.23 Pg on 249.32 Mha and 37.71 Pg on 278.51 Mha, respectively. The SOC density of the surface layer ranged from 3.5 Mg ha⁻¹ in Gray Desery grassland soils to 252.6 Mg ha⁻¹ in Mountain Meadow forest soils. The average area‐weighted total SOC density in paddy soils (97.6 Mg ha⁻¹) was higher than that in upland soils (80 Mg ha⁻¹). Soils under forest (137.3 Mg ha⁻¹) had a similar average area‐weighted total SOC density as those under grassland (135.4 Mg ha⁻¹). The annual estimated SOC accumulation rates in farmland and forest soils in the last 20 years were 23.61 and 11.72 Tg, respectively, leading to increases of 0.472 and 0.234 Pg SOC in farmland and forest areas, respectively. In contrast, SOC under grassland declined by 3.56 Pg due to the grassland degradation over this period. The resulting estimated net SOC loss in China's soils over the last 20 years was 2.86 Pg. The documented SOC accumulation in farmland and forest soils could thus not compensate for the loss of SOC in grassland soils in the last 20 years. There were, however, large regional differences: Soils in China's South and Eastern parts acted mainly as C sinks, increasing their average topsoil SOC by 132 and 145 Tg, respectively. In contrast, in the Northwest, Northeast, Inner Mongolia and Tibet significant losses of 1.38, 0.21, 0.49 and 1.01 Pg of SOC, respectively, were estimated over the last 20 years. These results highlight the importance to take measures to protect grassland and to improve management practices to increase C sequestration in farmland and forest soils.     

喀斯特石漠化地区不同退耕年限下桂牧1号杂交象草植物-土壤-微生物生态化学计量特征

耕地农作物种植与退耕地种草养畜是喀斯特主要的农业生产模式。以喀斯特地区农耕玉米地为对照,研究退耕还草1、5、7a(恢复初期、旺盛期、衰退期)3种年限下桂牧1号杂交象草地植物-土壤-微生物C、N、P生态化学计量特征及内在关联。结果表明:1)牧草地植物地上部分N、P含量均为5a牧草1a牧草7a牧草,C含量则刚好相反;3种退耕年限牧草地植物地上部分C∶N、C∶P、N∶P分别为26.50—33.91、631.70—2254.33、23.89—67.21,且均表现为7a牧草1a牧草5a牧草。2)土壤表层(0—10 cm)C、N、P含量均以玉米地最低,3种退耕年限牧草地中则均为5a牧草地最低;土壤C∶N、C∶P、N∶P在玉米及退耕牧草地之间均无显著差异(P0.05),平均值分别为9.20,27.88,3.38。3)玉米及牧草地土壤MB_C、MB_N、MB_P含量存在显著差异(P0.05);玉米地MB_C/SOC、MB_N/TN、MB_P/TP均高于牧草地,3种退耕年限牧草地中,则均为5a牧草地最高。4)MB_C、MB_P与土壤C、P含量分别呈显著线性正相关(P0.05);植物C、C∶N与土壤C、N含量均呈极显著线性负相关(P0.01)。分析表明,退耕还草地中植物与土壤系统C-N-P化学计量比表现出不一致的时间变化特征,且牧草地植物受P限制严重,尤以恢复旺盛期为甚。     

A comparative account of the microbiological characteristics of soils under natural forest,grassland and cropfield from Eastern India

Microbiological and physico-chemical characteristics of tropical forest, grassland and cropfield soils from India were investigated. The study revealed that the conversion of natural forest led to a reduction of soil organic C (26–36%), total N (26–35%), total P (33–44%), microfungal biomass (44–66%) and total microbial biomass C, N and P (25–60%) over a period of 30–50 years. Comparative analysis of microbial activity in terms of basal soil respiration revealed maximum activity in the forest and minimum in the cropfield soil. Analysis of microbial metabolic respiratory activity (qCO₂) indicated relatively greater respiratory loss of CO₂-C per unit microbial biomass in cropfield and grassland than in forest soil. Considering the importance of the microbial component in soil, we conclude that the conversion of the tropical forest to different land uses leads to the loss of biological stability of the soil.     

土地利用变化对土壤有机碳的影响研究进展

土壤有机碳是陆地碳库的重要组成部分,也是当前全球碳循环和全球变化研究的热点。土地利用/覆被变化及土地管理变化通过影响土壤有机碳的储量和分布,进而影响温室气体排放和陆地生态系统的碳通量。研究土地利用变化影响下的土壤有机碳储量及其动态变化规律,有助于加深理解全球气候变化与土地利用变化之间的关系。在阅读国内外有关文献的基础上,分别从土地利用及其管理方式变化的角度,概括了土地利用变化对土壤有机碳的影响过程与机理;针对当前研究的两大类方法,即实验方法和模型方法,分类详细介绍了它们各自的特点以及存在的一些问题。在此基础上,提出今后土地利用变化对土壤有机碳影响研究的发展趋势。