稀土抗菌效应及应用的研究进展

稀土元素具有多种生物效应, 除了对农作物的增产作用外, 在医药方面还具有抗菌的作用, 近年来, 不少学者针对稀土元素的抗菌效应展开了相关的研究。本文介绍了稀土在抗菌领域的研究及应用, 包括稀土化合物对微生物生长的Hormesis效应、稀土化合物与抗生素的协同作用、稀土配合物的合成、以及稀土在抗菌材料上的应用等几个方面的内容, 并对稀土化合物及其配合物的抗菌机理进行了探讨, 最后, 展望了稀土化合物及配合物在抗菌领域的应用前景及研究重要性。     

稀土积累对水体中藻类生长的影响

为了解稀土积累对水体中藻类生长的生态效应,本文研究了单一稀土氧化镧（Ｌａ２Ｏ３）积累对水体中混合藻生长量的影响。结果表明,稀土浓度为５０、１００、２００、３００、４００、６００、８００ｐｐｍ时,对混合藻的生长多表现为抑制作用。整个试验期间藻的叶绿素（ａ）含量及藻细胞数量均随着稀土浓度的升高而降低。只是稀土浓度为１００ｐｐｍ,培养１５天时对藻产生轻微刺激作用。当稀土浓度＞４００ｐｐｍ时,混合藻的生长几乎完全被抑制。     

稀土发光材料在荧光成像中的应用

稀土发光材料由于具有荧光寿命长、发射峰半峰宽窄和Stokes位移大等发光性质,在生命科学研究的各个领域,包括荧光免疫分析、离子识别、蛋白质活性测定、核酸检测等,有着广泛而重要的应用前景.本文以稀土配合物、稀土掺杂上转换材料和长余辉材料为代表,就当前稀土发光材料的发光性质及其在生物成像标记方面的研究做一综述,并对稀土发光...     

混合稀土对作物出苗率的影响

用OECD方法,在红壤、黄潮土、黄褐土上进行了混合稀土对水稻、油菜、大豆相对出苗率影响的试验,从LC50（半致死浓度）值看,在供试条件下,稀土对水稻的毒性最小,稀土在黄褐土上对作物的毒性也较小,而稀土对黄潮土上的大豆以及红壤上的油菜的毒性则较大。     

稀土离子对带3蛋白阴离子转运活性及血影膜流动性的影响

测定了Ｌａ２＋、Ｇｄ３＋、Ｔｂ３＋及Ｙｂ３＋四种稀土离子对带３蛋白阴离子转运活性及对血影膜脂流动性的影响。结果如下：（１）稀土离子可强烈抑制带３蛋白的阴离子转运活性,抑制程度随稀土离子浓度增加而增加,最高达到６３．７％。（２）不同的稀土离子对带３蛋白的抑制程度不同,抑制程度从大到小的顺序为Ｙｂ＞Ｔｂ＞Ｇｄ＞Ｌａ。（３）稀土离子可显著降低血影膜流动性,并且在脂双层的全部厚度内都降低,降低的程度随稀土浓度的增大而增大。（４）不同的稀土离子对血影膜流动性的影响不同,作用从大到小的顺序与它们对带３蛋白活性抑制程度大小的顺序一致。（５）稀土离子对血影膜流动性的影响特征与稀土离子抑制带３蛋白活性的特征完全相符,带３蛋白中承担阴离子转运功能的部分是贯穿性膜蛋白,并且在阴离子转运过程中要发生显著的构象变化,因此稀土离子可能是通过作用于膜脂再影响带３蛋白活性的。     

稀土在蔬菜生产上的应用

适时适量地施用稀土,可提高产量10—15％,并可改善品质。现介绍几种主要蔬菜施用稀土的增产效果和技术。黄瓜施用稀土稀土施于黄瓜,不论是保护地栽培、还是露地栽培都有显著的增产效果。大棚种植黄瓜喷施稀土,亩平均增产200公斤,增产7％。露地黄瓜喷施稀土平均增产690公斤,增产20％。施用稀土能促进根系生长,侧根数、根长、     

稀土离子对磷脂酰胆碱脂质体及人红细胞膜自由基氧化的影响

通过荧光和电泳方法研究了稀土离子对磷脂酰胆碱（PC）脂质体及人红细胞膜脂质过氧化的影响．结果表明稀土离子（除钇外）都能够强烈的抑制膜的脂质过氧化,其作用强度随不同的稀土离子可有较大的差别．稀土离子对分离的人红细胞膜的脂质过氧化的抑制作用比对PC脂质体更强．但是,对完整红细胞用稀土离子处理反而会导致膜的脂质过氧化大大加强．     

低剂量混合稀土积累对黄褐土微生物主要类群的生态效应

采用田间小区试验和室内低剂量模拟叠加试验相结合的方法,研究低剂量混合稀土在黄褐土中积累对土壤微生物主要类群的生态效应．结果表明,低剂量稀土的持续积累对土壤细菌、放线菌产生刺激、抑制、再刺激的交替作用;对真菌也产生类似的作用,但抑制作用不显著,而刺激作用持续、明显．混合稀土对3类土壤微生物数量抑制程度顺序为：细菌>放线菌>霉菌．稀土积累至150mg·kg^-1时,土壤各类微生物的种群结构均发生显著的改变,耐稀土微生物数量大幅度增加,细菌中的G^-细菌、链霉菌的白孢类群、真菌中青霉分别成为优势种群．对低浓度稀土积累的田问土壤微生物学参数模拟计算结果表明,稀土对土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌的EC50(半抑制浓度)值分别为24．1、41．6～73．8和55．3～150．1mg·kg^-1,30mg·kg^-1值可以初步确定为稀土在黄褐土中积累的安全临界值．     

长期施用稀土对小麦植株中稀土元素含量及分布的影响

在我国施用稀土时间最长的黑龙江花园农场,研究了连续１２ａ叶面喷施稀土对小麦植株及土壤中稀土元素总含量和分布模式的影响。结果表明：连续１２ａ叶施稀土没有造成土壤中元素含量及分布模式的变化;对小麦拔节始期（喷施稀土７ｄ）后叶部的影响较大,Ｌａ,Ｃｅ最明显增高,叶部稀土元素分布模式与“常乐”稀土中的相一致,与土壤中稀土元素分布模式不同,而在小麦拔节始期的根部、小麦成熟期的根、茎、叶、壳等部位稀土元素分布     

稀土元素对土栖动物群落结构的影响及对蛴螬的生态毒性

采用土施法和OECD推荐的滤纸接触法研究了稀土(ReCl₃·6H₂O)对豆田土栖动物群落结构的影响以及稀土对蛴螬的生态毒性.结果表明,对照与各处理之间动物种类数、主要动物种群数量、多样性指数差异均不显著;急性和慢性毒性试验表明,对照与各处理间的死亡率差异不显著.在稀土有效施用范围内,稀土对蛴螬的生态毒性很小,不会明显改变蛴螬种群结构.     

稀土元素对生物机体剂量效应机理的研究

综述了稀土元素对生物机体剂量效应的机理,从稀土对细胞质膜、细胞周期及细胞凋亡、CaM水平调节的作用到对蛋白质、DNA的影响等不同层次和水平进行了探讨,以期为稀土在生物学领域的进一步广泛应用奠定理论基础.     

稀土元素对农田生态系统的影响研究进展

稀土矿的开采和冶炼、稀土农用等导致农田土壤稀土元素含量不断积累,对农田生态系统结构和功能稳定产生严重的影响。综述了近20年来国内外农田生态系统稀土元素的主要来源、分配和输出,土壤和植物中稀土元素的测定方法,稀土元素对农田生态系统中植物、微生物、动物以及人类健康影响的研究进展。探讨了农田生态系统稀土元素的毒性评价和稀土污染土壤的修复措施。最后提出开展稀土元素对农田生态系统影响研究还需要加强的一些问题。     

稀土甘氨酸配合物对微生物作用初探

本文用7种稀土甘氨酸配合物在实验室对微生物的作用进行了试验。通过杯碟法测定抑菌圈,用活菌平板计数法进行菌落计数,其结果是这7种稀土甘氨酸配合物对细菌均表现出抑制作用,对霉菌不起抑制作用。     

Accumulation of rare earth elements in maize plants (Zea mays L.) after application of mixtures of rare earth elements and lanthanum

Rare earth elements are applied in China to improve crop production, and the distribution patterns of individual rare earth elements in native plants have widely been reported. But our knowledge is still limited about the dose-dependent accumulation of individual rare earth elements in agricultural crops after application of rare earth elements. Effects of lanthanum and mixtures of rare earth elements were studied in pot experiments on the accumulation of individual rare earth elements in maize plants. All plant samples were divided into plant tops and roots. On addition of mixtures of rare earth elements and lanthanum to the soil, a significant dose-dependent accumulation of individual rare earth element(s) was found in the roots and in the plant tops. Application of mixtures of rare earth elements at >10 mg kg^–1 soil, resulted in a significant increase in contents of light rare earth elements in the roots, and at a dose of 50 mg kg^–1 soil, a similar phenomenon was found in the plant tops. When mixtures of rare earth elements were replaced by lanthanum alone, at a dose higher than 10 mg La kg^–1 soil, a significant increase in La content occurred in the roots and in the plant tops. The content ratio of La to Ce in maize plants appeared to increase as the application doses of rare earth element(s) increased. At a highest dose (50 mg kg^–1soil), the transport of the absorbed La from the roots to the plant tops might be substantially reduced after treatment with lanthanum alone, compared with mixtures of rare earth elements. Increasing the application doses of rare earth element(s) appeared to cause a positive Gd and negative Ce anomaly in the roots and in the plant tops, and the anomaly was more obvious in the plant tops than in the roots. The results indicated that the Gd and Ce anomaly in corns might be considered as important parameters for the safety assessment of agricultural application of rare earth elements.     

稀土离子钇促进一株栓菌产漆酶及相关蛋白质组学分析

研究了稀土离子钇（Y³⁺）对栓菌Trametes sp. 菌株LS-10C发酵产漆酶的影响。结果表明,钇元素对该菌株发酵产漆酶有显著的促进作用,当培养基中Y³⁺浓度达到12mmol/L时,漆酶活力达到最高为70.25U/mL,是不添加Y³⁺发酵产漆酶活力的5.3倍。蛋白质组学研究结果表明,Y³⁺促进了细胞膜组分相关蛋白的表达上调,上调蛋白数占细胞组分富集上调蛋白总数的70.5%。此外在碳水化合物代谢,草酸代谢过程上调蛋白也有明显的富集。该研究明确了稀土元素Y³⁺对栓菌产漆酶的促进作用,并初步分析了稀土元素Y³⁺作用下栓菌Trametes sp. LS-10C的蛋白质组的变化规律,为研究稀土元素促进栓菌产漆酶的分子机理奠定了基础。     

Effects of La3+ on growth,transformation, and gene expression of Escherichia coli

Rare earth elements have been emitted into the environment largely as fertilizer components. This has caused much fear about whether they would influence our environment, especially on the metabolism and genetics of microorganisms. In this article, the trivalent ion of a rare earth element, lanthanum, was studied for the effects on growth, transformation, and gene expression of Escherichia coli. The results showed that La³⁺ at concentrations from 50 to 150 μg/mL stimulated the endogenic metabolism and ectogenic metabolism, but had few effects on gene expression. La³⁺ at lower concentrations from 0.5 to 30 μg/mL inhibit intensively E. coli-absorbing external DNA, decreasing the transformation efficiency. It is also supported by observations using transmission electron microscopy. Our results are significant in understanding the function of rare earth elements to microorganisms and assessing the risk of application of rare earth compounds.     

Effects of rare earth elements on the growth of Cistanche deserticola cells and the production of phenylethanoid glycosides

The rare earth elements Nd, La, Ce at proper concentrations had positive effects on the cell growth of Cistanche deserticola and production of phenylethanoid glycosides (PeG). A mixture of rare earth elements (MRE, La(2)O(3):CeO(2):Pr(6)O(11):Sm(2)O(3)=255:175:3:1, mol/mol) showed the most remarkable effects. After 30 day's culture, 0.02 mmoll(-1) MRE gave the highest content (20.8%) and production (1.6 gl(-1)) of PeG, which were 104 and 167% higher than those obtained in control (without rare earth elements).     

Urinary yttrium excretion and effects of yttrium chloride on renal function in rats

Evaluation of yttrium exposure in biological samples has not been fully examined. To evaluate yttrium nephrotoxicity, yttrium chloride was orally administered to male Wistar rats and the urine volume (UV) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and creatinine excretion (Crt) were measured in 24-h urine samples. The urinary yttrium concentration and excretion rate were determined by inductively coupled plasma-argon emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Large significant decreases of UV (>30%) and Crt (>10%) were observed at yttrium doses of 58.3-116.7 mg per rat, but no significant NAG changes was observed. This response pattern shows that a high yttrium dosage alters glomerular function rather than the proximal convoluted tubules. A urinary yttrium excretion rate of 0.216% and good dose-dependent urinary excretion (r=0.77) were confirmed. These results suggest that urinary yttrium is a suitable indicator of occupational and environmental exposure to this element, an increasingly important health issue because recent technological advances present significant potential risks of exposure to rare earth elements. We propose that the ICP-AES analytical method and animal experimental model described in this study will be a valuable tool for future research on the toxicology of rare earth elements.     

Pattern of cardiac fibrosis in rabbits periodically fed a magnesium-restricted diet and administered rare earth chloride through drinking water

It has been postulated that causation of the tropical cardiomyopathy endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) is linked to magnesium (Mg) deficiency and cardiac toxicity of the rare earth element cerium (Ce). The aim of the present study was to define the myocardial lesions in rabbits that were fed on Mg-restricted diet (70–80 ppm) periodically and were provided drinking water contaminated with rare earth chloride (1 g/L). Forty New Zealand white rabbits were divided into four groups following a 2 × 2 factorial design. Two groups were periodically fed on Mg-restricted diet with one of them receiving water contaminated with rare earth chloride. The other two groups were continuously fed on Mgsufficient diet (350–400 ppm) with one of them receiving water contaminated with rare earth chloride. All animals were sacrificed at the end of 6 mo. Cardiac tissues were subjected to histology, elemental analysis (calcium [Ca], Mg, and Ce) and estimation of collagen content and collagen phenotypes. Histological lesions were compared with those of EMF in humans and those of acute Mg deficiency in animals. The results suggest that in rabbits, recurrent episodes of Mg deficiency lead to myocardial fibrosis similar to the pattern observed in human EMF.