化妆品用无添加防腐剂体系

介绍了传统防腐剂与无添加防腐剂的区别;重点论述了以乙基己基甘油、山梨坦辛酸酯及多元醇为代表的多种无添加防腐剂的特点;列举了系列复合无添加防腐剂方案;结合实际对每种方案进行了讨论;指出无添加防腐剂的应用浪潮已经到来,在传统防腐剂到无添加防腐剂过渡期内,二者的结合使用最具有商业价值。     

Evaluation of recalcitrance of mascara in a cartridge container system to microbial challenge

Summary A cartridge mascara system designed to minimize the exposure of mascara to the environment during use was evaluated for recalcitrance to bacteria. The design of the system contributed to low numbers of bacteria found in the mascara, but the need for preservatives was not alleviated.     

Settling flux and sinking velocity of Seston in Lago di Mergozzo (Northern Italy) and influence of microbial activity on the decomposition of entrapped organic material

Settling flux and velocity of seston, Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) and chlorophyll a were measured at three depths during 8 seven-day exposure periods in Lago di Mergozzo (Northern Italy). Sedimentation rates of seston varied from 250 to 1200 mg m^–2 d^–1 with a prevalence of the inorganic fraction (130–900 mg m^–2 d^–1) over the organic (160–320 mg m^–2 d^–1).The percentage of organic fraction inside the traps was always lower than outside. The comparison of preserved and unpreserved traps showed no significant difference in both organic matter content and bacterial numbers. We inferred from this result that bacterial activity in the traps did not cause a measurable POC loss during the seven day exposures. Therefore, the higher settling velocity of the inorganic particles was responsible for the higher percentage of this fraction in the traps. The settling velocity of sestonic particles increased, during the stratification period, with increasing depth and reached a maximum value of 2.5 m d^–1.     

聚赖氨酸的研究进展

聚赖氨酸(ε-PL)是由20～35个赖氨酸残基通过α-羧基和ε-氨基聚合成的具有抑菌功效的多肽.它具有安全性高、对革兰氏阳性菌,革兰氏阴性菌,真菌等都有广泛的抑制繁殖作用等优点且热稳定性,水溶性好.在食品保鲜防腐、医学等方面都有广泛的应用.     

防腐剂DMDMH合成中游离甲醛含量的控制

在DMDMH的合成中加入尿囊素,采用一次性合成方法,可减低产品中游离甲醛额含量,控制游离甲醛含量≤0.1%,产品收率达到90%以上,稳定性达到生产要求。     

聚赖氨酸的研究进展

聚赖氨酸(ε-PL)是由20～35个赖氨酸残基通过α-羧基和ε-氨基聚合成的具有抑菌功效的多肽。它具有安全性高、对革兰氏阳性菌,革兰氏阴性菌,真菌等都有广泛的抑制繁殖作用等优点且热稳定性,水溶性好。在食品保鲜防腐、医学等方面都有广泛的应用。     

涂料微生物污染与防腐剂使用情况关系的探讨

为了解涂料的微生物污染与防腐剂使用情况之间的关系,按照ISO 9252-1989(E)检测207件市售涂料微生物指标,利用高效液相色谱检测有微生物检出涂料和40件无微生物检出涂料的防腐剂使用情况。结果发现有12件涂料微生物超标;异噻唑啉酮类防腐剂是本实验检出使用最多的防腐剂;微生物超标涂料防腐剂含量比正常低或者未检测到,种类单一。涂料的防腐剂使用情况与微生物污染程度有着密切的联系,建议建立和完善涂料限用防腐剂标准,指导涂料企业安全生产和质量监督。     

Evolution of the Dynein Heavy Chain Family in Ciliates

Dynein heavy chains are motor proteins that comprise a large gene family found across eukaryotes. We have investigated this gene family in four ciliate species: Ichthyophthirius, Oxytricha, Paramecium, and Tetrahymena. Ciliates appear to encode more dynein heavy chain genes than most eukaryotes. Phylogenetic comparisons demonstrated that the last common ancestor of the ciliates that were examined expressed at least 14 types of dynein heavy chains with most of the expansion coming from the single‐headed inner arm dyneins. Each of the dyneins most likely performed different functions within the cell.     

Increases in crop pests caused by Wasmannia auropunctata in Solomon Islands subsistence gardens

The impacts of Wasmannia auropunctata (the little fire ant) on the native biota and subsistence agriculture in the Solomon Islands are poorly understood. This species was originally introduced as a biological control against nut‐fall bugs (Amblypelta sp.) around 30 years ago and in the intervening time has spread throughout the Solomon Islands, aided movement of produce and planting material. It is now itself a major pest of coconut, cocoa and subsistence agriculture. In this study, we show the negative effects of this invasive ant on subsistence agriculture in the Solomon Islands. We do this by (i) assessing the presence of insect pests that develop a mutual relationship with W. auropunctata on four common subsistence crops; and (ii) measuring the impact of a significant pest (Tarophagus sp.) and its natural predator the bug Cyrtohinus fulvus, in the presence and absence of W. auropunctata on taro crops. The existence of insect pests that form a mutual relationship with W. auropunctata was measured in a total of 36 gardens of the four subsistence crops. This was conducted through standardized visual searches, plus identification and collecting from randomly selected plants within the gardens. A number of additional insect pests causing major problems to subsistence crops have also developed mutual relationships with W. auropunctata. Infested taro gardens have more Tarophagus sp. compared with taro plants that are free of the little fire ant. The presence and abundance of Wasmannia therefore has the potential to inflict considerable crop loss in rural subsistence gardens in the Solomon Islands.     

迷迭香中天然防腐剂的提取方法及其抑菌作用研究

本文研究了迷迭香中天然防腐剂的提取方法和抑菌作用,结果表明,用食用乙醇提取迷迭香中防腐物质的最佳提取工艺参数为:固液比1:15、提取温度80℃、提取时间为15 h。迷迭香醇提取物对实验用常见食品污染菌有较强的抑制作用,对金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的最低抑菌质量浓度(MIC)为6.25 g.L-1,对大肠杆菌和汉逊氏酵母菌为12.5 g.L-1,对青霉和黑曲霉为25 g.L-1,对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌活性pH范围均为4~7,对汉逊氏酵母菌、青霉和黑曲霉为4~6。     

Genotypic variation in Norway spruce correlates to fungal communities in vegetative buds

The taxonomically diverse phyllosphere fungi inhabit leaves of plants. Thus, apart from the fungi's dispersal capacities and environmental factors, the assembly of the phyllosphere community associated with a given host plant depends on factors encoded by the host's genome. The host genetic factors and their influence on the assembly of phyllosphere communities under natural conditions are poorly understood, especially in trees. Recent work indicates that Norway spruce (Picea abies) vegetative buds harbour active fungal communities, but these are hitherto largely uncharacterized. This study combines internal transcribed spacer sequencing of the fungal communities associated with dormant vegetative buds with a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) in 478 unrelated Norway spruce trees. The aim was to detect host loci associated with variation in the fungal communities across the population, and to identify loci correlating with the presence of specific, latent, pathogens. The fungal communities were dominated by known Norway spruce phyllosphere endophytes and pathogens. We identified six quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with the relative abundance of the dominating taxa (i.e., top 1% most abundant taxa). Three additional QTLs associated with colonization by the spruce needle cast pathogen Lirula macrospora or the cherry spruce rust (Thekopsora areolata) in asymptomatic tissues were detected. The identification of the nine QTLs shows that the genetic variation in Norway spruce influences the fungal community in dormant buds and that mechanisms underlying the assembly of the communities and the colonization of latent pathogens in trees may be uncovered by combining molecular identification of fungi with GWAS.     

Molecular mechanism underlying pseudopeloria in Habenaria radiata (Orchidaceae)

Habenaria radiata (Orchidaceae) has two whorls of perianth, comprising three greenish sepals, two white petals and one lip (labellum). By contrast, the pseudopeloric (with a decreased degree of zygomorphy) mutant cultivar of H. radiata , ‘Hishou’, has changes in the identities of the dorsal sepal to a petaloid organ and the two ventral sepals to lip‐like organs. Here, we isolated four DEFICIENS ‐ like and two AGL 6 ‐like genes from H. radiata , and characterized their expression. Most of these genes revealed similar expression patterns in the wild type and in the ‘Hishou’ cultivar, except Hr DEF ‐C3. The Hr DEF ‐C3 gene was expressed in petals and lip in the wild type but was ectopically expressed in sepal, petals, lip, leaf, root and bulb in ‘Hishou’. Sequence analysis of the Hr DEF ‐C3 loci revealed that the ‘Hishou’ genome harbored two types of Hr DEF ‐C3 genes: one identical to wild‐type Hr DEF ‐C3 and the other carrying a retrotransposon insertion in its promoter. Genetic linkage analysis of the progeny derived from an intraspecific cross between ‘Hishou’ and the wild type demonstrated that the mutant pseudopeloric trait was dominantly inherited and was linked to the Hr DEF ‐C3 gene carrying the retrotransposon. These results indicate that the pseudopeloric phenotype is caused by retrotransposon insertion in the Hr DEF ‐C3 promoter, resulting in the ectopic expression of Hr DEF ‐C3 . As the expression of Hr AGL 6‐C2 was limited to lateral sepals and lip, the overlapping expression of Hr DEF ‐C3 and Hr AGL 6‐C2 is likely to be responsible for the sepal to lip‐like identity in the lateral sepals of the ‘Hishou’ cultivar.     

How to deal with neglected tropical diseases in the light of an African ethic

Many countries in Africa, and more generally those in the Global South with tropical areas, are plagued by illnesses that the wealthier parts of the world (mainly ‘the West’) neither suffer from nor put systematic effort into preventing, treating or curing. What does an ethic with a recognizably African pedigree entail for the ways various agents ought to respond to such neglected diseases? As many readers will know, a characteristically African ethic prescribes weighty duties to aid on the part of those in a position to do so, and it therefore entails that there should have been much more contribution from the Western, ‘developed’ world. However, what else does it prescribe, say, on the part of sub‐Saharan governments and the African Union, and are they in fact doing it? I particularly seek to answer these questions here, by using the 2013‐16 Ebola crisis in West Africa to illustrate what should have happened but what by and large did not.     

Variation in Wolbachia cidB gene,but not cidA,is associated with cytoplasmic incompatibility mod phenotype diversity in Culex pipiens

Endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria are, to date, considered the most widespread symbionts in arthropods and are the cornerstone of major biological control strategies. Such a high prevalence is based on the ability of Wolbachia to manipulate their hosts' reproduction. One manipulation called cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) is based on the death of the embryos generated by crosses between infected males and uninfected females or between individuals infected with incompatible Wolbachia strains. CI can be seen as a modification‐rescue system (or mod‐resc) in which paternal Wolbachia produce mod factors, inducing embryonic defects, unless the maternal Wolbachia produce compatible resc factors. Transgenic experiments in Drosophila melanogaster and Saccharomyces cerevisiae converged towards a model where the cidB Wolbachia gene is involved in the mod function while cidA is involved in the resc function. However, as cidA expression in Drosophila males was required to observe CI, it has been proposed that cidA could be involved in both resc and mod functions. A recent correlative study in natural Culex pipiens mosquito populations has revealed an association between specific cidA and cidB variations and changes in mod phenotype, also suggesting a role for both these genes in mod diversity. Here, by studying cidA and cidB genomic repertoires of individuals from newly sampled natural C. pipiens populations harbouring wPipIV strains from North Italy, we reinforce the link between cidB variation and mod phenotype variation fostering the involvement of cidB in the mod phenotype diversity. However, no association between any cidA variants or combination of cidA variants and mod phenotype variation was observed. Taken together our results in natural C. pipiens populations do not support the involvement of cidA in mod phenotype variation.     

Species discrimination in Sisyrinchium (Iridaceae): assessment of DNA barcodes in a taxonomically challenging genus

DNA barcoding aims to develop an efficient tool for species identification based on short and standardized DNA sequences. In this study, the DNA barcode paradigm was tested among the genera of the tribe Sisyrinchieae (Iridoideae). Sisyrinchium, with more than 77% of the species richness in the tribe, is a taxonomically complex genus. A total of 185 samples belonging to 98 species of Sisyrinchium, Olsynium, Orthrosanthus and Solenomelus were tested using matK, trnH‐psbA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS). Candidate DNA barcodes were analysed either as single markers or in combination. Detection of a barcoding gap, similarity‐based methods and tree‐based analyses were used to assess the discrimination efficiency of DNA barcodes. The levels of species identification obtained from plastid barcodes were low and ranged from 17.35% to 20.41% for matK and 5.11% to 7.14% for trnH‐psbA. The ITS provided better results with 30.61–38.78% of species identified. The analyses of the combined data sets did not result in a significant improvement in the discrimination rate. Among the tree‐based methods, the best taxonomic resolution was obtained with Bayesian inference, particularly when the three data sets were combined. The study illustrates the difficulties for DNA barcoding to identify species in evolutionary complex lineages. Plastid markers are not recommended for barcoding Sisyrinchium due to the low discrimination power observed. ITS gave better results and may be used as a starting point for species identification.     

Tree mineral nutrition is deteriorating in Europe

The response of forest ecosystems to increased atmospheric CO₂ is constrained by nutrient availability. It is thus crucial to account for nutrient limitation when studying the forest response to climate change. The objectives of this study were to describe the nutritional status of the main European tree species, to identify growth‐limiting nutrients and to assess changes in tree nutrition during the past two decades. We analysed the foliar nutrition data collected during 1992–2009 on the intensive forest monitoring plots of the ICP Forests programme. Of the 22 significant temporal trends that were observed in foliar nutrient concentrations, 20 were decreasing and two were increasing. Some of these trends were alarming, among which the foliar P concentration in F. sylvatica, Q. Petraea and P. sylvestris that significantly deteriorated during 1992–2009. In Q. Petraea and P. sylvestris, the decrease in foliar P concentration was more pronounced on plots with low foliar P status, meaning that trees with latent P deficiency could become deficient in the near future. Increased tree productivity, possibly resulting from high N deposition and from the global increase in atmospheric CO₂, has led to higher nutrient demand by trees. As the soil nutrient supply was not always sufficient to meet the demands of faster growing trees, this could partly explain the deterioration of tree mineral nutrition. The results suggest that when evaluating forest carbon storage capacity and when planning to reduce CO₂ emissions by increasing use of wood biomass for bioenergy, it is crucial that nutrient limitations for forest growth are considered.