田野菟丝子寄生薇甘菊的形态解剖学研究

采用扫描电镜及光镜观察田野菟丝子——薇甘菊茎的全寄生系统建立的过程.根据对吸器发生发育的观察,将其发育过程划分为4个阶段:接触反应、吸附作用、侵入生长及维管系统的建立.田野菟丝子的寄生吸器由吸器原基发育而来;当田野菟丝子成功吸附到可寄生寄主时,两者间的接触面会积累一些分泌物;吸器原基继续发育为内生原基,侵入寄主植物后单...     

肉苁蓉寄生生长形态发育

肉苁蓉(Cistanche deserticola)是一种沙生根寄生濒危药用植物。利用光镜和电镜手段, 采用人工培养和诱导等方法详细观察并研究了肉苁蓉寄生生长过程中种子萌发、吸器产生以及植物体形态发育的过程。结果表明: (1)人工可以诱导肉苁蓉的种子萌发。肉苁蓉种胚具有明显的极性, 珠孔端细胞小于合点端, 珠孔端细胞分化、生长并产生白色的类胚根状结构。(2)有些化学物质可以诱导初生吸器的产生。用2, 6二甲氧基-对苯醌培养肉苁蓉24-26小时后, 其先端膨大并产生突起, 形成类似根毛状的结构, 即初生吸器。(3) 肉苁蓉属于主动寄生植物, 其在初生吸器与寄主幼根黏连后产生次生吸器。肉苁蓉与寄主梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)共培养, 其初生吸器主动与寄主幼根(0.1 mm左右)黏连, 穿过寄主根表皮和皮层后与维管束连通形成次生吸器, 肉苁蓉植物体分化、发育的基本组织形成。被寄生后的寄主根横向发育加快, 同时肉苁蓉植物体开始分化和发育。(4)肉苁蓉可以寄生在寄主幼根(0.1 mm左右)的任意部位。     

肉苁蓉寄生生长形态发育

肉苁蓉(Cistanche deserticola)是一种沙牛根寄生濒危药用植物.利用光镜和电镜手段,采用人工培养和诱导等方法详细观察并研究了肉苁蓉寄牛牛长过程中种子萌发、吸器产生以及植物体形态发育的过程.结果表明:(1)人工可以诱导肉苁蓉的种子萌发.肉苁蓉种胚具有明显的极性,珠孔端细胞小于合点端,珠孔端细胞分化、生长并产生白色的类胚根状结构.(2)有些化学物质可以诱导初生吸器的产生.用2,6二甲氧基-对苯醌培养肉苁蓉24-26小时后,其先端膨大并产生突起,形成类似根毛状的结构,即初生吸器.(3)肉从蓉属于主动寄生植物,其在初生吸器与寄主幼根黏连后产生次生吸器.肉苁蓉与寄主梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)共培养,其初生吸器主动与寄主幼根(0.1 mm左右)黏连,穿过寄主根表皮和皮层后与维管束连通形成次生吸器,肉苁蓉植物体分化、发育的基本组织形成.被寄生后的寄主根横向发育加快,同时肉从蓉植物体开始分化和发育.(4)肉苁蓉可以寄生在寄主幼根(0.1 mm左右)的任意部位.     

小麦条锈菌吸器母细胞入侵菌丝现象的进一步研究

应用电镜技术对小麦条锈菌吸器母细胞入侵自身菌丝的现象进行了研究。观察发现,在吸器母细胞与寄主细胞和菌丝细胞同时相接触的情况下,入侵栓可在与寄主细胞细胞接触处形成,也可在与菌丝接触处形成;在菌落中心部位,吸器母细胞虽然未与寄主细胞接触,但同样可在与菌丝细胞接触处产生入侵栓;吸器母细胞在与菌丝接触处形成的入侵栓,其超微结构正常,并且可侵入到菌丝细胞壁内,但是未能穿透菌丝细胞壁。本文观察结果表明,小麦条     

小麦条锈菌吸器母细胞入侵菌丝现象的进一步研究

应用电镜技术对小麦条锈菌吸器母细胞入侵自身菌丝的现象进行了研究,观察发现,在吸器母细胞与寄主细胞和菌丝细胞同时相接触的情况下,入侵栓可在与寄主细胞接触处形成,也可在与菌丝接触处形成;在菌落中心部位,吸器母细胞虽然未与寄主细胞接触,但同样可在与菌丝细胞接触处产生入侵栓;吸器母细胞在与菌丝接触处形成的人侵栓,其超微结构正常,并且可侵入到菌丝细胞壁内,但是未能穿透菌丝细胞壁。本文观察结果表明,小麦条锈菌吸器母细胞和人侵栓形成所需诱导因子可能是物理接触作用,而不涉及到化学作用,并且该病菌与寄主间的识别作用可能发生在入侵栓形成之后。     

梨胶锈菌性孢子和锈孢子阶段吸器的超微结构研究

本文对梨胶锈菌性子期和锈子期菌丝吸器的形成方式、吸器及其与寄主细胞界面的超微结构进行了研究。观察结果表明：梨胶锈菌性子期和锈子期寄主胞间菌丝吸器的形成方式有两种：一种是由寄主胞间菌丝直接形成吸器;另一种是由寄主胞间菌丝先形成吸器母细胞,然后由吸器母细胞形成吸器。吸器在开始形成时只是一个乳头状的侵入楔,以后逐渐形成囊状、镰刀状、指状及其它不规则形状的吸器。多数吸器分化为颈和吸器主体两部分,在颈部及部分吸器主体外有一个由类似寄主细胞壁物质形成的领圈。吸器内部的超微结构与寄主胞间菌丝基本相同,但吸器壁比胞间菌丝或吸器母细胞的壁薄。吸器鞘的厚度随着吸器伸长膨大 而逐渐增厚。     

欧美杂种山杨微扦插不定根发生过程的解剖学研究

采用石蜡切片技术,以欧美杂种山杨插穗基部茎段为实验材料,连续解剖观察插穗不定根发生发育过程,分析根原基发生部位与扦插生根的关系。结果显示:欧美杂种山杨插穗不定根的发生过程分为4个时期,为根原基诱导期,不定根起始期、表达期和伸长生长期。根原基诱导期维管形成层产生具有分生组织特点的薄壁细胞;不定根起始期,维管形成层及附近的薄壁细胞脱分化,形成不定根原基发端细胞;不定根表达期,根原基发端细胞不断分裂成具有方向性的根原基,根原基穿过韧皮射线和皮层,向皮孔方向发展;不定根伸长生长期,根原基从皮孔伸出,其内部的维管系统开始发育,形成不定根。研究认为,欧美杂种山杨为皮部诱导生根类型,不定根原基起源于维管形成层区,起源部位单一,扦插难生根。     

双子叶植物出土幼苗根茎转变区维管组织发育动态

关于根茎初生维管系统之间的连接以及与子叶的关系,在文献中已有广泛的论述,有过各种不同的解释。大部分早期关于根茎转变区的文献研究的是初生组织已完成发育的幼苗。这些研究者认为转变区域是根和茎这两种轴器官之间维管组织发生转变、相互连接的区域。但由于茎中的初生维管组织可以认为是叶迹及叶迹的延伸的综合,转变区域应被看作是轴维管系统与叶迹维管系统之间的连接。因此,转变区的研究必须说明根维管系统与最早的真叶叶迹之间的关系。通过对北乌头和大豆胚胎及幼苗维管组织的解剖学研究,本工作显示在出土萌发的双子叶植物中,初生维管组织在根-下胚轴-子叶中形成一连续系统,并完成根与子叶叶迹之间的维管组织过渡转变。而上胚轴中的维管组织是位于根-下胚轴-子叶上方独立形成的第二维管系统。上胚轴中维管组织的分化起始于第一真叶叶迹基部,向上分化进入叶片,向下进入胚轴并在子叶节下方与根-下胚轴-子叶维管系统相连接。真叶叶迹的木质部与下胚轴中靠近韧皮部的后生木质部或次生木质部连接。根与上胚轴之间不存在维管组织的过渡、转变,而只是在同样发育方向的组织中有一种直接的简单的连接．     

寄生植物无根藤吸器发育过程中酸性磷酸酯酶与细胞分裂素变化的研究

无根藤（ＣａｓｓｙｔｈａｆｉｌｉｆｏｒｍｉｓＬ．）吸器发育过程中,细胞内酸性磷酸酯酶与细胞分裂素含量表现出动态变化。吸器发生时,其发生部位的异成烯基腺昔（ｉＰＡ）与玉米素核昔（ＺＲ）含量较对照部位分别高２０倍和６倍,表明吸器的发育与细胞分裂素密切相关。吸器的侵入生长是由于酸性磷酸酯酶影响寄主组织细胞,然后通过吸器生长的压力挤碎寄主细胞而侵入生长,是化学作用与物理作用共同作用的结果。     

檀香幼苗半寄生性初步研究

在不同寄主植物繁殖的基础上,研究了檀香(Santalum album L．)幼苗对寄主植物的半寄生性。檀香种子发芽及幼苗生长初期,并不需要寄主植物的参与,但随后的生长其根系必须寄生于适宜的寄主植物的根上。不同寄主植物对檀香幼苗的生长和吸器的发育影响不同,表现在根寄生吸器的数量、大小和结合的程度上。初步筛选了扶桑(Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)、烂头钵(Phyllanthus reticulatus)等优良的檀香幼苗寄主植物。檀香幼苗根系极不发达,细根缺乏根毛,但其导管非常发达,有利于从寄主根吸收养分和水分。此外还观察了檀香和寄主植物扶桑建立半寄生吸器的过程。     

Epidermal derivatives as xylem elements and transfer cells: a study of the host-parasite interface in two species of Triphysaria (Scrophulariaceae)

Summary Haustoria ofTriphysaria pusilla andT. versicolor subsp.faucibarbata from a natural habitat were analysed by light and electron microscopy. The keel-shaped edge of the secondary haustorium generally splits the epidermis and cortex of the host root parallel to the root axis, and penetrates to the host vascular tissue. Anticlinally elongated epidermal cells of the haustorium constitute most of the host/parasite interface. Some of these epidermal cells are divided by oblique cell walls. Some of their oblique daughter cells as well as some undivided epidermal cells differentiate into xylem elements. Single epidermal cells occasionally intrude into the vascular tissue of the host and individual host cells can be invaded. The surface area of the plasmalemma in parasitic parenchymatous interface cells is increased by the differentiation of wall labyrinths characteristic of transfer cells and by the development of membrane-lined cytoplasmic tubules or flattened sacs which become embedded in the partly lignified interface cell-wall. Mycorrhizal fungal hyphae enter the xylem bridge in some haustoria. Implications of these observations for the function of the haustorium are discussed.     

檀香与不同豆科植物寄生关系的研究

为了解檀香(Santalum album L.)与不同豆科植物的寄生关系,选取11种具有重要经济价值的豆科植物和檀香一起种植,对檀香叶片的光合特征和株高、地径以及寄主植物根系的吸器大小进行了测定。结果表明,檀香的吸器大小、数量在不同寄主之间存在很大差异,不同寄主对檀香的株高、地径也有显著差异。檀香的优良寄主有美洲合欢(Calliandra haematocephala)、苏木(Caesalpinia sappan)、台湾相思(Acacia confusa)、龙牙花(Erythrina corallodendron);一般的寄主植物有马占相思(Acacia mangium)、降香黄檀(Dalbergia odorifera)、黄槐(Cassia surattensis);不适宜的寄主植物有凤凰木(Delonix regia)、海南红豆(Ormosia pinnata)、银合欢(Leucaena leucocephala)、洋紫荆(Bauhinia blakeana)。同时,檀香的株高、地径及光合特征和吸器数量密切相关。因此,檀香种植时应选择适宜的优良寄主植物。     

蔗糖对列当科两种根部半寄生植物吸器发生的促进作用

吸器是寄生植物的特征器官,研究影响其发生的因素,有助于了解寄生关系的建立和调控过程。该研究以两种列当科(Orobanchaceae)根部半寄生植物甘肃马先蒿(Pedicularis kansuensis)和松蒿(Phtheirospermum japonicum)为材料,通过皿内培养试验,分析了蔗糖、DMBQ(2,6-二甲氧基-对-苯醌,一种高效的列当科根部半寄生植物吸器诱导化合物)和寄主植物诱导下两种根部半寄生植物吸器发生情况。结果表明：(1)蔗糖显著促进两种根部半寄生植物吸器发生,无寄主存在时,2%蔗糖处理使甘肃马先蒿和松蒿吸器发生率分别提高39.9%和20.2%。(2)蔗糖明显提升寄主植物对两种根部半寄生植物的吸器诱导水平,添加蔗糖后,寄主诱导的甘肃马先蒿单株吸器数和具木质桥的吸器比例分别增加5.7个/株和17.9%,松蒿吸器发生率和具木质桥的吸器比例分别提升76.7%和16.2%。(3)蔗糖对松蒿吸器发生的促进作用与已知吸器诱导化合物DMBQ相当,均能诱导50%以上的植株产生吸器。(4)培养基中添加4%蔗糖对两种根部半寄生植物的吸器诱导效果最好,其中甘肃马先蒿吸器发生率为56%...     

Ontogenesis of the collapsed layer during haustorium development in the root hemi‐parasite Santalum album Linn

The structure and development of collapsed layers of the haustorium were studied in Santalum album Linn. Through light and transmission electron microscopy, it was shown that the collapsed layers originated from starch‐containing cells when the haustorium developed an internal gland, thickened gradually and ultimately developed into the mantle, which, combined with the sucker, buckled the host root. We report on the presence of inter‐collapsed layers for the first time. These layers develop after penetration into the host and are located between the intrusive tissues and the vascular meristematic region, gradually linking the collapsed layers and remains around the sucker. The proliferation of cells in the meristematic region and the ‘host tropism’ of cortical layers contribute to pressure within the haustorium and result in development of the collapsed layers. Besides, starch‐containing cells that turn into collapsed layers are vulnerable to pressure as they lack a large vacuole, have uneven cell wall thickness and a loose cell arrangement. We proposed that the functions of collapsed layers are to efficiently assure that cell inclusion and energy concentrate at the inner meristematic region and are recycled to affect penetration, reinforce the physical connection between the sandalwood haustorium and host root, and supply space for haustorial development.     

Ultrastructural characterisation of the host–pathogen interface in white blister-infected Arabidopsis leaves

In this study transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to examine details of the host–pathogen interface in Arabidopsis thaliana cotyledons infected by Albugo candida, causal agent of white blister. After successful entry through stomatal pores, the pathogen developed a substomatal vesicle and subsequently produced intercellular hyphae. TEM observations revealed that coenocytic intercellular hyphae ramified and spread intercellularly throughout the host tissue forming several haustoria in host mesophyll cells. Intracellular haustoria were spherical and 4.5 μm in diameter. Each haustorium was connected to intercellular hyphae by a narrow, slender haustorium neck. The cytoplasm of the haustorium included the organelles characteristic of the pathogen. No obvious response was observed in host cells following formation of haustoria. Most of the mesophyll cells contained normal haustoria and the host cytoplasm displayed a high degree of structural integrity. Absence of host cell wall alteration and cell death in penetrated host cells suggest that the pathogen exerts considerable control over basic cellular processes and in this respect, response to this biotrophic Oomycete differs considerably from responses to other pathogens such as necrotrophs. Modification of the host plasma membrane (PM) along the cell wall and around the haustoria, was detected by applying the periodic acid-chromic acid-phosphotungstic acid (PACP) staining technique. After staining with PACP, the host PM was found to be intensely electron dense where it was adjacent to the host cell wall and the distal region of the haustorial neck. By contrast, the extrahaustorial membrane, where the host PM surrounded the haustorium, was consistently very lightly stained.     

The haustorium of the root parasite Triphysaria (Scrophulariaceae), with special reference to xylem bridge ultrastructure

Haustoria of Triphysaria pusilla and T. versicolor subsp. faucibarbata from a natural habitat were analyzed by light and electron microscopy. Secretory trichomes (root hairs) participate in securing the haustorium to the surface of the host root. The keel-shaped intrusive part of the secondary haustorium penetrates to the depth of the vascular tissue of the host. Some of the epidermal interface cells differentiate into xylem elements. A significant number of haustoria do not differentiate further, but in most haustoria one to five of the epidermal xylem elements terminate a similar number of xylem strands. The strands mostly consist of vessel members and they connect host xylem or occasionally host parenchyma to the plate xylem adjacent to the stele of the parasite root. Each strand of this xylem bridge is accompanied by highly protoplasmic parenchyma cells with supposed transfer cell function. Increased surface area of the plasmalemma occurs in these cells as it does in interface parenchyma cells. Graniferous tracheary elements are restricted to the haustorium and occur most frequently in the plate xylem. The plate xylem is also accompanied by highly protoplasmic parenchyma cells. Hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi of the host root occasionally penetrate into the distal part of the xylem bridge. We combine structural observations and physiological facts into a hypothesis for translocation of water and nutrients between host and parasite. Some evolutionary aspects related to endogeny/exogeny of haustoria are discussed, and it is argued that the Triphysaria haustorium represents a greatly advanced and/or reduced condition within Scrophulariaceae.     

In Vitro Haustorium Development in Roots and Root Cultures of the Hemiparasitic Plant Triphysaria Versicolor

Parasitic plants in the Orobanchaceae invade host plant roots through root organs called haustoria. Parasite roots initiate haustorium development when exposed to specific secondary metabolites that are released into the rhizosphere by host plant roots. While molecular approaches are increasingly being taken to understand the genetic mechanism underlying these events, a limitation has been the lack of a transformation system for parasitic plants. Since the haustorium development occurs in roots of Orobanchaceae, root cultures may be suitable material for transient or stable transformation experiments. To this end, root cultures were obtained from explants, and subsequently calluses, from the hemiparasitic plant Triphysaria versicolor. The cultured roots retained their competence to form haustoria when exposed to host roots, host root exudates, or purified haustorium-inducing factors. The root culture haustoria invaded host roots and initiated a vascular continuity between the parasite and host roots. The ontogeny of haustoria development on root cultures was indistinguishable from that on seedlings roots. Root cultures should provide useful material for molecular studies of haustorium development.     

Comparative ultrastructure of aecial and telial infections of the autoecious rust fungus Puccinia tuyutensis

This study demonstrates morphological differences between aecial and telial stages of the autoecious rust Puccinia tuyutensis. The aeciospores possess verrucose ornamentation while the teliospores have smooth surfaces. The aecial and telial haustoria of this rust produced in the mesophyll of Cressa cretica differ morphologically in the following respects:(1) the haustorial mother cell of telial haustorium is more differentiated than that of aecial haustorium and its wall at the penetration site is composed of 4 layers; (2) the aecial haustorium is filamentous in appearance and slightly constricted at the point of entry into the host cell, while the telial haustorium is clavate and possesses a narrow neck with a densely staining neckband and swollen body; (3) the neck of the telial haustorium is always associated with numerous vesicles while that of the aecial haustorium is not. Vascular tissue of host leaves is heavily invaded by aecial haustoria but not by telial haustoria.     

Light and Electron Microscopy of the Compatible Interaction Between Arabidopsis and the Downy Mildew Pathogen Peronospora parasitica

In this study, we focused on compatible interactions between Peronospora parasitica isolate Emoy‐2 and wild‐type (Oy‐0) and mutant (Ws‐eds1) Arabidopsis thaliana accessions by using light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Light microscopy of compatible interactions revealed that conidia germinated and penetrated through the anticlinal cell walls of two epidermal cells. Rapid spreading of the hyphal growth with formation of numerous haustoria within the mesophyll cells was subsequently followed by profuse sporulation in the absence of host cell necrosis on both wild‐type and mutant accessions. TEM observations revealed that coenocytic intercellular hyphae ramified and spread intercellularly throughout the host tissue forming several haustoria in host mesophyll cells. Intracellular haustoria were lobed with the diameter of 6–7 μm. Each haustorium was connected to intercellular hyphae in the absence of apparent haustorial neck. The cytoplasm of the haustorium included the organelles characteristic of the pathogen. Callose‐like deposits were frequently observed at sites of penetration around the proximal region of the haustorial neck. Apart from a few callose ensheatments, no obvious response was observed in host cells following formation of haustoria. Most of mesophyll cells contained normal haustoria and the host cytoplasm displayed a high degree of structural integrity. Absence of host cell wall alteration and cell death in penetrated host cell of both accessions suggest that the pathogen exerts considerable control over basic cellular processes and in this respect, response to this biotroph oomycete differs considerably from responses to other pathogens such as necrotrophs.     

Anatomical Studies of Haustorium Ontogeny and the Remarkable Mode of Penetration of the Haustorium in Nuytsiafloribunda (Labill.) R. Br.

The development and structure of secondary haustoria of Nuytsia floribunda are described and compared with other Santalalean haustoria. After establishing contact with the host root, cortical folds of the haustorium grow around the root in separate directions and fuse forming a ring around it. At an early stage of development, meristematic tissue differentiates in the interior proximal part of the haustorium. Zones of collapsed layers are present in the outer cortical region. Subsequently, in the proximal part, two vascular cores, two lysigenous cavities and extensive masses of sclerenchyma develop prior to penetration of the host root. The sclerenchymatous cells form a characteristic structure, described as the sclerenchyma prong. During penetration the intrusive part of the haustorium reaches not only the host xylem but continues growing downwards until it entirely splits the host root. Comparable to a guillotine, the sclerenchyma prong is directly involved in this remarkable process. The sclerenchyma prong finally lies in the distal part of the haustorium. Following this mechanical slicing of the host root, tube-like cells of the intrusive part actively penetrate the host xylem in an axial direction.