正交试验法探讨单酸降解纤维素的最佳条件

正交试验法探讨了乙酸、草酸、盐酸、硫酸等单酸降解植物纤维素的最佳条件。研究结果表明,乙酸降解纤维素时,影响因素的主次顺序为：A＞B＞C,最佳组合为A3B1C2。即乙酸浓度为30％,温度40℃,反应1．5h为最佳条件,验证性试验结果表明,单用乙醇能使纤维素降解成葡萄糖的转化率达42．2％。而草酸影响因素的主次则为A＞C＞B,最佳组合为A2C1B2。即草酸度浓度0％,70℃酸解1h为最佳条件。在此条件下,转化率可达40．8％。对于盐酸影响因素的主次为A＞B＞C,最佳组合为A3B3C1。即在20％盐酸,100℃酸解1h的条件下,转化率可达42．8％。而硫酸影响因素的主次顺序为B＞A＞C,最佳组合为A3B3C1。即在40％硫酸,100℃反应1h的最佳条件下能使转化率达40．9％。研究还发现,乙酸、草酸、盐酸、硫酸降解纤维素特性不同。乙酸、草酸同属有机酸,但因二者的酸性、挥发性、溶解性等不同,致使温度、时间两因素对纤维降解的影响相关很大。盐酸、硫酸无机强酸,都要求高温短时,但随着浓度的升高,转化度呈下降趋势,且二者的下降幅度不同,硫酸大于盐酸。     

酶法降解植物纤维素技术研究

用正交试验法探讨了以麦秸为原料进行纤维素酶降解的工艺条件。正交试验的结果表明,影响麦秸纤维素降解的因素的主次顺序为A（酶添加量）＞B（底物浓度）＞E（时间）＞C（温度）＞D（pH值）,纤维素酶解麦秸纤维素的最佳组合为A3B1E3C3D2,即纤维素酶的添加量为0．2％,底物浓度为5％,反应时间为2h,反应温度50℃,pH5.0时为最佳条件。在比常规酶解法时间缩短12－30倍的条件下,能使纤维素降解葡萄糖的转化率达22．3％。     

改善啤酒酿造过程酶活力方法的研究

以国外大麦Gairdner为原料,分剐用麦芽厂所用的空白水、pH值4．0盐酸溶液、pH值4．0硫酸溶液、100mg／L钙离子溶液、1μg／L赤霉素溶液使大麦浸渍、发芽来达到降低绿麦芽内部pH值的目的,实验结果表明．虽然硫酸、盐酸2种强酸物质具备降低大麦发芽内部pH值的能力,但其食品安全性差、对设备腐蚀大,而用钙离子和赤霉素溶液培养大麦发芽,虽然在大麦发芽过程中对pH值的变化影响不是很稳定,但均能使大麦发芽结束点即绿麦芽的pH值降低,所以对于后期啤酒的酿造均能够使淀粉酶、蛋白酶等活力近于最适pH值状态,为在啤酒酿造过程中减少外源添加酸的使用量,或为温和型弱酸或酸性中草药等物质的添加提供条件。     

玉米秸秆酶水解过程中的酶复配条件优化

降低酶解成本是纤维素乙醇生产的关键。利用酶复配技术优化蒸汽爆破处理后玉米秸秆的酶水解工艺条件,以提高纤维素的转化率。通过单因素实验和正交实验,研究了纤维素酶、木聚糖酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶对酶解效率的影响规律。结果表明,汽爆玉米秸秆,纤维素含量达42.21%,半纤维素仅为3.65%。纤维素酶对酶解过程起决定性作用,添加40 FPU/g时,酶解率为75.45%;木聚糖酶可促使更多的纤维素暴露出来,添加1 500 IU/g时,酶解率最高为78.03%;β-葡萄糖苷酶有助于消除纤维二糖积累造成的反馈抑制,用量40 IU/g时,纤维二糖浓度为0.330 4 g/100 m L,酶解率达76.45%。正交实验确定最佳工艺为:纤维素酶用量30 FPU/g,木聚糖酶用量800 IU/g,β-葡萄糖苷酶用量40 IU/g;该条件下,进行底物质量浓度25%的验证实验,葡萄糖达9.3g/100 m L,若用单一天冠纤维素酶,葡萄糖仅5.9 g/100 m L,提高了57.63%。三种酶的影响顺序为:纤维素酶木聚糖酶β-葡萄糖苷酶。     

弱酸（盐）对植物乳杆菌耐酸性的影响

目的探讨弱酸（盐）对植物乳杆菌耐酸性的影响。方法在植物乳杆菌发酵过程中,添加50mmol／L乙酸、10mmol／L丙酸、20mmol／L正丁酸、50mmol／L乙酸钾及2mmol/L柠檬酸钾。结果添加剂量均可使植物乳杆菌耐酸性得到较大的提高,在pH2、37℃下90min,细胞残存率都较对照提高80倍以上,尤以乙酸（盐）、正丁酸为好,而三聚磷酸钾则对细胞耐酸性提高具有较小的作用,细胞残存率较对照约提高5倍。结论在发酵培养基中添加弱酸（乙酸、丙酸及正丁酸）或弱酸盐（乙酸钾、柠檬酸钾及三聚磷酸钾）均可不同程度地提高植物乳扦菌细胞耐酸性。     

氨基磺酸应用于甘蔗渣预处理的研究

本研究尝试将氨基磺酸应用于甘蔗渣预处理,探究其作为酸预处理试剂对甘蔗渣成分和酶解的影响。氨基磺酸预处理最优条件为浓度3%,温度121℃,预处理1 h。在该条件下,甘蔗渣的固体回收率为64.45%,半纤维素和木质素去除率分别为70.81%和25.10%,纤维素损失率仅7.56%。与硫酸、盐酸预处理相比,氨基磺酸的半纤维素和木质素去除率不如硫酸、盐酸预处理,但固体回收率更高,纤维素损失率低,能保留更多纤维素有效成分。进一步酶解显示,氨基磺酸预处理的纤维素转化率高于硫酸、盐酸预处理。氨基磺酸作为一种新的酸预处理试剂,在木质纤维素降解上有良好应用前景。     

SA/NaCS-PDMDAAC微胶囊固定化酵母细胞合成胞苷三磷酸

通过海藻酸钠/纤维素硫酸钠-聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(SA/NaCS-PDMDAAC)微胶囊固定化酵母细胞将胞苷一磷酸(CMP)转化为胞苷三磷酸(CTP),考察了各种因素条件对CTP转化率的影响,以提高CTP的转化率.通过考察分批补料添加葡萄糖,固定化酵母量,CMP浓度等以达到提高CTP转化率的要求.结果在250 mL锥...     

极性非质子溶剂中酸强度对纤维素降解制备脱水糖的影响

在极性非质子溶剂中,酸催化剂对于纤维素降解制备脱水糖的反应起到重要作用。本文考察不同强度酸催化剂在极性非质子溶剂1,4-二氧六环中对纤维二糖、纤维素降解制备左旋葡聚糖(levoglucosan, LGA)以及LGA脱水制备左旋葡萄糖酮(levoglucosenone, LGO)的影响。结果表明:酸性过强(pK_a<-3)或酸性过弱(pK_a>-2)的催化剂对脱水糖制备催化性能较差,而pK_a为-3～-2的酸催化剂,如,对甲苯磺酸、甲磺酸、浓硫酸等对纤维素、纤维二糖制备LGA以及LGA脱水制备LGO的反应催化效果较好。以纤维二糖为反应物,甲磺酸为催化剂时,可得到最高的LGA碳收率为45.87%。     

代谢副产物乙酸对L-色氨酸发酵的影响

分析了重组大肠杆菌(E.coli TRTH/pSV-709)发酵生产L-色氨酸的发酵过程,检测结果表明发酵液中有大量代谢副产物乙酸的积累。利用外源添加试验研究了乙酸对L-色氨酸发酵的影响,结果表明乙酸浓度高于2g/L时对L-色氨酸生产菌的生长和产酸均有抑制作用。分析了乙酸的产生机制,并采取了调节溶氧水平、确定合适初始葡萄糖浓度、限制葡萄糖流加及控制菌体比生长速率等措施来减少乙酸的生成。在优化条件下,乙酸含量与原工艺相比降低了51.35%,菌体生物量和L-色氨酸产量分别提高了51.07%和46.54%,实现了高密度发酵培养的目的。     

高温嫌气纤维素分解细菌发酵纤维素的研究

我们研究了高温嫌气纤维素分解细菌的纯粹培养,分解纤维素的能力。在发酵过程中,培养15天时,纤维素分解串可达53％．延长培养时间,未见增加。培养20天产生的葡萄糖、醋酸、乳酸,达到最大量,分别为分斛纤维素的76％、12％、7％。该菌对碱性基质侑良好适应性,当培养液的pH增高到8.9时,纤维素分解率最高,生成的还原糖量亦较多。基质pH接近9.3时,二者均降低,但酸的生成量,仍然增加;此菌还能直接发酵加于培养基巾的葡萄糖,形成与发酵纤维紊相同的确机酸组分。并用分配层析法,对发酵液含的微盈有机酸作了测定,结果稳矗,可以清楚地分离混合存在的何机酸类。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.