Copper binding ability of the extracellular organic matter released by Skeletonema costatum

Abstract

The copper complexing ability of the exudates produced during the exponential growth phase by Skeletonema costatum has been investigated by a ligand-competition technique involving copper sorption onto C-18 Sep-Pak cartridges. Two ligands with different affinity for copper were required for the best fit of the copper complexation data in seawater with and without exudates: a strong ligand with a log K close to 13 and a weaker ligand with a log K close to 9. The culture increased both L₁ and L₂ ligand concentrations, already present in seawater, by a factor close to 4 after the first 72 hours of growth. The presence of class 1 stronger ligands in copper binding organics produced by the diatom is discussed in relation to natural copper speciation in the sea.     

不同地理株中肋骨条藻生长特性及RAPD多态性

通过对不同地理株骨条藻形态和亚显微结构的观察和描述 ,鉴定为中肋骨条藻 ,但发现在刺长、细胞间隙、细胞链形态、链上细胞数 ,色素体个数方面存在差别 ;通过不同 N∶ P营养盐实验 ,结果表明 ,在 N∶ P为 16∶ 1时 ,东海株和胶州湾株中肋骨条藻均得到最大生长率 ,分别为 1.6 6 d1 和 1.5 3d- 1 ,东海株中肋骨条藻最大生长率要高于胶州湾株中肋骨条藻 ,这表明在不同的海域环境条件下 ,中肋骨条藻的生长均有各自地域性特征。应用 RAPD技术对两地理株中肋骨条藻进行鉴别 ,以其全 DNA为模板进行 RAPD扩增 ,两不同地理株的中肋骨条藻表现不同的 DNA多态性 ,同样以各自的小亚基片段为模板进行的 RAPD扩增条带也表现出差异性。实验结果表明 ,两株中肋骨条藻应为种下的不同变种或亚种     

粤东柘林湾中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)种群生态学

于2000年5月～2004年12月对粤东大规模养殖区柘林湾的赤潮藻中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）种群的时空分布进行了长达5a的调查。结果表明,中肋骨条藻种群密度的周年变动模式基本为双峰型,平面分布没有显著的空间差异。调查期间,中肋骨条藻种群密度的站位实测值为0～1．4×10^7cells／dm^3,总均值为3．3×10^5cells／dm^3,占浮游植物总细胞数的67．1％,为调查海区第1优势种。在总共1045份样品中,有中肋骨条藻出现的样品数为1020份。其中,种群密度大于10^6cells／dm^3的样品有65份,大于10^7cells／dm。则有4份。以大于10^6cells／dm^3为中肋骨条藻的赤潮密度标准,在调查期间至少于2000年、2003年发生4次赤潮。运用灰关联理论对中肋骨条藻种群密度与13个环境因子的关系进行排序分析发现,水温、pH值和浮游动物是影响柘林湾中肋骨条藻种群时空分布的关键因子。水温还与中肋骨条藻种群密度的对数值具极显著意义的线性关系,而达到赤潮密度的样品均落在24．5～32．0℃区间,即每年的5～9月份高温季节。由于柘林湾浮游动物的年高峰期也出现在高温季节,说明浮游动物摄食压力的存在可能是柘林湾中肋骨条藻赤潮发生的重要抑制因子。2004年调查海区中肋骨条藻种群密度和在浮游植物群落中的优势度骤然降低,可能与水体营养盐结构和Fe含量的变化有关。因此,长期调查与监测对于研究海湾生态学和赤潮发生机制是极为重要的。     

An industrial photosynthetic system for Skeletonema costatum in arid regions

A biocultivator has been developed for large-scale production in arid regions using the diatom Skeletonema costatum. The product is used for the larviculture of aquaculturally important marine food organisms. This system was operated in India with a total solar collection area of 560 m². Operating under a batch regime, this slow-mixing open reactor has a long light path. Starter cultures were supplied from a polythene bag hung in the air with feeble aeration to prevent distortion and rupture of the long-forming chains. Growth in this system with organic nutrients showed the following relationship between cell number (Y) and culture time in hours (χ: Y = 0.03699χ – 0.1540 Under vertical mixing, a high and low cycle of solar energy irradiance attenuated exponentially just beyond the 1.5-m light path, while areal productivity levelled off at 60 g C m^-3 d^-1. This large-scale approach is appropriate for factory-scale production of cost-effective unialgal Skeletonema ( US $ 0.067 kg^-1 dry matter). This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

鼠尾藻对赤潮异弯藻和中肋骨条藻的抑制作用

通过共培养的方法,研究了鼠尾藻（Surgassum thunbergii）培养水的过滤液、新鲜组织、干粉末、水溶性抽提液对赤潮异弯藻（Heterosigma akashiwo）和中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）生长的抑制效应,建立了分隔共培养系统并证明了抑制物质的存在,排除了细胞直接接触抑制的可能性.结果表明,在共培养实验中,鼠尾藻新鲜组织、干粉末及水溶性抽提液对赤潮异弯藻和中肋骨条藻的生长具有显著的抑制作用,且在较高浓度下对两种赤潮微藻的生长具有致死效应.在一次性及半连续培养方式下,鼠尾藻培养水过滤液对赤潮异弯藻的生长无抑制效应,而对中肋骨条藻的生长具有显著的抑制效应.     

不同营养条件对东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻竞争参数的影响

以东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻为研究对象,采用室内单种培养和混合培养,设置不同的氮、磷营养条件,研究了不同营养条件对两种微藻的生长状况和种间竞争参数的影响.结果表明:随着氮、磷浓度的增加,两种藻的最大生物量均呈增加趋势,混合培养中两种微藻的比生长率低于单独培养.在混合培养中,生长前期中肋骨条藻是优势种,随着培养时间的延长,东海原甲藻成为优势种,且优势种发生变化的时间与营养条件有关.混合培养中,东海原甲藻拐点出现时间在0.5 ～4.9 d,中肋骨条藻为0～2.6d,东海原甲藻拐点出现时间晚于中肋骨条藻.在各营养条件下,东海原甲藻对中肋骨条藻的竞争抑制参数β均高于中肋骨条藻对东海原甲藻的竞争抑制参数α,当N为128μmol·L-1、P为32 μmol·L-1时,东海原甲藻的竞争能力是中肋骨条藻的3.8倍,两者差异最为明显.     

一株嗜盐杆菌对中肋骨条藻的溶藻作用机理研究

藻华是一种全球性的生态灾害, 利用海洋溶藻菌治理藻华是藻华治理领域的一个研究热点。文章旨在揭示一株嗜盐杆菌对中肋骨条藻的溶藻作用机理, 对溶藻作用下中肋骨条藻细胞形态结构进行了观察, 并测定了相关的生理参数, 同时研究了溶藻作用对藻细胞光合作用的影响并比较了与氮代谢、抗氧化系统相关酶活性的变化。结果表明, 溶藻作用使得中肋骨条藻细胞链状结构发生断裂, 细胞多以单细胞形态存在且单细胞长度显著增加, 最终细胞原生质体在细胞一端形成泡状后逐渐膨胀破裂。同时, 溶藻作用下中肋骨条藻细胞内总蛋白质含量、叶绿素a含量、总氮含量、Fv/Fm、Y(II)以及与氮代谢相关的硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶的活性均显著降低, 而与抗氧化系统相关的丙二醛含量、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶的活性显著上升。溶藻物质显著抑制了中肋骨条藻对氮的吸收利用, 细胞的正常代谢活动受阻, 最终影响到细胞的繁殖分裂。同时细胞内活性氧的增加可能改变了细胞膜的通透性, 大量胞外物质透过细胞膜进入细胞内而使细胞膨胀破裂死亡。     

Increased production of eicosapentaenoic acid by Skeletonema costatum cells after decantation at low temperature

Coagulation of Skeletonema costatum biomass was induced at alkaline pH in enriched sea-water to concentrate the microalgal suspensions by decantation. Incubation of the concentrated cultures at 15 °C after return at pH 7.5 preserved cell viability and increased the yield of lipid extraction and the 20:5(n-3) fatty acid content of the diatom biomass.     

一株中肋骨条藻特异溶藻菌的分离鉴定及溶藻特性

【背景】赤潮频发引起严重的海洋生态学问题,不仅直接影响到海洋生态系统稳定、海洋生物资源可持续利用和水产养殖业等海洋产业的健康发展,而且对人类健康也构成了严重威胁。高效的溶藻细菌是生物法防控赤潮的有效工具之一。【目的】分离得到对中肋骨条藻具有高效溶藻效果的溶藻细菌,并对其进行分子鉴定,研究该菌株的溶藻机理以及溶藻菌所分泌溶藻物质的特性。【方法】采用2216E平板稀释涂布法分离纯化细菌,测定16SrRNA基因序列以鉴定细菌种类,利用显微镜计数溶藻菌处理后的目标藻种计算溶藻率,通过扫描电镜观察溶藻菌对中肋骨条藻的溶藻过程,利用常规生理生化方法研究溶藻菌溶藻物质的特征,并通过透析袋截留法研究溶藻物质分子量大小。【结果】分离得到一株中肋骨条藻高效溶藻菌FDHY-CJ,该菌株属于交替单胞菌属(Alteromonas sp. FDHY-CJ)。该菌株72 h处理赤潮藻结果显示,对中肋骨条藻溶藻率为95.45%,对于其他常见赤潮藻溶藻率低于40%。溶藻菌FDHY-CJ通过胞外分泌物溶藻;溶藻物质的溶藻特性不受反复冻融的影响,但对酸碱性及温度较为敏感;扫描电镜观察结果显示该溶藻菌的溶藻物质直接溶解中肋骨...     

柘林湾骨条藻的数量变动及其与环境因子的关系

2000年5月～2002年6月对粤东柘林湾进行的骨条藻数量及各环境要素的调查表明,骨条藻细胞数的平面分布表现为湾内低于湾外的基本格局,而季节波动模式为单峰型。以相关分析该海域骨条藻数量与环境因子的关系,结果表明柘林湾氮和磷都可能成为骨条藻的限制因子,而磷限制更容易发生。     

碳酸酐酶在中肋骨条藻光合作用中的作用

探讨了在正常空气条件下生长的中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)的碳酸酐酶(CA)在其光合固碳中的作用.在中肋骨条藻的胞内和胞外均有CA活性,但胞外CA活性很低.CA抑制剂AZ(乙酰唑磺胺)对中肋骨条藻的光合放氧速率没有明显影响,而CA抑制剂EZ(乙氧苯唑胺)对其光合放氧速率有强烈的抑制作用.EZ的抑制作用使细胞最大光合速率、饱和光强和无机碳亲和力下降,无机碳的补偿点和光呼吸提高,使强光下光抑制作用增强.这些结果表明:中肋骨条藻的胞外CA在其光合作用中所起的作用较小,而其胞内CA通过催化胞内碳库中的HCO-3快速转化成CO2,提高胞内CO2的有效供给,从而提高细胞光合固碳能力和对逆境(高O2、强光和低CO2)的适应能力.     

氮和磷浓度对中肋骨条藻和锥状斯氏藻种间竞争的影响

采用室内单养和混养方法, 设置不同的氮、磷营养条件, 研究了氮、磷对中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)和锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea)种间竞争的影响。结果表明: 混养时各氮和磷浓度下均呈现培养初期中肋骨条藻为优势种、培养后期锥状斯氏藻为优势种的变化趋势, 但随着氮、磷浓度的升高, 中肋骨条藻作为优势种的时间延长; 与单养时相比, 混养中两种微藻的最大密度受到不同程度的抑制, 表现出氮、磷浓度越高, 受抑制的程度越大的特征, 且与锥状斯氏藻相比, 中肋骨条藻的最大密度受到抑制的程度更大。混养时两种微藻均是在氮、磷浓度最高时, 抑制起始点出现时间最长, 随着氮、磷浓度的降低, 抑制起始点出现时间缩短; 各氮、磷浓度条件下, 锥状斯氏藻对中肋骨条藻的竞争抑制参数明显高于中肋骨条藻对锥状斯氏藻的竞争抑制参数, 当氮浓度为512 μmol·L^-1、磷浓度为2 μmol·L ^-1时, 竞争结果是锥状斯氏藻获胜; 其余氮、磷浓度条件下为两种微藻不稳定共存。     

广州珠江口海域中肋骨条藻的周年变化及其与环境因子的关系

2004年3月至2005年3月对广州海域(22°33′～22°41′N,113°37′～113°42′E)进行了调查研究,分析结果表明,广州海域中肋骨条藻数量的空间平面分布不均匀,分布格局呈内河口向外河口递增的趋势;中肋骨条藻数量的季节波动模式为单峰型;中肋骨条藻的密度与活性磷酸盐含量存在显著的负相关关系,与硅酸盐含量存在显著的正相关关系;与温度、盐度、亚硝酸盐、铵盐、透明度、硝酸盐、COD及pH的相关性不显著,但与DO存在一定的正相关性,但相关性均不显著;活性磷酸盐和硅酸盐是广州海域中肋骨条藻的主要影响因素。     

赤潮水体中胶体物质对赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)和中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)生长的影响

2004年2月9～10日在胶州湾发生的柔弱几内亚藻(Guinardia delicatula)赤潮期间分别在3个典型赤潮站位采集表层水样,利用过滤(0.7μm)和切向超滤(1000 Daltons)分离赤潮暴发水体中的胶体物质,分析了不同滤液及截留液的有机碳含量,并将赤潮异弯藻 (Heterosigma akashiwo)和中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)在<1000 Daltons的超滤液及具有不同含量胶体物质(1000 Daltons～0.7μm)的截留液中进行培养.结果发现在发生柔弱几内亚藻赤潮期间水体中的溶解有机碳浓度会增加,特别是胶体有机碳浓度会成倍增长;在不同胶体含量海水中培养的赤潮异弯藻的最大生长率μmax和最大生物量Bf与对照组相比会随着胶体含量的增加而显著增大,而中肋骨条藻的最大生长率μmax和最大生物量Bf与对照组相比会随着胶体含量增加而显著降低,表明柔弱几内亚藻赤潮水体中的胶体物质对赤潮异弯藻的生长起促进作用,而对中肋骨条藻的生长起抑制作用.这说明柔弱几内亚藻在增殖过程中所产生的胶体物质具有他感作用,会影响其它微藻的生长,从而可能对柔弱几内亚藻赤潮的形成起重要作用.     

Comparative Studies on the Allelopathic Effects of Ulva pertusa Kjellml, Corllina pilulifera Postl et Ruprl, and Sargassum thunbergii mertl O. Kuntze on Skeletonema costatum （Grev.）Cleve

In the present study, we evaluated the allelopathic effects of three macroalgae, namely Ulva pertusa Kjellml, Corallina pilufifera Postl et Ruprl, and Sargassum thunbergii Mertl O. Kuntze, on the growth of the microalga Skeletonema costaturn （Grev.） Creve using culture systems in which the algae coexisted. The effects of the macroalgal culture medium filtrate on S. costatum were also investigated. Moreover, isolated co-culture systems were built to confirm the existence of allelochemicals and preclude growth inhibition by direct contact. The coexistence assay data demonstrated that the growth of S. costaturn was strongly inhibited when fresh tissues, dry powder and aqueous extracts were used; the allelochemicals were lethal to S. costatum at relatively higher concentrations. The effects of the macroalgal culture medium filtrate on the microalga showed both species specificity and complexity. The inhibitory effect of fresh macroalgal tissue and culture medium filtrate on the microalga was due to the alleochemicals released by the macroalgae. The results of the present study show that the allelopathic effects of macroalgae on the microalga are complex. The present study could shed light onto the basis of the interaction between macro- and microalgae.     

Global diversity and biogeography of Skeletonema species (bacillariophyta)

Recent studies have shown that the cosmopolitan diatom Skeletonema costatum sensu lato is composed of several morphologically and genetically distinct species. To assess whether the separate species have a cosmopolitan distribution, we analysed 184 strains from marine and estuarine sites worldwide. We identified the strains using light and electron microscopy, and we sequenced the hyper-variable region of nuclear LSU rDNA. All recently described species were genetically distinct, and all but two were morphologically distinct. Variability was found for the only ultrastructural character used to distinguish Skeletonema dohrnii and S. marinoi, which cannot be identified based on morphology alone. Furthermore, multiple genetically distinct taxa, which may represent cryptic species, were found within the S. menzelii and S. tropicum clades. We found that all currently recognized species of Skeletonema are widespread, however, gaps seem to occur in their geographical ranges. For example, some species are found in both the northern and southern temperate latitudes whereas other species appear to have only subtropical to tropical ranges. Skeletonema pseudocostatum and S. grethae seem to have more restricted geographical ranges because the former was not found along American coasts and the latter was encountered only in US waters. A taxonomic update is provided for Skeletonema strains currently available in several culture collections, which could aid reinterpretation of results obtained in comparative studies using these strains.     

The regulation of photosynthetic rate and activation of extracellular carbonic anhydrase under CO2-limiting conditions in the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum

In the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum , carbonic anhydrase activity exterior to the plasma membrane (CA_ext) was detected only when the available CO₂ concentration was less than 5·0 mmol m^–3, this activity being unaffected by the total dissolved inorganic carbon concentration. The inhibition of CA_ext by dextran bound sulphonamide (DBS) demonstrated the key role of this enzyme in maintaining photosynthetic rate under CO₂-limited conditions. Treatment with trypsin followed by affinity chromatography on p-aminomethylbenzene-sulphamide agarose and subsequent SDS-PAGE analysis revealed a polypeptide from carbon-replete cells of identical molecular mass to the CA_ext released by trypsin from CO₂-limited cells. Redox activity in the plasma membrane of intact cells was measured by following the light-dependent reduction of ferricyanide or NADP, the greatest activity being shown by CO₂-limited cells. Overall the results suggest that high rates of redox activity under conditions of CO₂-limitation were required for the activation of CA_ext.     

The biodiversity and ecology of Antarctic lakes: models for evolution

Antarctic lakes are characterised by simplified, truncated food webs. The lakes range from freshwater to hypersaline with a continuum of physical and chemical conditions that offer a natural laboratory in which to study evolution. Molecular studies on Antarctic lake communities are still in their infancy, but there is clear evidence from some taxonomic groups, for example the Cyanobacteria, that there is endemicity. Moreover, many of the bacteria have considerable potential as sources of novel biochemicals such as low temperature enzymes and anti-freeze proteins. Among the eukaryotic organisms survival strategies have evolved, among which dependence on mixotrophy in phytoflagellates and some ciliates is common. There is also some evidence of evolution of new species of flagellate in the marine derived saline lakes of the Vestfold Hills. Recent work on viruses in polar lakes demonstrates high abundance and high rates of infection, implying that they may play an important role in genetic exchange in these extreme environments.     

Effect of detritus supply on trophic relationships within experimental benthic food webs. II. Microbial responses,fate and composition of decomposing detritus

The dynamics of bacterial, protozoan and fungal populations were examined in a long-term (40–55 wk) microcosm experiment designed to assess the effects of detritus supply on meiofauna-polychaete (Capitella capitata (Type I) Fabricius) interactions. Bacterial and protozoan numbers and bacterial growth rates were inversely correlated with population fluctuations of the polychaete at low (50 mg N · m^?2 · day ^?1) detritus supply, but did not correlate with fluctuating polychaete densities at two higher (100 and 150 mg N · m^?2 · day^?1) ration levels of detritus. Bacterial and protozoan numbers and bacterial growth rates did not correlate with standing amounts of detritus or with fungi or meiofauna at any of the detritus rations. Fungi were associated primarily with aggregates of detritus particles and fecal pellets produced by C. capitata.Labile (fiber-free) organic matter did not correlate with microbes or meiofauna, but was inversely correlated with population fluctuations of the polychaete C. capitata at all three ration levels of detritus. Polychaete fecal pellets accounted for most of the refractory matter in the tanks with C. capitata and did not accumulate in the sediments, suggesting that fecal pellets were continually being produced, broken apart and decomposed.Our experiments suggest that contradictions in previous studies on the effects of macroconsumers on microbes, especially bacteria, can be explained as a failure to consider the effects of detritus supply on microbial growth rates.