首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
以青藏高原的拉萨河谷下游的农田为研究对象,利用中国科学院拉萨高原生态试验站的观测数据,通过模型模拟的方法分析了高原冬小麦农田生态系统水分传输的主要特征并结合当地的气象条件和灌溉情况对当地制定适宜的冬小麦农田灌溉制度进行了初步探讨.采用2004年5~10月的土壤水分观测数据对SHAW模型进行参数率定,然后,利用2004年10月~2005年10月的土壤水分观测数据对率定的参数进行验证并评价SHAW模型的在该地区的模拟性能.通过分析2004~2005年冬小麦农田水分传输过程的模拟结果,得出该地区农田生态系统水分传输的主要特征:①拔节-灌浆期是冬小麦耗水旺期,水分主要在土壤-植物间传输.②冬小麦生长期间耗水量为826mm,是华北平原的1.7~1.9倍,其中土壤蒸发占了37.5%.③冬小麦根系吸水主要集中于10~40cm土层,在浅层土壤水分供应不足时,冬小麦才倾向于利用深层土壤水分(40cm以下).④整个冬小麦生长期间农田的总深层渗漏量达到约占总灌溉量的50%.其中,播种-返青期间灌溉量的72%渗漏到70cm土层以下.最后,基于研究得出的冬小麦农田生态系统水分传输特征,对该地区适宜的灌溉制度进行了分析探讨.  相似文献   

2.
密度对玉米群体冠层内小气候的影响   总被引:31,自引:0,他引:31       下载免费PDF全文
 系统研究了两个玉米(Zea mays L.)品种不同密度群体冠层内光合有效辐射、CO2浓度、温度、风速、相对湿度等小气候因子垂直分布及其变化。指出,密度能显著影响小气候因子在群体中的分布,并最终反映在群体的有效贮积能量上。通过合理密植能调节群体结构、充分利用小气候资源,获得较高有效贮积能量。  相似文献   

3.
灌溉对孕穗期冬小麦农田温度的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
余卫东  成林 《生态学杂志》2012,31(7):1701-1706
灌溉是抵御和减轻冬小麦晚霜冻危害的有效措施之一。针对黄淮地区2010年4月的一次强降温过程,通过郑州农业气象观测站的灌溉防霜试验,对比分析了冬小麦孕穗期田间空气温度和土壤温度特征。结果表明:在外界环境温度下降时,灌溉可以提高田间最低气温0.1~0.6℃,增温效应主要集中在地上5cm处,灌溉可减少气温≤0℃的持续时间1~2h;对土壤温度的影响随着深度而存在差异,0cm土壤温度以增加为主,5~20cm土壤以降温效应为主;灌溉减小了气温和0~5cm土壤温度的变异系数和平均相对变率,而增大了10~20cm土壤温度的变异系数和相对变率;灌溉引起的温度差异只在15和20cm土壤处比较显著,其余各层温度差异并不明显。  相似文献   

4.
太阳辐射对玉米农田土壤呼吸作用的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
孙敬松  周广胜  韩广轩 《生态学报》2010,30(21):5925-5932
水热因子通常被认为是影响土壤呼吸作用的主导因子。对2004-2005年东北地区玉米农田土壤呼吸作用的观测资料分析表明:太阳辐射对土壤呼吸作用有促进作用,使得白天的土壤呼吸速率高于夜间,并导致土壤呼吸作用与土壤温度的关系发生变化。太阳总辐射对玉米(Zea mays L.)生长后期的土壤呼吸作用具有显著影响(9月7日:R2=0.80,P0.0001;9月29日:R2=0.82,P0.0001)。地上生物量和叶面积指数制约着太阳总辐射对土壤呼吸作用的贡献,可解释太阳总辐射与土壤呼吸作用关系变异的83.5%。在玉米生长初期,散射辐射间接地促进了土壤呼吸作用,但随着叶面积指数的增加,散射辐射的透射作用减弱,使得直射辐射对土壤呼吸作用的影响超过散射辐射;进入玉米生长后期,由于叶子枯黄,叶面积指数减小,散射辐射又对土壤呼吸起到促进作用。  相似文献   

5.
采用涡动相关法对张掖灌区玉米农田生态系统生长季(6—9月)CO2通量进行了连续观测,分析了玉米农田生态系统CO2通量变化特征及其对环境的响应。结果表明:CO2通量具有明显的日变化特征,白天以碳吸收为主,夜间以碳排放为主,CO2吸收的最大值出现在灌浆期,峰值为-1.426 mg·m-2·s-1;农田生态系统在4个生育期均表现为碳吸收,但吸收CO2能力存在显著差异,日吸收总量灌浆期拔节期成熟期苗期。利用Michaelis-Menten方程和指数曲线拟合方法,分别分析了光合有效辐射对白天CO2通量的影响,及温度对夜间生态系统呼吸的影响。结果表明:白天CO2吸收强度随着光合有效辐射的增大而增大,在低光阶段,光照是控制光合作用的主导因子,之后随着光合有效辐射的增大,净吸收量增加减缓;玉米的光量子利用效率变化范围为0.00098~0.0022 mg·μmol-1。夜间生态系统呼吸与温度呈显著的指数关系,不同生育期的主导因子不同,苗期土壤温度是主导因子,其余生育期气温是主导因子。  相似文献   

6.
精确评估地-气之间物质和能量交换对于有效管理水资源和促进农业可持续发展至关重要。为揭示黄河故道区玉米农田生态系统的能量分配特征和水热分量动态变化过程及其对气象因子的变化响应,本研究基于涡度相关系统和全要素自动气象站,对2019—2020年黄河故道区典型夏玉米农田生态系统的能量通量以及常规气象要素进行不间断观测,分析夏玉米农田各能量通量的变化特征以及与气温、降水、风速等环境因子的相关关系,并计算夏玉米生育时期的能量闭合率和能量分配比率。结果表明:研究区夏玉米净辐射、显热通量和潜热通量的峰值出现在11:00—14:00,土壤热通量的峰值发生在14:00—15:00。在能量分配上,夏玉米农田全生育期的能量分配以潜热通量和显热通量为主,播种-出苗期能量主要被显热通量消耗,占净辐射的37.1%,其余生育周期的能量均以潜热通量消耗为主。全生育期能量闭合率较好,决定系数为0.83,其中,白天闭合率较高,晚上较低。降水对潜热通量和显热通量都有明显影响,潜热通量对降水的反应更敏感,生育后期潜热通量在降雨后与降雨前的增幅比生育前期低。在夏玉米全生育期内,太阳辐射是水热通量最主要的气象因子,其次为饱和水汽压差。温度和饱和水汽压差对潜热通量的贡献度明显高于显热通量,风速、相对湿度和太阳辐射对潜热通量的解释率低于显热通量,叶面积指数和植被覆盖度与潜热通量呈显著正相关、与显热通量呈显著负相关。本研究的定量化结果可以深化对黄河故道区夏玉米农田水热传输规律的认识,为作物高效用水提供理论依据。  相似文献   

7.
利用Leuning建立的耦合的光合作用、气孔导度和能量平衡方程,以将冠层分成多层的方式,包括Gaussian五点积分法、将冠层平均分为多层的方法,逐层计算温带混交林的碳水通量,最后累加至冠层尺度,以模拟CO2和H2O通量。该模型以常规气象观测数据作为驱动变量,计算出冠层与大气之间的碳水交换,与涡动相关系统的通量观测数据进行比较,分析了不同的冠层分层方式对多层模型模拟结果的影响。从3个温带混交林通量站涡动相关系统的能量平衡闭合度来看,中国长白山站CBS、韩国GDK和日本MMF站点的能量平衡比率(EBR)分别为0.76、0.66和1.07,居于国际同类观测范围(0.34—1.2)的中上水平,因此,涡动相关系统的观测数据较为可靠。从碳水通量的日变化来看,用Gaussian五点积分法将冠层分为五层的模型能较好的模拟碳水通量的\"单峰形\"日变化趋势。夜间Fc为负值且变化趋势较为平缓,表明生态系统进行呼吸作用释放CO2,从日出开始Fc逐渐变为正值,表明生态系统进行光合作用吸收CO2,Fc在中午时分达到最大值,下午Fc逐渐减小,日落之后又回复到夜间的负值。H2O通量的日变化曲线与CO2通量相似,且模拟值与涡动相关实测值具有较好的一致性。在多层模型中,对冠层采用不同的分层方法,对碳水通量模拟结果有一定的影响。以Gaussian五点积分法将冠层分为五层的方法作为对照,分别将冠层平均分为2、5、10、20层的方法得到的碳水通量与其进行比较。从平均值来看,分层越多,H2O通量模拟值越低,而CO2通量模拟值越高。不同的分层方法产生的差异,主要来自于不同层的辐射吸收、温湿度、风速等环境要素的垂直廓线差异,且叶片光合作用对光的响应是非线性的。  相似文献   

8.
杨凯  张翔  张致江 《生态学报》2024,44(18):8349-8365
植树造林通过生物物理过程影响地表能量平衡,进而使地表温度发生变化。近年来,随着长江流域防护林工程的实施,长江流域森林覆盖率不断增长,然而造林对地表温度产生的影响却并不清楚。基于此,利用多源遥感数据和气象数据,配合窗口搜寻策略和基于能量平衡方程的归因方法,探究了2003-2012年长江流域植树造林面积变化及其局地生物物理效应。结果表明:2003-2012年长江流域6.71%耕地转变为森林,1.33%草地转变为森林。相比2003年,2012年森林面积增加了0.48%。在年际时间尺度,耕地向森林转变使白天地表温度降低(0.26±0.03) ℃,夜晚地表温度降低(0.08±0.03) ℃,年均地表温度降低(0.17±0.02) ℃;而草地向森林转变使白天地表温度降低(0.77±0.13) ℃,夜晚地表温度升高(0.49±0.09) ℃,年均地表温度降低(0.15±0.1) ℃。耕地向森林转变在年内均呈现降温效应,其中6月份降温效应达到最大,11月降温效应达到最弱。草地向森林转变在年内仍以降温效应为主,其中5月份降温效应达到最大,11月份降温效应达到最弱,而在12月份引发了微弱的增温效应。两种造林方案在生长季降温效应均强于非生长季。归因分析表明:耕地转变为森林,反照率和感热通量分别主导了增温((0.119±0.004) ℃)和降温效应((-0.13±0.05) ℃)。对于草地转变为森林,入射长波辐射和感热通量分别主导了增温((0.903±0.166) ℃)和降温效应((-1.703±0.193) ℃)。入射短波辐射和发射率在两种造林方式中均分别产生微弱的降温和增温效应。本研究可为科学评估植树造林对局地气候的影响提供理论参考,对长江流域可持续性森林管理具有重要的现实意义。  相似文献   

9.
夏季绿洲生态环境对荒漠背景地表能量过程的扰动   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
张强  王胜 《生态学报》2005,25(10):2459-2466
利用观测试验资料,对比分析了夏季典型晴天敦煌绿洲与周围荒漠戈壁背景地表过程的差异,揭示了绿洲生态系统对干旱区荒漠背景地表过程的扰动特征。结果表明:绿洲地表净辐射日平均要高出周围荒漠戈壁背景60 W/m2以上,约占绿洲净辐射的1/4以上。对绿洲高出的净辐射贡献最大的是绿洲相对低的地表长波辐射,其次是较高的太阳总辐射。而绿洲相对较低的大气长波辐射对高出的净辐射有较大的负贡献,特别是地表反射辐射也有很小的负贡献。绿洲高出的地表净辐射主要贡献于加强潜热和地热流量,还有一部分被绿洲地表能量不平衡差额所占,它实际上可能由一般地表热量平衡所不考虑的垂直热量平流来输送。而绿洲明显低于荒漠背景的感热通量则节省了一部分净辐射能量。  相似文献   

10.
合理的灌溉制度是提高农业水资源利用效率、保证夏玉米高产稳产的前提。采用农业技术转化决策系统(DSSAT,Decision Support System for Agrotechno1ogy Transfer)探究了河南省北部地区夏玉米不同降水年型下的最优灌溉制度。经过参数的校正和验证,归一化均方根误差(nRMSE)、均方根误差(RMSE)和一致性指数(d)均表现出模拟值与实测值的吻合度很好,DSSAT-maize模型可以准确模拟夏玉米物候期、地上部分生物量、产量和土壤水分状况。然后基于模型模拟了不同灌溉处理下的夏玉米生产潜力,从而评估夏玉米缺水量,并对比分析不同生育时期灌水对产量的影响确定最优灌溉时期,综合考虑产量和水分利用效率确定最优灌溉制度。结果表明:夏玉米生长季的缺水量年际间差异显著,多年平均值为38.91 mm,波动范围为0—193.03 mm。在丰水年,不需要灌溉;在平水年,开花期灌水30 mm;在枯水年,开花期和灌浆期灌水50 mm;在特别干旱年,苗期、拔节期和开花期至少灌水180 mm。优化的灌溉制度下丰水年、平水年和枯水年的WUE达到最高且产量分别占其最高产量的100%、99.72%和97.89%,实现了作物高产节水协同提高的目标。  相似文献   

11.
    
Temperature is spatially heterogeneous over leaf surfaces, yet the underlying mechanisms are not fully resolved. We hypothesized that the 3D leaf microtopography determines locally the amount of incoming irradiation flux at leaf surface, thereby driving the temperature gradient over the leaf surface. This hypothesis was tested by developing a model of leaf temperature heterogeneity that includes the development of the leaf boundary layer, the microtopography of the leaf surface and the physiological response of the leaf. Temperature distributions under various irradiation loads (1) over apple leaves based on their 3D microtopography, (2) over simulated flat (2D) apple leaves and (3) over 3D leaves with a transpiration rate distributed as in 2D leaves were simulated. Accuracy of the predictions was quantified by comparing model outputs and thermographic measurements of leaf surface temperature under controlled conditions. Only the model with 3D leaves predicted accurately the spatial heterogeneity of surface temperature over single leaves, whereas the mean temperature was well predicted by both 2D and 3D leaves. We suggest that in these conditions, the 3D leaf microtopography is the primary driver of leaf surface heterogeneity in temperature when the leaf is exposed to a light/heat source.  相似文献   

12.
This paper describes a new approach to the calibration of thermal infrared measurements of leaf temperature for the estimation of stomatal conductance and illustrates its application to thermal imaging of plant leaves. The approach is based on a simple reformulation of the leaf energy balance equation that makes use of temperature measurements on reference surfaces of known conductance to water vapour. The use of reference surfaces is an alternative to the accurate measurement of all components of the leaf energy balance and is of potentially wide application in studies of stomatal behaviour. The resolution of the technique when applied to thermal images is evaluated and some results of using the approach in the laboratory for the study of stomatal behaviour in leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. are presented. Conductances calculated from infrared measurements were well correlated with estimates obtained using a diffusion porometer.  相似文献   

13.
    
Most thermal methods for the study of drought responses in plant leaves are based on the calculation of 'stress indices'. This paper proposes and compares three main extensions of these for the direct estimation of absolute values of stomatal conductance to water vapour (gs) using infrared thermography (IRT). All methods use the measured leaf temperature and two environmental variables (air temperature and boundary layer resistance) as input. Additional variables required, depending on the method, are the temperatures of wet and dry reference surfaces, net radiation and relative humidity. The methods were compared using measured gs data from a vineyard in Southern Portugal. The errors in thermal estimates of conductance were of the same order as the measurement errors using a porometer. Observed variability was also compared with theoretical estimates of errors in estimated gs determined on the basis of the errors in the input variables (leaf temperature, boundary layer resistance, net radiation) and the partial derivatives of the energy balance equations used for the gs calculations. The full energy balance approach requires accurate estimates of net radiation absorbed, which may not be readily available in field conditions, so alternatives using reference surfaces are shown to have advantages. A new approach using a dry reference leaf is particularly robust and recommended for those studies where the specific advantages of thermal imagery, including its non-contact nature and its ability to sample large numbers of leaves, are most apparent. Although the results suggest that estimates of the absolute magnitude of gs are somewhat subjective, depending on the skill of the experimenter at selecting evenly exposed leaves, relative treatment differences in conductance are sensitively detected by different experimenters.  相似文献   

14.
  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
A widespread perception is that, with increasing wind speed, transpiration from plant leaves increases. However, evidence suggests that increasing wind speed enhances carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake while reducing transpiration because of more efficient convective cooling (under high solar radiation loads). We provide theoretical and experimental evidence that leaf water use efficiency (WUE, carbon uptake per water transpired) commonly increases with increasing wind speed, thus improving plants' ability to conserve water during photosynthesis. Our leaf‐scale analysis suggests that the observed global decrease in near‐surface wind speeds could have reduced WUE at a magnitude similar to the increase in WUE attributed to global rise in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. However, there is indication that the effect of long‐term trends in wind speed on leaf gas exchange may be compensated for by the concurrent reduction in mean leaf sizes. These unintuitive feedbacks between wind, leaf size and water use efficiency call for re‐evaluation of the role of wind in plant water relations and potential re‐interpretation of temporal and geographic trends in leaf sizes.  相似文献   

15.
为了探究干旱诱导的碳氮平衡破坏与干旱诱导的叶片衰老之间的关系,该实验以8个在干旱胁迫下叶片衰老进程有明显差异的玉米品种为实验材料,采用PEG模拟干旱处理,通过测定光合速率、叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光参数等叶片衰老指标以及非结构性碳水化合物(可溶性糖、淀粉)和全氮含量等变化,分析玉米中干旱诱导的叶片衰老与叶片中碳氮平衡(碳氮比)之间的关系。结果显示:(1)干旱胁迫下,8个玉米品种叶片净光合速率受到严重抑制,Fv/Fm大幅下降,叶绿素含量显著降低,说明干旱诱导了玉米叶片的衰老;(2)干旱诱导玉米叶片衰老的同时,8个玉米品种的叶片中可溶性糖含量显著升高,淀粉含量小幅上升,全氮含量大幅降低,碳氮比显著升高,碳氮平衡遭到了破坏;(3)8个玉米品种叶片的叶绿素含量与非结构性碳水化合物含量以及碳氮比呈极显著负相关关系,与全氮含量呈极显著正相关关系。因此,碳氮代谢与干旱诱导的叶片衰老紧密联系,碳氮平衡可能参与了干旱诱导的叶片衰老调控。  相似文献   

16.
17.
The anti-adhesive surfaces have always aroused great interest of worldwide scientists and engineers.But in practical applications,it often faces the threat and impact of temperature and humidity.In this work,the excellent anti-adhesive performance of maize leaf under high temperature and humidity were investigated in detail.Firstly,the adhesion forces of the maize leaf surface under different temperature and humidity were measured by using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM).The temperature of the substrate was varied between 23 ℃ to 100 ℃,and the ambient relative humidity is from 18% to 100%.It was found that the adhesion force of maize leaf decreased with the increase of temperature and humidity.The mechanism of its excellent anti-adhesive performance of maize leaf under high temperature and relative humidity was revealed.The transverse and longitudinal ridges on maize leaf surface interlace with each other,forming small air pockets,which reduces the actual contact area between the object and the maize leaf.With the increase of humidity,the liquid film will be formed in the air pockets gradually and so much water vapor is produced with increase of temperature.Then the air flow rate increases though the wavy top of transverse ridges,inducing the dramatic decrease of adhesion force.Inspired by this mechanism,four samples with this bionic structure were made.This functional "biomimetic structure" would have potential value in the wide medical equipments such as high frequency electric knife with anti-adhesion surface under high temperature and high humidity.  相似文献   

18.
Studies on the effect of soil temperature on internal water relations of well watered soybean (Glycine max L.) at constant air temperature under controlled conditions were carried out. A specially designed thermogradient tank was used for obtaining a range of soil temperatures. Data on shoot height, shoot weight, root length, root weight, leaf area and leaf water potential were obtained at 41 days after sowing and the highest values of these parameters were recorded at 28.6°C. The air temperature during the course of these investigations was 25±1°C and it may be concluded that slightly warmer soil temperatures than air temperatures were optimal for soybean with regard to the above measured parameters.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract. The embedding of Lithops plants into the soil could be an adaptation to protect the plants from critical low or high temperatures. Thermoelectric measurements on Lithops lesliei N.E. Br and L. turbiniformis (Haw.) N.E. Br. were made to determine whether the temperatures of the plant tissues at various depths differ from those in the soil close to the plant. The environmental conditions of their habitat were simulated in a growth chamber equipped with a cold sky to simulate the net radiation loss during a cool and clear night. The effects of microclimatic conditions resulting in dew or hoar-frost formation on the plant were investigated, as well as the temperature range where freezing occurs.
The results provide no evidence that the embedding of a Lithops plant into the soil yields advantages to the plants in respect of critical low or high temperatures. Plant temperatures are always very close to the soil temperatures at the same depth, but heat fluxes from the bottom or the plant and its surrounding soil to the top of the plant can occur if the plant freezes. No positive effect on the temperature relations could be detected when dew or hoar-frost is formed on the top of the plant. Lithops is frost hard to at least –3°C.  相似文献   

20.
    
Given anticipated climate changes, it is crucial to understand controls on leaf temperatures including variation between species in diverse ecosystems. In the first study of leaf energy balance in tropical montane forests, we observed current leaf temperature patterns on 3 tree species in the Atlantic forest, Brazil, over a 10‐day period and assessed whether and why patterns may vary among species. We found large leaf‐to‐air temperature differences (maximum 18.3 °C) and high leaf temperatures (over 35 °C) despite much lower air temperatures (maximum 22 °C). Leaf‐to‐air temperature differences were influenced strongly by radiation, whereas leaf temperatures were also influenced by air temperature. Leaf energy balance modelling informed by our measurements showed that observed differences in leaf temperature between 2 species were due to variation in leaf width and stomatal conductance. The results suggest a trade‐off between water use and leaf thermoregulation; Miconia cabussu has more conservative water use compared with Alchornea triplinervia due to lower transpiration under high vapour pressure deficit, with the consequence of higher leaf temperatures under thermal stress conditions. We highlight the importance of leaf functional traits for leaf thermoregulation and also note that the high radiation levels that occur in montane forests may exacerbate the threat from increasing air temperatures.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号