胶原蛋白研发的最新进展

胶原蛋白是一组由多糖蛋白分子组成的大家族,是结缔组织的主要蛋白成份。胶原蛋白富含多样性及组织分布的特异性,是与各种组织和器官功能相关的功能性蛋白。胶原蛋白不但在个体的发生、分化以及形成过程中与其它结缔组织一样起着重要的作用,而且与机体的衰老和疾病有极其密切的关系。与此同时,胶原蛋白由于其独特的理化性质、优良的生物相容性以及材料间的兼容性,在许多领域得到了广泛应用。本文对胶原蛋白的种类、性质、产品标准及其应用市场进行了综述。     

乌贼皮胶原蛋白的提取及结构表征

为了充分利用乌贼加工废弃物,分析了乌贼皮的基本组成成分,优化了从乌贼皮中提取胶原蛋白的工艺条件,并利用SDS-PAGE垂直电泳、紫外扫描和傅里叶变换红外光谱对所提取的胶原蛋白进行了结构表征.结果表明,乌贼皮中含有大量胶原蛋白,可作为胶原蛋白来源的补充.采用酸酶复合提取胶原蛋白的最佳条件为:酒石酸浓度为0.1mol/L,胃蛋白酶添加量为1400U/g,料液比为1:20(m:V,原料),4℃提取18h,提取率为12.08％.SDS-PAGE垂直电泳、紫外扫描和傅里叶变换红外光谱的结果表明,采用酸酶复合法从乌贼皮中提取的胶原蛋白为I型胶原蛋白,保持了完整的三螺旋结构.     

胶原蛋白的开发与应用研究进展

胶原蛋白(collagen)是一类哺乳动物细胞外基质中的主要结构蛋白,广泛地存在于皮肤、骨骼、肌肉等组织中,主要参与细胞的增殖、分化、迁移和信号传递等生理生化行为,对组织细胞等起着支撑、修复、保护的作用。由于胶原蛋白具有良好的生物学特性,其在组织工程、临床医学、食品工业、包装材料、化妆品、医学美容、生物材料以及医疗器械等方面都有着广泛的应用。本文综述了胶原蛋白的生物学特性及其在国内外生物工程研究开发中的研究进展,并对胶原蛋白未来开发的前景进行了展望。     

胶原蛋白结构基础上的设计与合成

胶原蛋白在人体组织中的含量十分丰富,它是具有绕轴周期性螺旋(即三重螺旋)结构的纤维状蛋白,它为细胞粘附和大分子的沉积等提供支架结构。随着基因工程技术和生物材料科学的不断发展,以及对如何获得具有特殊功能胶原蛋白研究的不断深入,使其成为第三代生物材料中倍受瞩目的成员之一。基于胶原蛋白结构的分子设计以及合成途径值得探讨。     

Ⅰ型胶原蛋白的结构、功能及其应用研究的现状与前景

胶原蛋白是动物体中普遍存在的一种大分子蛋白,在哺乳动物中的含量是整个生物体自身总蛋白含量的1/4。胶原蛋白除了具有生物力学方面的作用以外,还具有诸如信号转导、生长因子与细胞因子的运输等功能;此外,在食品、化妆品、医药等行业中,胶原蛋白也具有很广泛的用途。随着对胶原蛋白需求的日益增加,原先从屠宰的动物体的皮革、骨骼中提取胶原的方式已经不能满足日益增长的胶原蛋白的需求,而且还可能有致病之虞,于是新的生产胶原蛋白的方法——利用生物反应器,尤其是乳腺生物反应器来生产胶原蛋白就为人们所瞩目。本文就Ⅰ型胶原蛋白的结构、功能,以及利用生物反应器研究开发Ⅰ型胶原蛋白的现状、前景进行了探讨。     

胶原蛋白降解物高效液相色谱/质谱联用分析

利用高效液相色谱／质谱联用技术分析了胶原蛋白Ⅱ和Ⅰ经变性和酶解处理得到的多肽混合物,比较研究了两种类型胶原蛋白降解物之间的区别,利用液相色谱质谱连用技术识别出了不同类型胶原蛋白中的特征肽段。胶原蛋白在50℃处理3h可溶解于盐溶液,凝胶过滤分析结果表明,热变性的胶原蛋白分子量在10万以上,因此在热变性过程中胶原蛋白的三螺旋结构被破坏但没有明显的随机降解。利用胰蛋白酶对胶原蛋白进行了酶切处理,在酶用量为2％,pH 8.1~8.2,温度37℃条件下,处理20h后胶原蛋白降解较完全,多肽混合物的平均分子量在1万以下。利用液质联用技术研究Ⅱ型和Ⅰ型胶原蛋白降解物中的多肽,通过多级质谱分析了胶原蛋白降解物多肽的序列。结果表明,不同类型的胶原蛋白酶解后的多肽混合物中存在特定序列的特征肽段,利用特征肽段进行胶原蛋白类型识别是可行的。     

星虫胶原蛋白的生物学特性研究

本文研究了胶原蛋白的生物学特性.结果显示,胶原蛋白溶液的粘度随浓度的增大而增大,随着温度的升高而下降;酸性条件下,粘度总体呈下降趋势,碱性时粘度变化不大;外加中低浓度的电解质与非电解质对胶原蛋白溶液粘度的影响不显著,溶液的流变学特性相对稳定.星虫胶原蛋白对小鼠皮肤无致敏反应,对创面愈合有明显的促进作用,该胶原蛋白不仅可以应用于食品与化妆品行业,还可以进一步应用于生物医学材料等领域.     

重组胶原蛋白的产业发展历程和生物医学应用前景展望北大核心CSCD

重组胶原蛋白作为天然动物组织胶原的替代物具有广泛应用于生物材料、生物医学等领域的潜力。种类繁多的重组胶原蛋白类型及其衍生体在多种表达系统中可实现一定规模的产业化生产,为探索和拓展重组胶原蛋白的临床应用奠定了基础。文中简述了重组胶原蛋白的不同表达体系,如大肠杆菌、酵母、植物、昆虫、哺乳动物和人类细胞表达体系,重组胶原蛋白的优势及潜在的应用和局限。着重介绍了目前重组胶原蛋白生产,包括不同表达体系的构建策略和重组胶原蛋白羟基化修饰等方面的研究进展,总结了重组胶原蛋白在生物医药领域的应用及应用基础研究和应用前景展望。     

水产废弃物胶原蛋白的提取

以水产废弃物为原料,利用酶法提取有价值的胶原蛋白。以胃蛋白酶为胶原蛋白提取用酶,鱼鳍和鱼鳞作为提取的原料,提取工艺为原料粉碎、脱钙、提取、纯化。鱼鳞和鱼鳍的胶原蛋白提取率分别达8．1％和6．6％。该方法对提高水产废弃物的综合利用具有重要的意义。     

鲤鱼鱼皮胶原蛋白的提取及其性质研究

首先对鲤鱼鱼皮的成分进行了研究,通过凯氏定氮、索式抽提、高温灰化、直接干燥法测定了鱼皮的蛋白质、脂肪、灰分、水分含量。通过粘度测定法得到鱼皮胶原蛋白的变性温度为28℃左右;紫外可见光谱扫描的结果证明鱼皮胶原蛋白在228 nm有一最大吸收峰;SDS-PAGE电泳初步确定鱼皮胶原蛋白是I型胶原蛋白;酶解实验进一步证实了鱼皮同鱼鳞、鱼骨的胶原蛋白在结构上具有很大的相似性。     

Role of decorin on in vitro fibrillogenesis of type I collagen

Tendon and corneal decorins are differently iduronated dermatan sulphate/proteoglycan (DS/PG) and the biochemical parameter that differentiates type I collagens is the hydroxylysine glycoside content. We have examined the effect of tendon and corneal decorins on the individual phases (tlag, dA/dt) of differently glycosylated type I collagens fibril formation, at molar ratios PG:collagen monomer ranging from 0.15 : 1 to 0.45 : 1. The results obtained indicate that decorins exert a different effect on the individual phases of fibril formation, correlated to the degree of glycosylation of collagen: at the same PG:collagen ratio the fibril formation of highly glycosylated corneal collagen is more efficiently inhibited than that of the poorly glycosylated one (tendon). Moreover tendon and corneal decorins exert a higher control on the fibrillogenesis of homologous collagen with respect to the heterologous one. These data suggest a possible tissue-specificity of the interaction decorin/type I collagen correlated to the structure of the PG and collagen present in extracellular matrices. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Influence of neutral salts on the hydrothermal stability of acid-soluble collagen

The thermal stability of acid-soluble collagens was studied by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Adult bovine dermal collagen (BDC), rat-tail tendon collagen (RTC), and calf skin collagen (CSC) were compared. Despite some variability in amino acid composition and apparent molecular weight, the CD spectra for helical and unordered collagen structures were essentially the same for all the sources. The melting of these collagens occurs as a two-stage process characterized by a pretransition (T _p) followed by complete denaturation (T _d). The characteristic temperatures vary with the source of the collagen; for mature collagens (BDC, RTC) T _p = 30°C and T _d = 36deg;C, and for CSC T _p = 34°C and T _d = 40°C. Neutral salts, NaCl or KCl, at low concentrations (0.02–0.2 M) appear to bind to the collagens and shift the thermal transitions of these collagens to lower temperatures.     

NG2 proteoglycan mediates beta1 integrin-independent cell adhesion and spreading on collagen VI

Collagens V and VI have been previously identified as specific extracellular matrix (ECM) ligands for the NG2 proteoglycan. In order to study the functional consequences of NG2/collagen interactions, we have utilized the GD25 cell line, which does not express the major collagen-binding beta(1) integrin heterodimers. Use of these cells has allowed us to study beta(1) integrin-independent phenomena that are mediated by binding of NG2 to collagens V and VI. Heterologous expression of NG2 in the GD25 line endows these cells with the capability of attaching to surfaces coated with collagens V and VI. The specificity of this effect is emphasized by the failure of NG2-positive GD25 cells to attach to other collagens or to laminin-1. More importantly, NG2-positive GD25 cells spread extensively on collagen VI. beta(1) integrin-independent extension of ruffling lamellipodia demonstrates that engagement of NG2 by the collagen VI substratum triggers signaling events that lead to rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. In contrast, even though collagens V and VI each bind to the central segment of the NG2 ectodomain, collagen V engagement of NG2 does not trigger cell spreading. The distinct morphological consequences of NG2/collagen VI and NG2/collagen V interaction indicate that closely-related ECM ligands for NG2 differ in their ability to initiate transmembrane signaling via engagement of the proteoglycan.     

Separation of type III collagen from type I collagen and pepsin by differential denaturation and renaturation.

Types I and III collagens were solubilized from fetal human skin by limited digestion with pepsin and precipitated by dialysis against 0.02 M Na₂HPO₄. Heat denaturation of the collagens in 2 M guanidine-HCl, pH 7.5, resulted in the precipitation of the contaminant pepsin which could be removed by centrifugation. Renaturation of the denatured collagens by dialysis against deionized water at 22° for 2 hours selectively precipitated the type III collagen fibrils. Type I collagen remained in solution. The simplicity and high recovery (77%) make this a suitable approach for the rapid estimation of type III collagen in small tissue samples.     

Guilty by association: some collagen II mutants alter the formation of ECM as a result of atypical interaction with fibronectin

Among the structural components of extracellular matrices (ECM) fibrillar collagens play a critical role, and single amino acid substitutions in these proteins lead to pathological changes in tissues in which they are expressed. Employing a biologically relevant experimental model consisting of cells expressing R75C, R519C, R789C, and G853E procollagen II mutants, we found that the R789C mutation causing a decrease in the thermostability of collagen not only alters individual collagen molecules and collagen fibrils, but also has a negative impact on fibronectin. We propose that thermolabile collagen molecules are able to bind to fibronectin, thereby altering intracellular and extracellular processes in which fibronectin takes part, and we postulate that such an atypical interaction could change the architecture of the ECM of affected tissues in patients harboring mutations in genes encoding fibrillar collagens.     

Crystal structure of (Gly-Pro-Hyp)(9) : implications for the collagen molecular model

Collagens have long been believed to adopt a triple‐stranded molecular structure with a 10/3 symmetry (ten triplet units in three turns) and an axial repeat of 29 Å. This belief even persisted after an alternative structure with a 7/2 symmetry (seven triplet units in two turns) with an axial repeat of 20 Å had been proposed. The uncertainty regarding the helical symmetry of collagens is attributed to inadequate X‐ray fiber diffraction data. Therefore, for better understanding of the collagen helix, single‐crystal analyses of peptides with simplified characteristic amino acid sequences and similar compositions to collagens have long been awaited. Here we report the crystal structure of (Gly‐Pro‐Hyp)₉ peptide at a resolution of 1.45 Å. The repeating unit of this peptide, Gly‐Pro‐Hyp, is the most typical sequence present in collagens, and it has been used as a basic repeating unit in fiber diffraction analyses of collagen. The (Gly‐Pro‐Hyp)₉ peptide adopts a triple‐stranded structure with an average helical symmetry close to the ideal 7/2 helical model for collagen. This observation strongly suggests that the average molecular structure of collagen is not the accepted Rich and Crick 10/3 helical model but is a 7/2 helical conformation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 97: 607–616, 2012.     

Thermostability gradient in the collagen triple helix reveals its multi-domain structure

A triple-helical conformation and stability at physiological temperature are critical for the mechanical and biological functions of the fibril-forming collagens. Here, we characterized the role of consecutive domains of collagen II in stabilizing the triple helix. Analysis of melting temperatures of genetically engineered collagen-like proteins consisting of tandem repeats of the D1, D2, D3 or D4 collagen II periods revealed the presence of a gradient of thermostability along the collagen molecule with thermolabile N-terminal domains and thermostable C-terminal domains. These results imply a multi-domain character of the collagen triple helix. Assays of thermostabilities of the Arg75Cys and Arg789Cys collagen II mutants suggest that, in contrast to the thermostable domains, the thermolabile domains are able to accommodate amino acid substitutions without altering the thermostability of the entire collagen molecule.     

Designed triple-helical peptides as tools for collagen biochemistry and matrix engineering

Collagens, characterized by a unique triple-helical structure, are the predominant component of extracellular matrices (ECMs) existing in all multicellular animals. Collagens not only maintain structural integrity of tissues and organs, but also regulate a number of biological events, including cell attachment, migration and differentiation, tissue regeneration and animal development. The specific functions of collagens are generally triggered by specific interactions of collagen-binding molecules (membrane receptors, soluble factors and other ECM components) with certain structures displayed on the collagen triple helices. Thus, synthetic triple-helical peptides that mimic the structure of native collagens have been used to investigate the individual collagen-protein interactions, as well as collagen structure and stability. The first part of this article illustrates the design of various collagen-mimetic peptides and their recent applications in matrix biology. Collagen is also acknowledged as one of the most promising biomaterials in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. However, the use of animal-derived collagens in human could put the recipients at risks of pathogen transmission or allergic reactions. Hence, the production of safe artificial collagen surrogates is currently of considerable interest. The latter part of this article reviews recent attempts to develop artificial collagens as novel biomaterials.     

Peptide investigations of pairwise interactions in the collagen triple-helix

Pairwise interactions have been studied for the major secondary structures in proteins. The present work extends the characterization of interactions between side-chains to the context of a collagen triple-helix. In this study, the most frequent Gly-X-Y tripeptide sequences in collagen are characterized in terms of interchain interactions between non-imino acid X and Y residues, through the use of host-guest peptides and statistical frequency analysis. Stabilities predicted on the basis of additivity show good agreement with experimental values for almost half of the peptides, indicating a lack of interaction. A small number of peptides have a stability lower than predicted, while a larger number are more stable than expected. Of all triplets containing residues of opposite charge, only Gly-Lys-Asp and Gly-Arg-Asp exhibit stabilizing electrostatic interactions, and these pairs are found together preferentially in collagens. Repulsion of like charges is observed in Gly-Arg-Lys, Gly-Lys-Arg, and Gly-Glu-Asp sequences, and a small degree of hydrophobic stabilization was observed for the Gly-Leu-Leu guest triplet. The data reported here help clarify basic principles of triple-helix stability. In addition, the experimentally determined stabilities of the tripeptide units found most frequently in collagens constitute a database useful for predicting triple-helix stability in peptides, collagens and other triple-helix-containing proteins.