《解读奥尔杜威——BedⅠ遗址的埋藏学研究》评述

由西班牙马德里大学史前学系的Manuel Dominguez-Rodrigo、Rebeca Barba及美国印第安纳大学人类学系的Charles P．Egeland三位学者撰写的《解读奥尔杜威——BedⅠ遗址的埋藏学研究》（Deconstructing Olduvai：A Taphonomic Study Of The Bed Ⅰ Sites）一书于2007年由Springer出版公司正式出版发行。     

万寿岩旧石器时代遗址埋藏学研究

本文对福建三明万寿岩遗址文化层形成、遗物与动物骨骼埋藏、风化、破坏等现象进行观察,认为灵峰洞旧石器早期文化遗物和化石,由于暴露于洞内表面时间较长而经受强烈风化、侵蚀与钙质胶结;船帆洞旧石器晚期遗址因洞口坍塌和外部水流侵漫进洞而被废弃,在潮湿环境下,遗物和化石遭受腐蚀、铁锰质浸染严重。3个文化层的遗物及伴生哺乳动物化石均属原地埋藏类型;而船帆洞内3号支洞化石的集聚是高层洞穴作为排泄通道时由流水携带堆积而成的异地埋藏。     

柿子滩遗址第9地点出土的动物烧骨

柿子滩遗址第9地点（S9）位于山西省吉县柏山寺乡高楼河村黄河支流的清水河畔,西距黄河约7 km。从2000年发现至今,该遗址前后历经三次发掘,出土大量细石叶制品、动物化石、数件蚌制品、骨针及磨制石器等。本文重点对S9地点第4 层（12,575-11,600 cal. BP）及第5层（13,000 cal. BP）出土的动物遗存,尤其是其中测量尺寸在2cm以下的大量烧骨进行了埋藏学与动物考古学方面的观察和分析。研究结果显示,S9地点的烧骨是古人类烧烤猎物、维护遗址（甚至可能还包括以骨骼作燃料）等生存行为活动的文化残留。此外,S9地点出土烧骨的空间分布分析表明,古人类在上述行为活动之后,可能又将烧灼后的残存骨骼（与灰烬等）清理出火塘并堆放在其核心生活区的周边位置。     

宾福德的周口店埋藏学研究与旧石器考古学理论建构

本文回顾了1985年美国考古学家路易斯·宾福德访华的背景和产生的影响,认为这次中美旧石器考古合作的失败原因是两国学者之间在认识论和范式上的巨大差异。宾福德对周口店的埋藏学思考是立足于过程考古学中程理论和他自己的埋藏学探索的基础之上,并体现在他的《纽纳缪特民族考古学》和《骨骼：古代人类与现代之谜》两本著作中。宾福德中程理论和参考框架建设为我们提供了一种启示和借鉴,有助于中国旧石器考古学努力构建和完善自己的考古学理论框架。这种框架需要重视材料的分析和归纳,提出研究的问题和解决的办法,然后根据埋藏学和动物考古学排除遗址形成过程中的自然改造因素,提炼人类行为的信息。最后从民族考古学类比的参考框架来达到重建文化历史、人类生存方式和文化变迁的三大目标。     

马鞍山遗址动物群的死亡年龄研究

本文根据牙齿的萌出和磨蚀情况确定了马鞍山遗址动物群的死亡年龄,采用三角图法展现了它们的死亡年龄分布,并对上、下文化层动物群的死亡年龄分布成因进行了对比和分析,认为:马鞍山遗址早期和晚期原始居民猎杀水牛、中国犀和水鹿时可能都采取了潜伏式狩猎或陷阱狩猎的策略,所以死亡年龄分布点均位于灾难型死亡年龄分布区;猕猴的死亡年龄分布点落入壮年居优型的分布区可能是晚期原始居民追求脂肪的高回馈率,而忽视幼年个体的结果;东方剑齿象的死亡年龄分布点落入幼年居优型的分布区,可能是原始居民面对生命危险和狩猎机会时,做出折衷之选的结果,即放弃体型巨大的成年个体而猎杀攻击性较弱的幼年个体,但是(参照民族学材料后发现)也有可能是基于可食用性的考虑而放弃口感较差、难以食用并且攻击性较强的成年个体,而捕猎肉较鲜嫩而且危险性较小的幼象的结果。     

洛南花石浪龙牙洞1995年出土石制品的拼合研究

本文是对洛南花石浪龙牙洞遗址洞内部分1995年发掘出土的18608件石制品的拼合研究结果。在纳入研究的18499件标本中(不含石料、石锤、石砧和烧石等标本108件)共获得94个拼合组,涉及212件石制品,拼合率约1．15％。分析结果显示拼合研究不但可以帮助我们更深刻地理解龙牙洞遗址石制品的平面及垂直分布规律,还是准确地判断遗址埋藏过程的有效手段。拼合研究在恢复早期人类石器制作技术上具有独到的优势,石核—石片拼合组合以及石片之间的拼合关系可以更清楚地显示早期人类所采用的剥片技术,但以拼合石制品在洞穴中的分布距离判断具体的剥片方法有局限性。     

宁夏鸽子山遗址第10地点出土动物骨骼的埋藏学初步观察

宁夏鸽子山遗址第10地点(QG10)位于青铜峡市西北约20km的贺兰山南麓。2014-2017年,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所与宁夏文物考古研究所联合组队对该遗址进行了发掘,出土大量动物化石、近万件石制品以及装饰品、骨制品、结构性火塘等。本项研究基于遗址第4层出土动物化石的埋藏学初步观察认为:晚更新世末期的古人类是遗址中动物骨骼的富集者和改造者;QG10的狩猎-采集人群采取狩猎而非主动食腐的方式获取了遗址附近的大中型食草类动物,并将其完整搬运至遗址内进行后续的肢解、食肉与敲骨取髓等营养性处理过程。相对于上述动物种类而言,遗址内的小型动物则是在其营养物质之外,古人类还利用了它们的骨骼材料以制作器型规整的骨角类工具。     

采自吉林省的中国丝盖伞属新记录种

报道了采自吉林长白山的中国丝盖伞属丝盖伞亚属Inocybe subgen. Inocybe的3个新记录种：黄囊丝盖伞I.?muricellata、新卷毛丝盖伞I. neoflocculosa和灰白丝盖伞I. senkawaensis,并提供详尽的形态描述和线条图。研究标本存放于吉林农业大学菌物标本馆（HMJAU）。     

国际数学生态学研究进展——Alcal第2届国际数学生态学大会介绍

1　大会概况　　阿尔卡拉第 2届国际数学生态学大会 (Alcalá2 nd International Conference on Mathematical Ecology,AICME- II)于 2 0 0 3年 9月 4日至 2 0 0 3年 9月 9日在西班牙 ,马德里 ,阿尔卡拉大学 (University of Alcalá de Henares)召开。本届大会由西班牙阿尔卡拉大学主办 ,得到西班牙科技部 (Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology,MCYT) ,法国发展研究所 (French Instituteof Research for Development,IRD) ,马德里技术大学 (Technical U niversity of Madrid,UPM,E.T.S.I Industriales) ,阿尔卡拉…     

许家窑遗址马科动物的死亡年龄

普氏野马(Equus przewalskii)和野驴(Equus hemionus)是许家窑遗址动物群中的优势属种。本文基于对这两种动物牙齿材料的测量与分析,确定了遗址中马科动物的死亡年龄,并对上、下文化层的死亡年龄分布进行了研究,以期探知古人类获取肉食资源的方式与特点。通过与马科动物在自然生存状态下以及死于不同原因(如疾病或营养衰竭、食肉动物猎杀、现代人类狩猎等)的年龄结构对比,结果表明:古人类在许家窑文化早期(下文化层)可能通过捡拾自然死亡的动物尸体、与食肉类动物抢夺猎物、主动狩猎等多种方式获取马科动物,而在许家窑文化晚期(上文化层)可能以主动狩猎作为获取马科动物的主要方式。此外,古人类在遗址的早期就可能已经具有捕获整个马科动物居群中任意年龄个体的能力,并能做出最优化判断,有选择地去捕猎脂肪和肉量较高的壮年动物群体。     

A glucoside of urospermal A

The aerial parts of Urospermum picroides afforded, in addition to urospermal A a p-hydroxylphenyl acetate of a glucoside of urospermal A.     

A new electrophoretic variant of arylsulfatase A

Previous work in this laboratory has identified electrophoretic variant forms of arylsulfatase A in leucocyte plus platelets. During a study to replicate and extend these findings, a new seven-band variant of arylsulfatase A has been identified. Purified platelets gave a clearer, more distinct electrophoretic banding pattern than the leucocyte and platelet preparations.     

Efficacy of antibiotics A204 sodium A28695A, and A204np against Coccidia of rabbits.

Three polycyclic, polyether, monocarboxylic acid antibiotics produced by and extracted from a strain of Streptomyces albus and designated A204 sodium, A28695A, or A204-np, were specifically tested for activity against hepatic and incidentally against intestinal coccidia of rabbits. All were effective in preventing infections and acceptable to young rabbits when prepared in pelleted feed. Weight gain, however, was not as good as inoculated, medicated rabbits as in noninoculated, nonmedicated controls. No gross pathologic changes were detected except in the livers of inoculated, nonmedicated controls which were severely infected on greatly enlarged. Livers of medicated rabbits were uninfected and normal in appearance and size.     

Preparation of Radioactive Gibberellins A20, A5 and A8

Many yeasts were isolated from natural sources in the tropics and subtropics by enrichment culture technique, using medium which contained a surfactant. The medium was acidified with citric acid. A strain S–10 belonging to the genus Candida was found to produce itaconic acid. Under suitable conditions in shake culture, a mutant derived from this strain produced the acid at about 35 % yield on the basis of glucose supplied.     

Efficacy of Antibiotics A204 Sodium, A28695A, and A204np against Coccidia of Rabbits

SYNOPSIS. Three polycyclic, polyether, monocarboxylic acid antibiotics produced by and extracted from a strain of Streptomyces albus and designated A204 sodium, A28695A, or A204np, were specifically tested for activity against hepatic and incidentally against intestinal coccidia of rabbits. All were effective in preventing infections and acceptable to young rabbits when prepared in pelleted feed. Weight gain, however, was not as good in inoculated, medicated rabbits as in noninoculated, nonmedicated controls.
No gross pathologic changes were detected except in the livers of inoculated, nonmedicated controls which were severely infected and greatly enlarged. Livers of medicated rabbits were uninfected and normal in appearance and size.     

Quadruplexes of human telomere DNA analogs designed to contain G:A:G:A,G:G:A:A,and A:A:A:A tetrads

Replacement of two to four guanines by adenines in the human telomere DNA repeat dG₃(TTAG₃)₃ did not hinder the formation of quadruplexes if the substitutions took place in the terminal tetrad bridged by the diagonal loop of the intramolecular antiparallel three‐tetrad scaffold, as proved by CD and PAGE in both Na⁺ and K⁺ solutions. Thermodynamic data showed that, in Na⁺ solution, the dG₃(TTAG₃)₃ quadruplex was destabilized, the least by the two G:A:G:A tetrads, the most by the G:G:A:A tetrad in which the adenosines replaced syn‐guanosines. In physiological K⁺ solution, the highest destabilization was caused by the 4A tetrad. In K⁺, only the unmodified dG₃(TTAG₃)₃ quadruplex rearranged into a K⁺‐dependent quadruplex form, none of the multiple adenine‐modified structures did so. This may imply biological consequences for nonrepaired A‐for‐G mutations. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 880–886, 2010.