Photoregulation of morphological structure and its physiological relevance in the cyanobacterium <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arthrospira</Emphasis> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Spirulina</Emphasis>) <Emphasis Type="Italic">platensis</Emphasis>

The spiral structure of the cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis (Nordst.) Gomont was previously found to be altered by solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 280–400 nm). However, how photosynthetic active radiation (PAR, 400–700 nm) and UVR interact in regulating this morphological change remains unknown. Here, we show that the spiral structure of A. platensis (D-0083) was compressed under PAR alone at 30°C, but that at 20°C, the spirals compressed only when exposed to PAR with added UVR, and that UVR alone (the PAR was filtered out) did not tighten the spiral structure, although its presence accelerated morphological regulation by PAR. Their helix pitch decreased linearly as the cells received increased PAR doses, and was reversible when they were transferred back to low PAR levels. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that a 52.0 kDa periplasmic protein was more abundant in tighter filaments, which may have been responsible for the spiral compression. This spiral change together with the increased abundance of the protein made the cells more resistant to high PAR as well as UVR, resulting in a higher photochemical yield.     

A new species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cortinarius</Emphasis> sect. <Emphasis Type="Italic">Orellani</Emphasis> from Japan

Cortinarius breviradicatus sp. nov., found in deciduous forests, is described and illustrated from Niigata, Japan. It is characterized by its medium-sized to large dark brown basidiocarp, acutely conical pileus, and rooting stipe, and by subglobose to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores. In addition, the extracting solution from its basidiocarps exhibits a strong fluorescence around 400–430 nm in ultraviolet radiation (250 nm), which was observed in a species of Cortinarius sect. Orellani. The new species belongs to the section Orellani. The differences between the new taxon and similar species are briefly discussed.     

Roles of PprA,IrrE, and RecA in the resistance of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Deinococcus radiodurans</Emphasis> to germicidal and environmentally relevant UV radiation

To study the role of different DNA repair genes in the resistance of Deinococcus radiodurans to mono- and polychromatic UV radiation, wild-type strain and knockout mutants in RecA, PprA, and IrrE of D. radiodurans were irradiated with UV-C (254 nm), UV-(A + B) (280–400 nm) and UV-A (315–400 nm) radiation, and survival was monitored. The strain deficient in recA was highly sensitive to UV-C radiation compared to the wild-type, but showed no loss of resistance against irradiation with UV-(A + B) and UV-A, while pprA and irrE-deficient strains exhibited elevated sensitivity to UV-A and UV-(A + B) radiation. These results suggest that the repair of DNA double-strand breaks is essential after treatment with highly energetic UV-C radiation, whereas protection from oxidative stress may play a greater role in resistance to environmentally relevant UV radiation.     

The short- and long-term response of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scrippsiella trochoidea</Emphasis> (Pyrrophyta) to solar ultraviolet radiation

To assess the short- and long-term impacts of UV radiation (UVR, 280–400 nm) on the microalga Scrippsiella trochoidea, we exposed cells to three different radiation treatments (PAB: 280–700 nm, PA: 320–700 nm, and P: 400–700 nm). A significant decrease in the photochemical efficiency (Φ_PSII) at high irradiance (100% of incident solar radiation, 216.0 W m⁻²) was observed. Photoinhibition was reduced from 62.7 to 10.9% when the cells were placed in 12% solar radiation (26.1 W m⁻²). In long-term experiments (11 days) using batch cultures, cell densities during the first 5 days were decreased under treaments P, PA, and PAB, reflecting a change in the irradiance experienced in the laboratory to that of incident solar irradiance. Thereafter, specific growth rates increased and UV-induced photoinhibition decreased, indicating acclimation to solar UV. Cells were found to exhibit both higher ratios of repair to UV-related damage, shorter period for recovery and increased concentrations of UV-absorbing compounds (UV_abc), whose maximum absorption was found to be at 336 nm. Our data indicate that S. trochoidea is sensitive to ultraviolet radiation, but was able to acclimate relatively rapidly (ca. 6 days) by synthesizing UV_abc and by increasing the rates of repair processes of D1 protein in PSII.     

Effects of solar ultraviolet radiation on photochemical efficiency of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chaetoceros curvisetus</Emphasis> (Bacillariophyceae)

To assess the short- and long-term impacts of Ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 280–400 nm) on the red tide alga Chaetoceros curvisetus, we exposed cells to three different solar radiation treatments–PAB:280–700 nm, PA:320–700 nm, and P:400–700 nm under 20°C incubated temperature. Short-term exposures were investigated: the photochemical efficiency (Φ_PSII) versus irradiance curves under six levels of solar radiation by covering the incubators with a variable number of neutral density screens (the irradiance thus varied from 100 to 3%) lasting 1 h, and long-term exposures were designed to assess how the cells acclimate to solar radiation (the growth, UV_abc and ratio of repair to damage rates of D1 protein were detected). A significant decrease in the photochemical efficiency (Φ_PSII) at high irradiance (100% of incident solar radiation, 261.6 Wm⁻²) was observed in short-term exposure (1 h). UVR-induced photoinhibition was reduced to 7% in 3% solar radiation (4.08 Wm⁻²), compared with 66% in 100% solar radiation (261.6 Wm⁻²). In long-term experiments (11 days) using batch cultures, cell densities during the first 6 days were relatively constant for treatment P, and decreased slightly under PA and PAB treaments, reflecting a change in the irradiance experienced in the laboratory to that of incident solar irradiance. Thereafter, cell density increased and UV-induced photoinhibition decreased with the following days, indicating acclimation to solar UV. At the end of experiment, cells were found to exhibit both higher ratios of repair to UV-related damage and increased concentrations of UV-absorbing compounds, whose maximum absorption was found to be at 329 nm. Our data indicate that C. curvisetus is sensitive to ultraviolet radiation, but was able to acclimate relatively rapidly (ca. 6 days) by synthesizing UV-absorbing compounds and by increasing the rates of repair processes of D1 protein in PSII.     

Benzyladenine Promotes Flowering in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Doritaenopsis</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phalaenopsis</Emphasis> Orchids

Two experiments were performed to determine how application of the cytokinin benzyladenine (BA) influenced flowering in Doritaenopsis and Phalaenopsis orchid clones. In the first experiment, two vegetative orchid clones growing in 15-cm pots were transferred from a 28°C greenhouse that inhibited flowering to a 23°C greenhouse for flower induction (day 0). A foliar spray (0.2 L m⁻²) containing BA at 100, 200, or 400 mg L⁻¹ or 25, 50, or 100 mg L⁻¹ each of BA and gibberellins A₄ + A₇ (BA+GA) was applied on days 0, 7, and 14. Plants treated with BA alone at 200 or 400 mg L⁻¹ had a visible inflorescence 3–9 days earlier and had a mean of 0.7–3.5 more inflorescences and 3–8 more flowers per plant than nontreated plants. The application of BA+GA had no effect on inflorescence number and total flower number at the rates tested. In the second experiment, three orchid clones received a single foliar spray of BA at 200 mg L⁻¹ at six time points relative to time of transfer from 29°C to 23°C (−1, 0, +1, +2, +4, or +6 weeks). A separate group of plants received a BA application at week 0 but was maintained at 29°C. Inflorescence number was greatest in all three orchid clones when plants were treated with BA 1 week after the temperature transfer. Plants that were sprayed with BA and maintained at 29°C did not initiate inflorescences. The promotion of flowering by the application of BA suggests that cytokinins at least partially regulate inflorescence initiation of Doritaenopsis and Phalaenopsis, but its promotion is conditional and BA application cannot completely substitute for an inductive low temperature.     

UV-A Mediated Modulation of Photosynthetic Efficiency,Xanthophyll Cycle and Fatty Acid Production of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nannochloropsis</Emphasis>

Nannochloropsis, a green microalga, is a source for commercially valuable compounds as extensively described and, in particular, is recognised as a good potential source of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5ϖ3), an important polyunsaturated fatty acid for human consumption for prevention of several diseases. Climate change might include variation in the ultraviolet (UV) levels as one of the consequences derived from the anthropogenic activity. This paper shows the response of Nannochloropsis cultures exposed for 7 days to UV-A (320–400 nm) added to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR; 400–700 nm). Growth rates and photosynthetic activity were assessed to determine the impact of UV-A increased levels on the cell growth and basic metabolism activity. Xanthophyll pigments (zeaxanthin and violaxanthin), carotenoids (canthaxanthin and β-carotene) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids) were measured for assessing the antioxidant response of the microalgae to added UV-A radiation to PAR. The results show that the modulated use of UV-A radiations can lead to increased growth rates, which are sustained in time by an increased light transduction activity. The expected antioxidant response to the incident UV-A radiation consisted of increases in zeaxanthin and β-carotene contents—synthesis of antioxidant carotenoids—and increases in the saturated fatty acids to polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio. The results suggest that modulated UV-A radiation can be used as a tool to stimulate value molecules accumulation in microalgae through an enhanced both light transduction process and antioxidant response, while sustaining cell growth.     

Anatomical changes induced by increasing NaCl salinity in three fodder shrubs, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nitraria retusa</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Atriplex halimus</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Medicago arborea</Emphasis>

Nitraria retusa and Atriplex halimus (xero-halophytes) plants were grown in the range 0–800 mM NaCl while Medicago arborea (glycophyte) in 0–300 mM NaCl. Plants were harvested after 120 days of salt-treatment. The present study was designed to study the effect of salinity on root, stem and leaf anatomy, water relationship, and plant growth in greenhouse conditions. Salinity induced anatomical changes in the roots, stems and leaves. The cuticle and epidermis of N. retusa and A. halimus stems were unaffected by salinity. However, root anatomical parameters (root cross section area, cortex thickness and stele to root area ratio), and stem anatomical parameters (stem cross section area and cortex area) were promoted at 100–200 mM NaCl. Indicating that low to moderate salinity had a stimulating effect on root and stem growth of these xero-halophytic species. At higher salinities, root and stem structures were altered significantly, and their percentages of reduction were higher in A. halimus than in N. retusa whereas, in M. arborea, they were strongly altered as salinity rose. NaCl (100–300 mM) reduced leaf water content by 21.2–56.2% and specific leaf area by 51–88.1%, while increased leaf anatomical parameters in M. arborea (e.g. increased thickness of upper and lower epidermis, palisade and spongy mesophyll, entire lamina, and increased palisade to spongy mesophyll ratio). Similar results were evidenced in A. halimus leaves with salinity exceeding 100 mM NaCl. Leaves of N. retusa were thinner in salt-stressed plants while epidermis thickness and water content was unaffected by salinity. The size of xylem vessel was unchanged under salinity in the leaf’s main vein of the three species while we have increased number in M. arborea leaf main vein in the range of 200–300 mM NaCl. A longer distance between leaf vascular bundle, a reduced size and increased number of xylem vessel especially in stem than in root vascular system was evidenced in M. arborea treated plants and only at (400–800 mM) in the xero-halophytic species. The effects of NaCl toxicity on leaf, stem and root ultrastructure are discussed in relation to the degree of salt resistance of these three species. Our results suggest that both N. retusa and A. halimus show high tolerance to salinity while M. arborea was considered as a salt tolerant species.     

Bio-resolution of glycidyl (<Emphasis Type="Italic">o</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">m</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>)-methylphenyl ethers by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus megaterium</Emphasis>

A newly isolated Bacillus megaterium with epoxide hydrolase activity resolved racemic glycidyl (o, m, p)-methylphenyl ethers to give enantiopure epoxides in 84–99% enantiomeric excess and with 21–73 enantiomeric ratios. The (S)-enantiomer was obtained from rac-glycidyl (o or m)-methylphenyl ether while the (R)-epoxides was obtained from glycidyl p-methylphenyl ether. The observations are explained at the level by enzyme-substrate docking studies.     

Actinomycetemcomitin: a new bacteriocin produced by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aggregatibacter</Emphasis> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Actinobacillus</Emphasis>) <Emphasis Type="Italic">actinomycetemcomitans</Emphasis>

Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans P_7–20 strain isolated from a periodontally diseased patient has produced a bacteriocin (named as actinomycetemcomitin) that is active against Peptostreptococcus anaerobius ATCC 27337. Actinomycetemcomitin was produced during exponential and stationary growth phases, and its amount decreased until it disappeared during the decline growth phase. It was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation (30–60% saturation), and further by FPLC (mono-Q ionic exchange and Phenyl Superose hydrophobic interaction) and HPLC (C-18 reversed-phase). This bacteriocin loses its activity after incubation at a pH below 7.0 or above 8.0, following heating for 30 min at 45°C, and after treatment with proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, and papain. Actinomycetemcomitin has a molecular mass of 20.3 KDa and it represents a new bacteriocin from A. actinomycetemcomitans.     

Responses of transgenic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nicotiana tabacum</Emphasis> seedlings expressing a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cucurbita pepo</Emphasis> antisense <Emphasis Type="Italic">PHYA</Emphasis> RNA to far-red radiation

The Nicotiana tabacum transgenic plants expressing a Cucurbita pepo antisense PHYA RNA were obtained. The seedlings of transgenic tobacco with reduced phytochrome A (PHYA) content displayed decreased sensitivity to continuous broad-band far-red radiation (λ > 680 nm). Under far-red irradiance transgenic seedlings showed less elongation of the hypocotyls, more rapid plastid development, more chlorophyll accumulation, less repression of lightdependent NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase than wild-type plants that was in accordance with PHYA control of plant development. Dynamics of the far-red radiation dependent changes in low temperature chlorophyll fluorescence spectra for the transgenic and wild-type seedlings were consistent with the more rapid formation of photosynthetic apparatus in the seedlings with reduced PHYA.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In vitro</Emphasis> multiplication of heavy metals hyperaccumulator <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thlaspi caerulescens</Emphasis>

A micropropagation protocol through multiple shoot formation was developed for Thlaspi caerulescens L., one of the most important heavy metals hyperaccumulator plants. In vitro seed-derived young seedlings were used for the initiation of multiple shoots on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with combinations of benzylaminopurine (BA; 0.5–1.0 mg dm⁻³), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA; 0–0.2 mg dm⁻³), gibberellic acid (GA₃; 0–1.0 mg dm⁻³) and riboflavin (0–3.0 mg dm⁻³). The maximum number of shoots was developed on medium containing 1.0 mg dm⁻³ BA and 0.2 mg dm⁻³ NAA. GA₃ (0.5 mg dm⁻³) in combination with BA significantly increased shoot length. In view of shoot numbers, shoot length and further rooting rate, the best combination was 1.0 mg dm⁻³ BA + 0.5 mg dm⁻³ GA₃ + 1.0 mg dm⁻³ riboflavin. Well-developed shoots (35–50 mm) were successfully rooted at approximately 95 % on MS medium containing 20 g dm⁻³ sucrose, 8 g dm⁻³ agar and 1.0 mg dm⁻³ indolebutyric acid. Almost all in vitro plantlets survived when transferred to pots.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In vitro</Emphasis> propagation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acer grandidentatum</Emphasis> Nutt.

Bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum) is a promising ornamental tree that is not widely used in managed landscapes. Tissue culture has not been used successfully to propagate this taxon. We cultured single- and double-node explants from greenhouse-grown, 2-y old seedlings of bigtooth maples, which are indigenous to New Mexico, Texas, and Utah, on Murashige–Skoog (MS), Linsmaier–Skoog (LS), Driver–Kuniyuki Walnut (DKW), and Woody Plant (WPM) tissue culture media. Media affected shoot proliferation (P = 0.0242) but the zone of explant origin (P = 0.7594) did not. After four 30-d subcultures, explants on DKW media and WPM media produced 3.6 and 3.5 shoots per explant, respectively. Sprouting rates were highest on DKW, making DKW the best overall media for shoot proliferation. Double-node microshoots were rooted in vitro on DKW containing indole acetic acid (IAA). Microshoots represented six genotypes from three locations within Texas and New Mexico. Rooting percentage increased up to 15% as IAA concentration increased (P = 0.0040). There was 100% survival of rooted microshoots in vented Phytatrays containing one perlite: one peat moss (v/v). We conclude that DKW can be used to proliferate microshoots, and IAA induces rooting in microshoots of bigtooth maple.     

Purification and properties of aminoaldehyde dehydrogenase from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Avena</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">sativa</Emphasis>

NAD-dependent aminoaldehyde dehydrogenase (AMADH, EC 1.2.1.-) from Avena shoots was purified by DEAE Sephacel, hydroxyapatite, 5′-AMP Sepharose 4B, Mono Q, and TSK-GEL column chromatographies to homogeneity by the criterion of native PAGE. SDS–PAGE yielded a single band at a molecular mass of 55 kDa. IEF studies showed a band with a pI value of 5.3. In contrast to AMADHs from other species, the TSK-GEL chromatography showed that Avena AMADH exists as a monomer in the native state. The purified enzyme catalyzed the oxidations of 3-aminopropionaldehyde (APAL), 4-aminobutyraldehyde (ABAL) N-(3-aminopropyl)-4-aminobutyraldehyde (APBAL), and 4-guanidinobutyraldehyde (GBAL), but not of betaine aldehyde or indoleacetaldehyde. The K _m values for APAL, ABAL, and GBAL were 1.5×10^–6, 2.2×10^–6, and 1.3×10^–5 M, respectively. Although N-terminal amino acid sequence of Avena AMADH could not be determined due to a modification of the amino residue, the sequence of the fragment of AMADH cleaved by V8 protease showed greater similarity to the barley BADH than to the pea AMADH. Electronic Publication     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Humulus japonicus</Emphasis> Accelerates the Decomposition of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Miscanthus sacchariflorus</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phragmites australis</Emphasis> in a Floodplain

Humulus japonicus in communities of Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Phragmites australis can grow large enough to overtop other species in the Amsa-dong floodplain. Because of strong winds and the weight of Humulus, plants of M. sacchariflorus and P. australis fell in mid-August and were subject to decomposition under its dense shading. To assess the effects of H. japonicus on nutrient cycling in these communities, we collected fresh samples of M. sacchariflorus and P. australis in litterbags and decomposed them under H. japonicus for 9 months, beginning in August. Biomass and organic contents from M. sacchariflorus during this incubation period were 49–51% and 44–48%, whereas those of P. australis were 49–61% and 32–52%, respectively. Their annual k values were 1.61–1.74 and 1.46–3.54, respectively. Initial N concentrations in M. sacchariflorus and P. australis were 13 and 20 mg g⁻¹, while C:N ratios were 31 and 21, respectively. These results indicate that H. japonicus is responsible for the collapse of M. sacchariflorus and P. australis in August and also accelerates their nutrient cycling through rapid decomposition, thereby increasing nutrient circulation in floodplains.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Salinarchaeum laminariae</Emphasis> gen. nov., sp. nov.: a new member of the family <Emphasis Type="Italic">Halobacteriaceae</Emphasis> isolated from salted brown alga <Emphasis Type="Italic">Laminaria</Emphasis>

Halophilic archaeal strains R26^T and R22 were isolated from the brown alga Laminaria produced at Dalian, Liaoning Province, China. Cells from the two strains were pleomorphic rods and Gram negative, and colonies were red pigmented. Strains R26^T and R22 were able to grow at 20–50°C (optimum 37°C) in 1.4–5.1 M NaCl (optimum 3.1–4.3 M) at pH 5.5–9.5 (optimum pH 8.0–8.5) and neither strain required Mg²⁺ for growth. Cells lyse in distilled water and the minimum NaCl concentration required to prevent cell lysis was 8% (w/v) for strain R26^T and 12% (w/v) for strain R22. The major polar lipids of the two strains were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester and minor phosphatidylglycerol sulfate; glycolipids were not detected. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA genes and rpoB′ genes revealed that strains R26^T and R22 formed a distinct clade with the closest relative, Natronoarchaeum mannanilyticum. The DNA G+C content of strains R26^T and R22 was 65.8 and 66.4 mol%, respectively. The DNA–DNA hybridization value between strains R26^T and R22 was 89%. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties suggest that the strains R26^T and R22 represent a novel species in a new genus within the family Halobacteriaceae, for which the name Salinarchaeum laminariae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is R26^T (type strain R26^T = CGMCC 1.10590^T = JCM 17267^T, reference strain R22 = CGMCC 1.10589).     

High-Level Oxacillin and Gentamycin Resistance with Reduced Susceptibility to Vancomycin in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Staphylococcus aureus-</Emphasis>Carrying <Emphasis Type="Italic">mecA</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">femA</Emphasis> Gene Complex

Staphylococcus aureus oxiva 10 and oxiva 14 strains clinically isolated from diabetic patients were resistant to gentamycin and oxacillin The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of oxacillin and gentamycin were 720 and >2048 μg/mL, respectively, for oxiva 10 and 680 and 400 μg/mL. respectively, for oxiva 14; both strains carry mecA and femA genetic determinants in their genomes. In addition, both are vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) isolates. The addition of vancomycin led to significant decreases in oxacillin resistance of both oxiva 10 and oxiva 14 strains, whereas the addition of vancomycin to gentamycin plates showed a decrease in gentamycin resistance of non-high-level gentamycin-resistant (non-HLGR) oxiva 14 and indifference in gentamycin resistance in HLGR oxiva 10. Transmission electron microscopy of representative strains unveils a remarkable increase in the thickness of the cell wall, indicating that thickening of the cell wall is a common phenotype associated with vancomycin resistance in VISA isolates. The present study reports that the rate of synergism and synergistic effect in the combination vancomycin–gentamycin vary according to the MICs of gentamycin.     

The tyrosine <Emphasis Type="Italic">O</Emphasis>-prenyltransferase SirD catalyzes <Emphasis Type="Italic">O</Emphasis>-, <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">C</Emphasis>-prenylations

Recently, the prenyltransferase SirD was found to be responsible for the O-prenylation of tyrosine in the biosynthesis of sirodesmin PL in Leptosphaeria maculans. In this study, the behavior of SirD towards phenylalanine/tyrosine and tryptophan derivatives was investigated. Product formation has been observed with 12 of 19 phenylalanine/tyrosine derivatives. It was shown that the alanine structure attached to the benzene ring and an electron donor, e.g., OH or NH₂, at its para-position are essential for the enzyme activity. Modifications were possible both at the side chain and the benzene ring. Enzyme products from seven phenylalanine/tyrosine derivatives were isolated and characterized by MS and NMR analyses including HSQC and HMBC and proven to be O- or N-prenylated derivatives at position C4 of the benzene rings. K _M values of six selected derivatives were found in the range of 0.10–0.68 mM. Catalytic efficiencies (K _cat/K _M ) were determined in the range of 430–1,110 s⁻¹·M⁻¹ with l-tyrosine as the best substrate. In addition, 7 of 14 tested tryptophan analogs were also accepted by SirD and converted to C7-prenylated derivatives, which was confirmed by comparison with products obtained from enzyme assays using a 7-dimethylallyltryptophan synthase 7-DMATS from Aspergillus fumigatus.