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1.
Many people diagnosed with mental illnesses struggle with illicit drug addiction. These individuals are often treated with
psychiatric medications, yet little is known about how they experience this treatment. Research on the subjective experience
of psychiatric medication use highlights the complex, contradictory, and ambiguous feelings often associated with this treatment.
However, for those with mental illness and addiction, this experience is complicated by the need to manage both psychiatric
medication and illicit drug use. Using ethnographic data from a study of heroin use in Northeast Ohio, we explore this experience
by expanding the pharmaceutical self/imaginary (Jenkins, Pharmaceutical Self: The Global Shaping of Experience in an Age of
Psychopharmacology, School for Advanced Research Press, Santa Fe, NM, 2010b) to include psychopharmaceuticals and illicit drugs, what we call the psychotropic self/imaginary. Through this lens we explore the ways participants interpret and manage their psychotropic drug use in relation
to sociocultural, institutional, and political–economic contexts. This analysis reveals how participants seek desired effects
of legally prescribed and illicit drugs to treat mental illness, manage heroin addiction, and maintain a perceived “normal”
self. Participants manage their drug use using active strategies, such as selective use of psychiatric medications, in the
context of structural constraints, such as restricted access to mental health care, and cultural contexts that blur distinctions
between “good” medicines and “bad” drugs. 相似文献
2.
The McNaughton rules for determining whether a person can be successfully defended on the grounds of mental incompetence were
determined by a committee of the House of Lords in 1843. They arose as a consequence of the trial of Daniel McNaughton for
the killing of Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel’s secretary. In retrospect it is clear that McNaughton suffered from schizophrenia.
The successful defence of McNaughton on the grounds of mental incompetence by his advocate Sir Alexander Cockburn involved
a profound shift in the criteria for such a defence, and was largely based on the then recently published “scientific” thesis
of the great US psychiatrist Isaac Ray, entitled A Treatise on the Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity. Subsequent discussion
of this defence in the House of Lords led to the McNaughton rules, still the basis of the defence of mental incompetence in
the courts of much of the English-speaking world. This essay considers one of these rules in the light of the discoveries
of cognitive neuroscience made during the 160 years since Ray’s treatise. A major consideration is the relationship between
“the power of self-control” and “irresistible impulse” as conceived by Cockburn on the one hand, and by cognitive neuroscience
on the other. The essay concludes with an analysis of the notion of “free will” and of the extent to which a subject can exert
restraint in the absence of particular synaptic connections in the brain. 相似文献
3.
Jenks AC 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2011,35(2):209-235
The incorporation of “culture” into U.S. biomedicine has been increasing at a rapid pace over the last several decades. Advocates
for “cultural competence” point to changing patient demographics and growing health disparities as they call for improved
educational efforts that train health providers to care for patients from a variety of backgrounds. Medical anthropologists
have long been critical of the approach to “culture” that emerges in cultural competence efforts, identifying an essentialized,
static notion of culture that is conflated with racial and ethnic categories and seen to exist primarily among exotic “Others.”
With this approach, culture can become a “list of traits” associated with various racial and ethnic groups that must be mastered
by health providers and applied to patients as necessary. This article uses an ethnographic examination of cultural competence
training to highlight recent efforts to develop more nuanced approaches to teaching culture. I argue that much of contemporary
cultural competence education has rejected the “list of traits” approach and instead aims to produce a new kind of health
provider who is “open-minded,” willing to learn about difference, and treats each patient as an individual. This shift, however,
can ultimately reinforce behavioral understandings of culture and draw attention away from the social conditions and power
differentials that underlie health inequalities. 相似文献
4.
Velpry L 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2008,32(2):238-258
Almost all the knowledge now produced about psychiatry includes what is called “the patient’s or client’s perspective.” This
paper analyzes how this notion has been framed in the discourses on mental health over the last two decades, particularly
in mental health research and in anthropology. The very concept of the “patient’s perspective” is a social and historical
construct. Despite its remarkable prevalence, the notion remains vague. Mental health research pictures it as a stable attribute
of the individual. Anthropologists integrate the contextual nature of the patient view; but they still largely envision the
psychiatric patient as a rational actor producing narratives based on common sense. However, in psychiatric practice, the
client’s perspective is not something the patient individually produces; it is rather shaped by and in a context. To explore
this process, my research investigated interactions between staff and patients in a French community mental health center,
and showed that the client’s perspective is the result of a collective process. Further analysis demonstrates that eliciting
or producing the patient’s view is sometimes considered a therapeutic goal in itself, since being granted the status of a
rational and narrative actor gives access to the most valued model of care, one that is based on partnership. Being an outcome
that is negotiated between patients and care providers, the “patient’s view” then becomes a new resource in mental health
settings.
相似文献
Livia VelpryEmail: |
5.
Mackay AL 《Journal of biosciences》2003,28(5):539-546
Conclusion We must conclude that the sub-title of Bernal’s “The Social Function of Science” — “What science does: what science could
do” is still the relevant challenge and indicates Bernal’s chief contribution, besides the foundation of molecular biology
to our civilization. It is manifest that resources spent on armaments are a monstrous pathological symptom of our social structure.
The ancient problem of “what is property” and what may be “owned” and by whom or by what organs of society is awakening. 相似文献
6.
Whitley R 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2011,35(4):519-535
This article is propelled by recent theory positing that ‘social defeat’ is a common experience for people with severe mental
illness, potentially affecting course and outcome. The primary objective is to investigate how far fear of crime and violence
contributes toward ‘social defeat’ among people with mental illness. This is done through examining 6 years of ethnographic
data collected from a sample of urban-dwelling people with severe mental illness, all securely-housed in apartments located
in small scale “recovery communities.” Findings suggest that many participants living in the highest crime neighborhoods report
that they deliberately restrict their temporal and spatial movement as a consequence of such crime. This hinders aspects of
their recovery. Nevertheless, participants actively confront the nefarious affects of neighborhood crime by engaging in various
empowering strategies of resistance. These include confronting disruptive people, fortifying homes, moving around the neighborhood
in small groups and carrying objects such as umbrellas and canes that can be used in self-defense. Some reported that fear
of crime directly contributed to the development of a rich and gratifying domestic life, centered on hospitality and religion.
I conclude that participants partake in valiant and durable “social resistance,” and may better be perceived as imaginative
and resourceful resistors, rather than passive victims of “social defeat.” An influential factor fostering such resistance
is the “recovery community’ itself, which creates secure and reliable housing within a micro-community in which participants
could thrive. 相似文献
7.
Christian Postert 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2010,34(1):169-185
During anthropological fieldwork, the author had a serious accident on the outskirts of a Hmong village in the highland of
Laos. However, this dramatic incident turned out to be the occasion of his ritual initiation into the local village community.
An analysis of narratives of the incident reveals Hmong conceptions of the anthropologist’s physical, mental and moral affliction,
its causative concomitants and his ritual healing. Hmong mental health and identity are situated in a moral space of exchange
relationships to significant others, challenging basic assumptions of concepts of the person widely held in psychiatry and
beyond. The healing ritual transformed the author’s being from indeterminate “other,” in a life-threatening state of identity
crisis, to a wholesome Hmong “self,” in a state of health and moral agency. This exemplary rite de passage highlights the
affinity of ritual healing and constitution of self in a moral space. The underlying relational concept of the person is in
sharp contrast to psychiatry’s concepts of the person, which are deeply shaped by values of individualism. Psychiatric services
must accommodate substantial differences in the concepts of the person when treating Hmong migrants from Laos. 相似文献
8.
Luhrmann TM 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2007,31(2):135-172
The history of the way schizophrenia has been conceptualized in American psychiatry has led us to be hesitant to explore the
role of social causation in schizophrenia. But there is now good evidence for social impact on the course, outcome, and even
origin of schizophrenia, most notably in the better prognosis for schizophrenia in developing countries and in the higher
rates of schizophrenia for dark-skinned immigrants to England and the Netherlands. This article proposes that “social defeat”
may be one of the social factors that may impact illness experience and uses original ethnographic research to argue that
social defeat is a common feature of the social context in which many people diagnosed with schizophrenia in America live
today. 相似文献
9.
Diverse advocacy groups have pushed for the recognition of cultural differences in health care as a means to redress inequalities
in the U.S., elaborating a form of biocitizenship that draws on evidence of racial and ethnic health disparities to make claims
on both the state and health care providers. These efforts led to federal regulations developed by the U.S. Office of Minority
Health requiring health care organizations to provide Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services. Based on ethnographic
research at workshops and conferences, in-depth interviews with cultural competence trainers, and an analysis of postings
to a moderated listserv with 2,000 members, we explore cultural competence trainings as a new type of social technology in
which health care providers and institutions are urged to engage in ethical self-fashioning to eliminate prejudice and embody
the values of cultural relativism. Health care providers are called on to re-orient their practice (such as habits of gaze,
touch, and decision-making) and to act on their own subjectivities to develop an orientation toward Others that is “culturally
competent.” We explore the diverse methods that cultural competence trainings use to foster a health care provider’s ability
to be self-reflexive, including face-to-face workshops and classes and self-guided on-line modules. We argue that the hybrid
formation of culturally appropriate health care is becoming detached from its social justice origins as it becomes rationalized
by and more firmly embedded in the operations of the health care marketplace. 相似文献
10.
Brada B 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2011,35(2):285-312
This essay argues that what makes “global health” “global” has more to do with configurations of space and time, and the claims
to expertise and moral stances these configurations make possible, than with the geographical distribution of medical experts
or the universal, if also uneven, distribution of threats to health. Drawing on a study of public–private partnerships supporting
Botswana’s HIV/AIDS treatment program, this essay demonstrates ethnographically the processes by which “global health” and
its quintessential spaces, namely “resource-limited” or “resource-poor settings,” are constituted, reinforced, and contested
in the context of medical education and medical practice in Botswana’s largest hospital. Using Silverstein’s work on orders
of indexicality, I argue that the terms of “global health” are best understood as chronotopic, and demonstrate how actors
orient themselves and others spatio-temporally, morally, and professionally by using or refuting those terms. I conclude by
arguing that taking “global health” on its own terms obscures the powerful forces by which it becomes intelligible. At stake
are the frames within which medical anthropologists understand their objects of study, as well as the potential for the spaces
of “global health” intervention to expand ever outward as American medical personnel attempt to calibrate their experiences
to their expectations. 相似文献
11.
David Sloan Wilson 《Biology & philosophy》1990,5(1):37-62
The primary outcome of natural selection is adaptation to an environment. The primary concern of epistemology is the acquistion
of knowledge. Evolutionary epistemology must therefore draw a fundamental connection between adaptation and knowledge. Existing
frameworks in evolutionary epistemology do this in two ways; (a) by treating adaptation as a form of knowledge, and (b) by
treating the ability to acquire knowledge as a biologically evolved adaptation. I criticize both frameworks for failing to
appreciate that mental representations can motivate behaviors that are adaptive in the real world without themselves directly
corresponding to the real world. I suggest a third framework in which mental representations are to reality as species are
to ecosystems. This is a many-to-one relationship that predicts a diversity of adaptive representations in the minds of interacting
people. As “species of thought”, mental representations share a number of properties with biological species, including isolating
mechanisms that prevent them from blending with other representations. Species of thought also are amenable to the empirical
methods that evolutionists use to study adaptation in biological species. Empirical studies of mental representations in everyday
life might even be necessary for science to succeed as a normative “truth-seeking” discipline. 相似文献
12.
Jonathan A. Patz Holly K. Gibbs Jonathan A. Foley Jamesine V. Rogers Kirk R. Smith 《EcoHealth》2007,4(4):397-405
Climate change, as an environmental hazard operating at the global scale, poses a unique and “involuntary exposure” to many
societies, and therefore represents possibly the largest health inequity of our time. According to statistics from the World
Health Organization (WHO), regions or populations already experiencing the most increase in diseases attributable to temperature
rise in the past 30 years ironically contain those populations least responsible for causing greenhouse gas warming of the
planet. Average global carbon emissions approximate one metric ton per year (tC/yr) per person. In 2004, United States per
capita emissions neared 6 tC/yr (with Canada and Australia not far behind), and Japan and Western European countries range
from 2 to 5 tC/yr per capita. Yet developing countries’ per capita emissions approximate 0.6 tC/yr, and more than 50 countries
are below 0.2 tC/yr (or 30-fold less than an average American). This imbalance between populations suffering from an increase
in climate-sensitive diseases versus those nations producing greenhouse gases that cause global warming can be quantified
using a “natural debt” index, which is the cumulative depleted CO2 emissions per capita. This is a better representation of the responsibility for current warming than a single year’s emissions.
By this measure, for example, the relative responsibilities of the U.S. in relation to those of India or China is nearly double
that using an index of current emissions, although it does not greatly change the relationship between India and China. Rich
countries like the U.S. have caused much more of today’s warming than poor ones, which have not been emitting at significant
levels for many years yet, no matter what current emissions indicate. Along with taking necessary measures to reduce the extent
of global warming and the associated impacts, society also needs to pursue equitable solutions that first protect the most
vulnerable population groups; be they defined by demographics, income, or location. For example, according to the WHO, 88%
of the disease burden attributable to climate change afflicts children under age 5 (obviously an innocent and “nonconsenting”
segment of the population), presenting another major axis of inequity. Not only is the health burden from climate change itself
greatest among the world’s poor, but some of the major mitigation approaches to reduce the degree of warming may produce negative
side effects disproportionately among the poor, for example, competition for land from biofuels creating pressure on food
prices. Of course, in today’s globalized world, eventually all nations will share some risk, but underserved populations will
suffer first and most strongly from climate change. Moreover, growing recognition that society faces a nonlinear and potentially
irreversible threat has deep ethical implications about humanity’s stewardship of the planet that affect both rich and poor. 相似文献
13.
This article attempts to convey the joys and frustrations of skimming the Internet trying to find relevant information concerning
an academic’s work as a scientist, a student or an instructor. A brief overview of the Internet and the “do’s and don’ts”
for the neophyte as well for the more seasoned “navigator” are given. Some guidelines of “what works and what does not” and
“what is out there” are provided for the scientist with specific emphasis for biologists, as well as for all others having
an interest in science but with little interest in spending countless hours “surfing the net”. An extensive but not exhaustive
list of related websites is provided. 相似文献
14.
Lucchetti G Aguiar PR Braghetta CC Vallada CP Moreira-Almeida A Vallada H 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2012,36(1):124-135
In Brazil, during the XX century, dozens of Spiritist psychiatric hospitals emerged seeking to integrate conventional medical
treatment with complementary spiritual therapy. This combined inpatient treatment is largely found in Brazil, where many psychiatric
hospitals stem from the Spiritist movement. The present report describes the use of these spiritual practices, their operating
structure, health professionals involved, modalities of care, and institutional difficulties in integrating spiritual practices
with conventional treatment in six leading Brazilian Spiritist psychiatric hospitals. These hospitals combine conventional
psychiatric treatment with voluntary-based spiritual approaches such as laying on of hands (“fluidotherapy”), lectures regarding
spiritual and ethical issues, intercessory prayer, spirit release therapy (“disobsession”) and “fraternal dialogue”. The non-indoctrination
and optional nature of these spiritual complementary therapies seem to increase acceptance among patients and their family
members. In conclusion, the Spiritist psychiatric hospitals in Brazil have, for more than half a century, provided an integrative
approach in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, associating conventional and spiritual treatments, more specifically Spiritist
therapy. The lack of standardized treatment protocols and scientific studies remain a barrier to assessing the impact of this
integrative approach on patients’ mental health, quality of life, adherence, and perceived quality of treatment. 相似文献
15.
Gilligan’s (1982) refinement of Kohlberg’s theory on moral development operates on two theses: (1) females, more so than males,
reach moral decisions based on the personalities of the relevant individuals; and (2) female behaviors stemming from moral
decisions are based upon “care” and “responsibility for others.” This article accepts the first thesis but argues that the
second is incorrect. That is, self-interest—i.e., aiding “blood” kin and/or carefully monitoring reciprocity—rather than “altruism”
is argued to be the operant dynamic in forging distaff morality and resultant behavior. Six empirical examples are presented
as contraindicative of Gilligan’s second thesis. Finally, it is suggested that selection for the psychological traits of independence
and the mastery of subtle social chess yielded ancestral females who had more descendants—us—than did females with alternative
profiles.
Nancy S. Coney is a professor at Western Illinois University and is interested in both clinical and nonclinical aspects of
women’s psychology.
Wade C. Mackey is interested in biocultural anthropology and has authored two books on fathering:Fathering Behaviors (Plenum, 1995) andThe American Father (Plenum, 1996). 相似文献
16.
Adam M. Goldstein 《Evolution》2009,2(2):326-333
I review George Levine’s provocative and highly original book Darwin Loves You. Levine, whose “home discipline” is English Literature, offers a compelling interpretation of Darwin’s works, evaluating
their content and Darwin’s prose style to identify a distinctly Darwinian attitude toward nature as a source of meaning and
value. Levine believes that Darwin exemplifies the capacity to feel “enchantment” about the natural world, suggesting that,
if Darwin’s example were followed, a “Darwinian re-enchantment of the world” would be brought about. This would offer a secular,
non-supernatural basis for purpose, meaning, and value. I conclude with a few critical remarks about the scope and cogency
of Levine’s proposal. 相似文献
17.
Richard Bellon 《Journal of the history of biology》2006,39(1):1-39
Joseph Hooker first learned that Charles Darwin believed in the transmutation of species in 1844. For the next 14 years, Hooker
remained a “nonconsenter” to Darwin’s views, resolving to keep the question of species origin “subservient to Botany instead
of Botany to it, as must be the true relation”. Hooker placed particular emphasis on the need for any theory of species origin
to support the broad taxonomic delimitation of species, a highly contentious issue. His always provisional support for special
creation waned during the 1850s as he lost faith in its expediency for coordinating the study of plant geography, systematics
and physiology. In 1858, Hooker embraced Darwin’s “considerable revolution in natural history,” but only after Darwin had
carefully molded his transmutationism to meet Hooker’s exacting specifications. 相似文献
18.
BACKGROUND TO THE DEBATE: Schizophrenia affects an estimated 25 million people in low- and middle-income countries, with an average lifetime risk of about 1%. The illness is associated with excess mortality from a variety of causes. A 2001 Institute of Medicine report on mental illness in developing countries found that in 1990, over two-thirds of people with schizophrenia in these countries were not receiving any treatment (http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10111.html). The report found no evidence that the proportion of treated people in the developing world had increased since 1990. There is now a debate among mental health professionals in low-income countries over how best to improve patient care. In this article, three psychiatrists give their different viewpoints on the current status of treatment efforts for schizophrenia in the developing world and the measures that can be taken to increase the proportion of patients receiving treatment. 相似文献
19.
John E. Moore Yasunori Maeda Jiru Xu B. Cherie Millar Peter H. Herold V. M. J. Browne-Lauwers Colin E. Goldsmith Anne Loughrey Paul J. Rooney J. Stuart Elborn Motoo Matsuda 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2008,24(7):1227-1232
To employ 16S rDNA PCR and automated sequencing techniques to identify a collection of bacterial veterinary pathogens from
avian, equine, canine and ovine sources, that have proven difficult to identify, employing conventional cultural techniques.
Universal or “broad-range” eubacterial PCR was performed on a collection of 46 difficult-to-identify bacterial isolates originating
from clinical veterinary specimens. 16S rDNA PCR was performed using two sets of universal primers to successfully generate
a composite amplicon of 1,068 bp, which was sequenced to obtain each isolate’s identity. Sequence analysis was able to identify
all isolates examined with relative ease. Where the use of molecular identification methods is justified, such as in outbreak
control or bioterrorism in animal health, employment of partial 16S rDNA PCR and sequencing employing universal or “broad-range”
16S rDNA, provides a valuable and reliable method of identification of such pathogens. 相似文献
20.
Danwei as a cornerstone of Chinese urban society has received great research attention. The relationship between the Danwei and psychiatric patients, however, remains unclear. This article aims to shed light on the subject with an integrated micro–macro
approach. It introduces a historical understanding of mental health in urban China under the “economic state in transition”
framework. A detailed case study in clinical sociology is provided to reveal the many social factors affecting the experience
of a schizophrenic patient and his significant others. A changing role of the Danwei is hypothesized and validated with qualitative data. The Danwei was shown to have changed significantly before the mid-1990s, yet it still played a major role in urban workers’ lives, including
those of psychiatric patients, and even more so in people’s expectations. This lends support to the need for a more responsive
public policy to address various social issues brought about by economic reform, with the learning of worldwide experiences
including “community care,” “social support” and “social rehabilitation.” Implications for social research, policymaking and
professional practice are discussed.
相似文献
Robert SévignyEmail: |