筛选机制与细胞衰老的DNA损伤假说

生物界存在某些筛选机制,它将DNA损伤较小的细胞筛选出来,产生后代。主要有两类模式－－机制1和机制2,分别以细菌和人的成纤维细胞为代表,那些具有筛选机制1的细胞（如：细菌、生殖、癌细胞）能无限传代,而体细胞则不能。这两类筛选机制背后有更深刻的原因,而细胞的癌变正是从机制2退化为机制1的过程。     

筛选机制与细胞衰老的DNA损伤假说

生物界存在一类筛选机制,它将DNA损伤较小的细胞筛选出来,产生后代.主要有两类模式机制1和机制2,分别以细菌和人的成纤维细胞为代表,那些具有筛选机制1的细胞(如:细菌、生殖细胞、癌细胞)能无限传代,而体细胞则不能.这两类筛选机制背后有更深刻的原因,而细胞的癌变正是从机制2退化为机制1的过程。 Abstract:Selective mechanisms exist in organism and biosphere,which select the cells with less DNA injuy and reproduces them.There are two models;Mechanisms 1 and Mechanisms 2,represented respectively b bacteria and mechanolytes of human beings.Cells with Mechanisms 1(e.g. bacteria,generative cells,cancer cells)can reproduce infinitely,while somatic cells can not.There are deep-going reasons behind the two categories of selective mechanisms.The canceration of the cells is a degenerating process from Mechanisms 2 to Mechanisms 1.     

DNA损伤监测及修复相关酶与细胞衰老

衰老是细胞的重要生命现象之一,衰老假说之一认为细胞中残留DNA损伤的积累可加速细胞的衰老.因此,细胞内DNA损伤监测及修复系统的正常运行与细胞衰老调控密切相关,DNA损伤监测及修复相关酶如PARP、DNA-PK、ATM、p53等在细胞衰老中的调控作用日益受到广泛关注.研究这些蛋白质分子间的相互作用及其在细胞衰老过程中的调控功能,有利于揭示DNA损伤应激、损伤修复调控与细胞衰老之间的内在联系,为抗衰老研究及从衰老角度治疗肿瘤提供新的思路.     

DNA去甲基化对细胞衰老的影响

５－氮杂胞嘧啶为ＤＮＡ甲基化转移产的抑制剂,用它处理细胞,使基因组ＤＮＡ去甲基化,结果发现,经５ａＺａＣ处理后的细胞衰老进程明显加快,这从另一侧面反映了ＤＮＡ甲基化与细胞衰老的关系。     

DNA去甲基化对细胞衰老的影响

5-氮杂胞嘧啶（5aZaC）为DNA甲基化转移酶的抑制剂,用它处理细胞,使基因组DNA去甲基化．结果发现,经5aZaC处理后的细胞衰老进程明显加快,这从另一侧面反映了DNA甲基化与细胞衰老的关系．     

ATM介导的蛋白磷酸化与DNA损伤的信号转导机制

细胞周期检定点激酶ATM蛋白属于磷酸肌醇3激酶（PI－3K）家族成员,也是哺乳动物细胞BASC高分子蛋白复合物的组成之一。ATM调整由于DNA损伤引发的DNA修复和凋亡通路,该通路主要表现为DNA损伤激活ATM激酶,ATM激酶磷酸化其下游的相应蛋白,使细胞在细胞周期关卡处停滞分裂,主要是G1－S期和G2－M期的阻滞,使损伤的DNA得以修复,当修复失败时,细胞进入凋亡进程。ATM磷酸化的蛋白质很多,如p53,cdc25A,cdc25C等,这些蛋白质对细胞周期关卡调控都非常重要,因此也就证明了ATM在细胞周期调控中的重要作用。     

DNA放射损伤与p53

电离辐射等多种因素可以引起DNA损伤,表现为碱基改变、DNA双链断裂(DNA double-strand breaks,DSBs)和DNA单链断裂(Single-strand breaks,SSBs)等多种形式。DNA损伤后,细胞发生应答,即引起细胞周期阻滞和/或细胞程序性死亡,以减少损伤引起的染色体畸变和基因组不稳定。在细胞应答过程中,p53蛋白水平和活性均发生变化,介导细胞周期阻滞、程序性死亡,并直接参与DNA损伤修复过程。     

哺乳动物卵母细胞的DNA损伤与修复研究进展

DNA损伤是影响配子发生和胚胎发育的关键因素之一。卵母细胞容易被各种内外源因素(如活性氧、辐射、化疗药物等)诱发DNA损伤。目前研究发现,对于各类DNA损伤,各发育阶段的卵母细胞能够做出相应的DNA损伤反应,通过复杂的机制对DNA进行修复或者启动细胞凋亡。相比于进入生长阶段的卵母细胞,原始卵泡卵母细胞更容易被DNA损伤诱导凋亡。DNA损伤不易诱导卵母细胞减数分裂成熟进程停滞,然而携带DNA损伤的卵母细胞的发育能力明显下降。在临床上,衰老、放疗和化疗是导致女性卵母细胞DNA损伤、卵巢储备降低和不孕的常见原因。为此,人们尝试了能够减轻卵母细胞DNA损伤和增强DNA修复能力的多种方法,试图保护卵母细胞。本文对哺乳动物的各发育阶段卵母细胞的DNA损伤与修复的相关研究进行了梳理和总结,并讨论了其潜在的临床价值,以期为生育力保护提供新的策略。     

病毒感染与宿主细胞DNA损伤应答

病毒感染宿主细胞后,利用细胞内的营养物质和原料进行复制和增殖,同时能引起宿主细胞启动抗病毒免疫应答的防御机制。此外,近年来的研究还表明病毒感染能够引起宿主细胞的DNA损伤应答,该反应是细胞另一种防止病毒入侵的自我保护机制。同时发现,病毒在长期进化过程中形成了不同的机制来对抗宿主细胞的DNA损伤应答,从而消除细胞对其复制和繁殖产生的不利影响。因此,研究和阐述病毒感染后引起宿主细胞DNA损伤应答途径的机制,可使我们采取相应对策选择新的抗病毒靶点,从而有利于新型抗病毒药物的开发。     

大熊猫微卫星DNA的筛选及其应用

经ＤｐｎⅡ限制酶消化大熊猫基因组ＤＮＡ后,选取１５０－５００ｂｐ大小的片段构建了ＤＮＡ文库。用合成的（ＣＡ）（１５）探针从这一文库中克隆筛选了１０个大熊猫特异的微卫星ＤＮＡ座位。在测定ＤＮＡ序列的基础上设计并合成了１０个座位特异的引物,以ＰＣＲ技术扩增了７份抽提自组织细胞和６份抽提自毛发的大熊猫ＤＮＡ样品。发现除座位ｇ（００７）外,其余９个座位均呈多态性,而且所有座位均为偶数碱基的长度变异。对有准确谱系记录的家系的研究结果证明,这１０个微卫星ＤＮＡ座位严格按孟德尔方式遗传。因而这些座位能有效地应用于大熊猫的亲子鉴定,从而为建立各地大熊猫谱系和制定有效的繁殖计划提供了一个有效的遗传学手段。根据这１０个微卫星座位的分析,我们澄清了两组未知的父系关系。     

绞股蓝皂苷对PC12细胞增殖及细胞损伤模型的保护作用

本文通过采用四氮唑蓝(MTT)比色法检测绞股蓝皂苷对PC12细胞增殖活力的影响,并用低糖低血清、谷氨酸、β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ25~35)诱导PC12细胞制备细胞损伤模型,观察绞股蓝皂苷低(50μg·mL~(-1))、中(200μg·mL~(-1))、高(500μg·mL~(-1))剂量在3种细胞损伤模型中对细胞存活率和胞浆中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放量的影响。结果表明,绞股蓝皂苷能显著提高正常PC12细胞的存活率,并能有效对抗低糖低血清、谷氨酸、β淀粉样蛋白引起的细胞凋亡,降低胞浆中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的释放量。     

人参皂苷Rg1调控神经干细胞衰老作用及机制探讨

用三丁基过氧化氢(t-BHP)构建神经干细胞(NSC)体外衰老模型,探讨人参皂苷Rgl延缓NSC衰老的作用及机制,为寻找延缓NSC衰老新途径提供理论和实验依据。将从新生SD大鼠海马组织中分离纯化的第三代NSC随机分为五组。对照组:在NSC完全培养基中培养2 h;衰老模型组:在对照组基础上加入终浓度为100μmol/L的t-BHP培养2 h;Rg1组:在对照组基础上加入终浓度为10μg/mL的Rg1培养2 h;Rg1抗衰老组:在衰老造模同时加入终浓度为10μg/mL的Rg1培养2h;Rg1治疗衰老组:终浓度为100μmol/L的t-BHP培养2h后再加入终浓度为10μg/mL的Rg1继续培养2 h。MTT法、神经球计数、分化细胞计数以及衰老相关β-半乳糖苷酶(SA-β-Gal)染色阳性神经球计数分析Rg1调控NSC衰老的生物学作用,RT-PCR检测衰老相关基因p16~(1NK4a)、p21~(Cipl/Wafl)mRNA的表达。结果显示,与衰老组比较,Rg1抗衰老组和治疗衰老组NSC的增殖能力和多向分化能力显著增强;衰老特异性SA-β-Gal染色阳性神经球百分比显著降低,p16~(INK4a)、p21~(Cip...     

DNA损伤与细胞周期调控

DNA损伤和损伤后修复可引起细胞周期阻滞,这一事件由三个阶段组成：损伤的识别,损伤信号的传递以及细胞周期阻滞.在某些情况,这种细胞周期阻滞会失效.     

Critical Temporal Modulation of Neuronal Programmed Cell Injury

1. As a free radical, nitric oxide (NO) may be toxic to neurons through mechanisms that directly involve DNA damage. Lubeluzole, a novel benzothiazole compound, has recently been demonstrated to be neuroprotective through the signal transduction pathways of NO. We therefore examined whether neuroprotection by lubeluzole was dependent upon the molecular pathways of programmed cell death (PCD).2. In primary hippocampal neurons, evidence of PCD was determined by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain, transmission electron microscopy, and annexin-V binding. NO administration with the NO generators sodium nitroprusside (300 M) or SIN-1 (300 M) directly induced PCD.3. Neurons positive for PCD increased from 22 ± 3% (untreated) to 72 ± 3% (NO) over a 24-hr period. Coadministration of NO and lubeluzole (750 nM), a neuroprotective concentration, actively decreased PCD expression on H&E stain from 72 ± 3% (NO only) to 25 ± 3% (NO and lubeluzole). Significant reduction in DNA fragmentation by lubeluzole also was evident on electron microscopy. Application of lubeluzole in concentrations that were not neuroprotective or administration of the biologically inactive R-isomer did not significantly alter NO-induced PCD, suggesting that neuroprotection by lubeluzole was intimately linked to the modulation of PCD. Lubeluzole also was able to prevent the initial stages of cellular membrane inversion labeled with annexin-V binding, an early and sensitive indicator of PCD. Interestingly, the critical period for lubeluzole to reverse PCD induction appeared to be within the first 4 hr following NO exposure.4. Further investigation into the neuroprotective pathways that alter PCD may provide greater insight into the molecular mechanisms that ultimately determine neuronal injury.     

肾素血管紧张素系统对糖尿病内皮细胞损伤机制的研究

肾素血管紧张素系统(RASS)的效应分子为血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ),对内皮细胞及平滑肌细胞的功能具有重要的影响。血管紧张素II不仅影响血流动力学效应,还通过其血管紧张素1受体(AT1R)发挥强大的促氧化和促炎症反应的效应。在内皮细胞和白细胞中血管紧张素Ⅱ通过烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸盐(NADPH)氧化酶的激活和细胞内氧化还远信号传导系统从而促进脉管系统炎症反应的形成,血管紧张素Ⅱ和葡萄糖在内皮细胞和炎性细胞中还共享氧化还原信号传导通路,可见血管紧张素Ⅱ参与了炎症的反应、血栓的形成,通过刺激细胞因子和生长因子进行细胞的增值,血管紧张素Ⅱ的这些效应与胰岛素抵抗、氧化应激以及血管内皮细胞的损伤有着密切的联系,并且有研究显示应用RASS抑制剂可以有效地延缓心脑血管疾病的进展,这些证据显示抑制RASS系统在保护血管病变的重要性。     

Distinct mechanisms underlay DNA disintegration during apoptosis induced by genotoxic and nongenotoxic agents in neuroblastoma cells

Exposure of mouse NB-2a neuroblastoma cells to genotoxic (etoposide or cytosine arabinoside) or nongenotoxic challenges (serum deprivation or okadaic acid) resulted in progressive cell death with biochemical and morphological characteristics typical of apoptosis. Apoptotic cell death induced by nongenotoxic agents was associated with the disintegration of nuclear DNA into high molecular weight (HMW) and oligonucleosomal-DNA fragments, while the formation of HMW-DNA fragments, but not oligonucleosomal-DNA ladder accompanied apoptosis induced by genotoxic agents. Combination of genotoxic and nongenotoxic insults, i.e. incubation of etoposide-treated cells in the serum-free medium, resulted in an additive effect on the profile of DNA disintegration, which involved both HMW fragmentation pattern as in etoposide alone treated cells and the oligonucleosomal-DNA ladder observed with serum-deprived cells. On the other hand, incubation of serum-deprived cells in the presence of Zn²⁺-ions led to the abrogation of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation but accumulation of HMW-DNA fragments. Differences in the pattern of DNA fragmentation were reproducible in a cell free apoptotic system after treatment of isolated normal nuclei with cytosolic extracts prepared from the cells treated with genotoxic or nogenotoxic apoptotic inducers. Cell free experiments also revealed that activities responsible for the formation of HMW- and oligonucleosomal-DNA fragments are separable in cytosolic extract prepared from the serum-deprived cells. Finally, DNA fragmentation induced by nongenotoxic apoptotic inducers was effectively prevented by cycloheximide and suramin, while both cycloheximide and suramin had only a slight inhibitory effect on DNA fragmentation induced by genotoxic agents. The results presented suggest that distinct pathways underlay disintegration of nuclear DNA during apoptosis induced by genotoxic and nongenotoxic inducers, and that the formation of HMW- and oligonucleosomal-DNA fragments proceeds via separate mechanisms in NB-2a neuroblastoma cells.     

细胞衰老与衰老细胞

细胞衰老(cellular senescence)是一个应激导致细胞生长停滞的生理过程．一部分发生衰老的细胞会被机体自身清除,但另一些衰老的细胞会随着时间的推移在体内积累增多,并分泌一些免疫刺激因子,导致低水平炎症发生,引起周围组织衰老或癌变,这类具有特殊生物学特征和功能的细胞就是衰老细胞(senescent cell)．实验揭示,衰老细胞不仅是衰老过程的产物,也可能是组织器官进一步衰退的重要原因．近日,Baker等的一项研究成果(Nature,2011,479(7372)：232-236)表明,清除衰老细胞可延缓小鼠的衰老进程,该成果有望开辟出一条对抗衰老的新途径．