山东省急性出血性结膜炎病原学鉴定及其柯萨奇A24病毒基因特征分析

为明确2010年引起山东省青岛市、临沂市急性出血性结膜炎(Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis,AHC)流行的病原,采集26例患者的眼结膜拭子标本,分别采用实时荧光定量PCR(Real time-PCR)和细胞培养方法进行检测。Real time-PCR结果显示,17份标本柯萨奇病毒A组24型(Coxsackievirus A24,CVA24)阳性,阳性率为65.39%,肠道病毒70型(Enterovirus 70,EV70)和腺病毒均为阴性;使用Hep-2细胞共分离到10株病毒,通过VP1区基因扩增及核苷酸序列测定,10株病毒均鉴定为CVA24,同源性分析显示其核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为99.3%～100.0%和99.5%～100.0%,在系统进化树上聚集成一簇,本次分离的毒株与山东省急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例中分离到的毒株序列差异较大,分别属于5个不同的进化分支。提示CVA24可能为引起两地AHC流行的病原,且属于同一传播链。     

急性出血性结膜炎爆发中柯萨基病毒A_(24)变种的分离与鉴定

1988年7—11月湖北沙市出现了一次急性出血性结膜炎(红眼病)的爆发流行,市区发病率为7％,累计患者不少于1.7万人。用Hela细胞从38例典型红眼病患者眼拭中分离出病毒28株(74％),理化试验与电镜观察提示为肠道病毒,根据其生物学特性与特异性中和实验证明为柯萨基A组24型变种(CA24V)。检测的两个毒株中一株对乳鼠有致病性,而另一株无致病性。流行后红眼病48名患者恢复期血清CA24V特异性中和抗体阳性率(以≥1:4为阳性计)为81.2％,非红眼病对照血清阳性率为14.6％,差异极显著(P<0.01),结合流行病学与临床特征,认定是CA24V引起的AHC爆发流行。     

急性出血性结膜炎流行后居民中柯萨奇病毒A24变种抗体水平的变化

由柯萨奇病毒A24变种(CA24v)引起的急性出血性结膜炎(AHC)在沙市出现首次流行后半年与1年(即1989年春、秋季),从城市居民中采集了423份血清,用微量中和试验作了CA24v中和抗体与特异性IgM的检测。春季中和抗体阳性率为37.9％,特异性IgM阳性率为3.3％;秋季为48.8％与6.7％,并从感冒样病人中分离到1株CA24v,提示1989年秋季又有一次CA24v的传播过程。在年龄分布上,秋季中各年龄组抗体阳性率已无明显差异,提示经一年多的传播扩散,各年龄组的免疫水平已趋于接近,达到50％左右,并预测近期内本地将不会有CA24v引起的AHC流行。     

2010年浙江省部分地区急性出血性 结膜炎暴发疫情病原学研究

为查明引起2010年浙江省急性出血性结膜炎(AHC)暴发疫情的病因,并对病原进行分子溯源。本研究采用荧光RT-PCR方法直接从患者眼拭子样本中检测肠道病毒(EV)和柯萨奇病毒A24变异株(CA24v)核酸;用Hep-2细胞分离病毒,对阳性分离物提取病毒核酸后进行VP1全基因和3C蛋白酶区(3C)扩增和测序,同源性与进化分析。结果13份眼拭子样本中EV和CA24v核酸均阳性8份,分离到CA24v6株。选取4株病毒测序,获得VP1全长均为915个核苷酸(nt),3C区全长495nt,VP1和3C区均没有nt插入和缺失。2010年浙江4株CA24v分离株之间在3C区和VP1区核苷酸和氨基酸(aa)高度同源,2010年浙江CA24v分离株与原型株EH24/70在3C区的nt和aa同源性分别为85.2%～85.8%和96.2%～96.7%,与2002～2008年浙江、云南和广东CA24v株的同源性分别为93.4%～96.2%和96.7%～99.3%;浙江2010年CA24v株在3C区进化树的GⅣ基因亚型C4分枝上(GⅣ-C4),在VP1基因进化树的人类肠道病毒C组(EV-C)CA24v分枝上。研究表明引起2010年浙江省急性出血性结膜炎暴发流行的病原为CA24v,GⅣ基因亚型,与引起2002～2008年浙江AHC流行的CA24v株(GⅣ)具有密切的亲缘关系,推测CA24v病毒自2002年以来一直在本地低强度循环,2010年又导致了浙江AHC的暴发。     

2010年上海部分地区440例手足口病病例的病原谱及分子流行病学分析

本文旨在对上海部分地区2010年440例临床手足口病病例进行病原谱及分子流行病学特征分析,为上海地区手足口病防治工作提供依据.采集4所哨点医院440例手足口病病例的咽拭子、粪便和脑脊液标本,进行肠道病毒核酸检测、反转录-聚合酶链反应扩增、DNA测序和序列分子系统发生树分析.结果显示,引起手足口病的肠道病毒主要为肠道病毒...     

江西省2010年柯萨奇病毒A组24型变异株的全基因组序列分析

急性出血性结膜炎(Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis,AHC)是目前人类最常见的眼病之一,柯萨奇病毒A组24型变异株(Coxsackievirus A24 variant,CV-A24v)是近年来报道引起该病的主要病原体。本研究选取10株来自江西省2010年AHC暴发疫情的CV-A24v,采用特异性引物扩增并测定其全基因组序列。对该10条CV-A24v的全基因组序列进行系统发育分析以及重组分析,计算本研究测定的江西10条以及GenBank中所有22条CV-A24v的全基因组序列的氨基酸置换熵值,并预测其正向选择位点。结果表明,在江西10条CV-A24v基因组序列中未检测到重组。基于全基因组序列构建的最大似然树表明江西10株CV-A24v属于GIV基因型,且分处于两条传播链。对上述32条CV-A24v序列的氨基酸置换熵值计算,共得到25个易突变位点(熵值>0.6),易突变概率最高的区段为2A区。基于Datamonkey中FUBAR和FEL模型分析,发现位于结构蛋白VP2区的234位氨基酸为两种模型共同获得的CV-A24v的正向选择位点。本研究分析了江西10株CV-A24v的全基因组序列特征,为CV-A24v引起的AHC防控工作提供了基础资料。     

2007年北京地区儿童手足口病病原的初步筛查

2007年4～6月儿童手足口病流行期间,对北京地区51例皮损症状典型、伴/不伴发热、无重症合并症的手足口病患儿采样,建立RT-PCR方法,以5'非编码区(5'UTR)肠道病毒通用引物、CA16和EV71 VP1区特异性引物直接对82份临床标本进行了初步筛查,肠道病毒阳性率达70.6%。检测病例中CA16阳性25例(25/51)、EV71阳性4例(4/51)、非CA16和EV71的肠道病毒阳性病例7例(7/51),三者比例约为6:1:2。2007年北京地区儿童轻症手足口病主要病原包括CA16和EV71,同时还存在一定比例其它肠道病毒。部分EV71毒株经测序验证及系统进化分析显示为C4基因亚型。     

中国柯萨奇病毒A组16型部分VP1区序列测定及系统进化分析

利用1999～2004年连续6年从中国深圳及北京地区分离的柯萨奇病毒A组16型(Coxsackievirus A16,Cox．A16)毒株的部分VP1区基因序列进行分析和研究,试图找出中国Cox．A16的种系进化规律和分型依据。6株Cox．A16病毒部分VP1区核苷酸和氨基酸同源性均较高,相互间核苷酸同源性为94．5％～98．0％,氨基酸同源性为97．8％～100％。6株中国分离株与Cox．A16国际参考株相比,部分VP1区核苷酸同源性高于78．2％,氨基酸同源性高于为93．3％。基因系统进化分析表明,中国大陆分离的6株Cox．A16与中国台湾流行株Tainan-5079-98(AF177911),与4株日本分离株、瑞典株及美国株GA95—2095(AF081613)、PA94—5753(AF081628)的关系均较近,核苷酸同源性大于93．3％。了解我国Cox．A16流行株的遗传学背景和种系进化关系,对有效地预防和控制Cox．A16流行有重要意义。     

Genetic Characteristics of the Coxsackievirus A24 Variant Causing Outbreaks of Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis in Jiangsu,China, 2010

During September 2010, an outbreak of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis reemerged in Jiangsu, three years after the nationwide epidemic in China in 2007. In total, 2409 cases were reported, 2118 of which were reported in September; 79.8% of those affected were students or teachers, with a median age of 16 years. To identify and demonstrate the genetic characteristics of the etiological agent, 52 conjunctival swabs were randomly collected from four different cities. After detection and isolation, 43 patients were positive for coxsackievirus A24 variant according to PCR and 20 according to culture isolation. Neither adenovirus nor EV70 was detected. A phylogenetic study of the complete 3Cpro and VP1 regions showed that the Jiangsu isolates clustered into a new lineage, GIV-C5, with two uniform amino-acid mutations that distinguished them from all previous strains. Another new cluster, GIV-C4, formed by Indian isolates from 2007 and Brazilian isolates from 2009, was also identified in this study. Interestingly, our isolates shared greatest homology with the GIV-C4 strains, not with the isolates that were responsible for the nationwide acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis epidemic in China in 2007. Although all our isolates were closely related, they could be differentiated into two subclusters within GIV-C5. In conclusion, our study suggests that a new cluster of coxsackievirus A24 variant that had already evolved into diverse strains was associated with the acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis outbreaks in Jiangsu in September 2010. These viruses might have originated from the virus isolated in India in 2007, rather than from the epidemic strains isolated in China in 2007.     

Molecular Epidemiology and Phylogenetic Analysis of Human Adenovirus Caused an Outbreak in Taiwan during 2011

An outbreak of adenovirus has been surveyed in Taiwan in 2011. To better understand the evolution and epidemiology of adenovirus in Taiwan, full-length sequence of hexon and fiber coapsid protein was analyzed using series of phylogenetic and dynamic evolution tools. Six different serotypes were identified in this outbreak and the species B was predominant (HAdV-3, 71.50%; HAdV-7, 15.46%). The most frequent diagnosis was acute tonsillitis (54.59%) and bronchitis (47.83%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that hexon protein gene sequences were highly conserved for HAdV-3 and HAdV-7 circulation in Taiwan. However, comparison of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and phylogenetic trees of fiber gene in HAdV-7 clearly indicated that the predominant genotype in Taiwan has shifted from 7b to 7d. Several positive selection sites were observed in hexon protein. The estimated nucleotide substitution rates of hexon protein of HAdV-3 and HAdV-7 were 0.234×10^-3 substitutions/site/year (95% HPD: 0.387~0.095×10^-3) and 1.107×10^-3 (95% HPD: 0. 541~1.604) respectively; those of the fiber protein of HAdV-3 and HAdV-7 were 1.085×10^-3 (95% HPD: 1.767~0.486) and 0.132×10^-3 (95% HPD: 0.283~0.014) respectively. Phylodynamic analysis by Bayesian skyline plot (BSP) suggested that using individual gene to evaluate the effective population size might possibly cause miscalculation. In summary, the virus evolution is ongoing, and continuous surveillance of this virus evolution will contribute to the control of the epidemic.     

Molecular analysis of Coxsackievirus A24 variant isolates from three outbreaks of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in 1988, 1994 and 2007 in Beijing,China

Coxsackievirus A24 variant (CVA24v) is a major pathogen that causes continued outbreaks and pandemics of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC). In China, the first confirmed outbreak of CVA24v-related AHC occurred in Beijing in 1988, followed by another two significant outbreaks respectively in 1994 and 2007, which coincides with the three-stage dynamic distribution of AHC in the world after 1970s. To illustrate the genetic characteristics of CVA24v in different periods, a total of 23 strains were isolated from those three outbreaks and the whole genome of those isolations were sequenced and analyzed. Compared with the prototype strain, the 23 strains shared four nucleotide deletions in the 5' UTR except the 0744 strain isolated in 2007. And at the 98th site, one nucleotide insertion was found in all the strains collected from 2007. From 1994 to 2007, amino acid polarity in the VP1 region at the 25th and the 32nd site were changed. Both the 3C and VP1 phylogenetic tree indicated that isolates from 1988 and 1994 belonged to Genotype III (GIII), and 2007 strains to Genotype IV (GIV). According to the Bayesian analysis based on complete genome sequence, the most recent common ancestors for the isolates in 1988, 1994 and 2007 were respectively estimated around October 1987, February 1993 and December 2004. The evolutionary rate of the CVA24v was estimated to be 7.45×10^-3 substitutions/site/year. Our study indicated that the early epidemic of CVA24v in Chinese mainland was the GIII. Point mutations and amino acid changes in different genotypes of CVA24v may generate intensity differences of the AHC outbreak. CVA24v has been evolving constantly with a relatively rapid rate.     

Outbreak in Bristol of Conjunctivitis Caused by Adenovirus Type 8, and its Epidemiology and Control

In an investigation of an outbreak of adenovirus type 8 infection involving over 40 people it was found that the infection spread initially within the eye hospital, but subsequently involved several family contacts and two local hospitals for mentally subnormal patients. Presumptive diagnosis should be possible before subepithelial opacities have developed provided an adequate history is taken, and had that been done in this outbreak it is reasonable to suppose that many cases could have been prevented.     

2种块菌的物种分子鉴定与系统地位分析

以采自内蒙古贺兰山地区的2种块菌为实验材料,分别运用形态学和分子生物学方法进行物种鉴定,并通过与GenBank数据库信息比对,利用Mega5.1软件构建系统进化树,分析其进化关系并确定2种块菌的进化地位。结果表明:两菌株子囊果都为地下生;其中,菌株order-a为灰黄色,近球形到不规则形,较硬,表面被覆微绒毛;菌株tuber-b呈黄褐色,质地均匀,表面有疣状物,顶端呈凹陷状,全株带有干果般特殊的香气。经分子生物学方法分析认为菌株order-a为块菌属的一种,tuber-b为冬块菌(Tuber brumale),并初步确定为内蒙古新记录种。     

Phylogenetic Analysis of Enterovirus 71 Circulating in Beijing,China from 2007 to 2009

The major pathogens of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Beijing, China from 2007 to 2009 were identified in this study. A total of 186 HFMD cases were included, and 136 cases (73%) were positive for enterovirus (EV). In 2007, 75% (27/36) were Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) positive and 19% (7/36) were Enterovirus 71 (EV71) positive cases. However, EV71 was the predominant virus in 2008, when 56% (31/55) of the cases were positive for EV71 and 22% (12/55) were positive for CA16. In 2009, EV71 and CA16, with positive rates of 36% (16/45) and 29% (13/45), respectively, were still the major pathogens of HFMD. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the dominant genotype of EV71 was C4, with co-circulation of genotype A in 2009. The prevalent cluster of the EV71 subgenotype C4 changed over time. A proposed new sublineage of EV71, C4a-2, was the predominant virus associated with the Beijing and nationwide HFMD outbreaks since 2008 and amino acid substitution, which possibly link to the central nervous system tropism of EV71, was found in genotype A viruses. Persistent surveillance of HFMD-associated pathogens is required for predicting potential emerging viruses and related disease outbreaks.     

Rates of Molecular Evolution in RNA Viruses: A Quantitative Phylogenetic Analysis

The study of rates of nucleotide substitution in RNA viruses is central to our understanding of their evolution. Herein we report a comprehensive analysis of substitution rates in 50 RNA viruses using a recently developed maximum likelihood phylogenetic method. This analysis revealed a significant relationship between genetic divergence and isolation time for an extensive array of RNA viruses, although more rate variation was usually present among lineages than would be expected under the constraints of a molecular clock. Despite the lack of a molecular clock, the range of statistically significant variation in overall substitution rates was surprisingly narrow for those viruses where a significant relationship between genetic divergence and time was found, as was the case when synonymous sites were considered alone, where the molecular clock was rejected less frequently. An analysis of the ecological and genetic factors that might explain this rate variation revealed some evidence of significantly lower substitution rates in vector-borne viruses, as well as a weak correlation between rate and genome length. Finally, a simulation study revealed that our maximum likelihood estimates of substitution rates are valid, even if the molecular clock is rejected, provided that sufficiently large data sets are analyzed. Received: 23 February 2001 / Accepted: 3 July 2001