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1.
直翅目昆虫线粒体基因组研究进展   总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1  
黄原  刘念  卢慧甍 《昆虫学报》2010,53(5):581-586
本文总结了本实验室对40余种直翅目昆虫的线粒体基因组序列的研究方法和主要结果.直翅目线粒体基因组研究中最重要的发现包括:(1)在直翅目昆虫线粒体基因组中发现了3种基因排列次序.蝗亚目除蜢总科外都具有DK排列.蜢总科的变色乌蜢为KD 排列,与蝗亚目其他总科不同,而与螽亚目昆虫的排序方式相同.已测出的螽亚目大多数昆虫的KD 排列顺序与典型节肢动物的完全相同,但在黄脸油葫芦Teleogryllus emma发生了tRNAGlu,tRNASer和tRNAAsn的倒置;(2)在疑钩额螽Ruspolia dubia中发现了一种到目前为止具有最短控制区(70 bp)的线粒体基因组;(3)采用多种方法分析了昆虫A+T富集区存在的调控序列和二级结构特征,获得了昆虫A+T富集区保守序列的一致结构.采用Z曲线分析蝗虫的A+T富集区,表明也存在与原核生物复制起点类似的信号;(4)构建了30种蝗虫12S rRNA和16S rRNA的二级结构.在昆虫线粒体基因组非编码链中发现了一些类tRNA结构和tRNA异构体;(5)构建了基于线粒体基因组数据的直翅目昆虫主要亚科以上分类单元之间的系统发育关系.  相似文献   

2.
吸虱是真兽类哺乳动物体表的专性寄生虫,在全世界广泛分布,物种数量高达540种。近年来随着分子生物学的飞速发展,在NCBI中已收录15种吸虱线粒体基因组序列,其独特的非典型线粒体基因组发生剧烈的裂化现象,形成数目不等的微环染色体。本文综述了15种吸虱线粒体基因组的结构和组成、RNA基因、非编码区以及对吸虱祖先线粒体核型推测的方法和结果。探讨了不同种属间以及与其它昆虫的差异,提出今后对吸虱亚目线粒体基因组研究的展望。  相似文献   

3.
动物线粒体基因组研究进展   总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14       下载免费PDF全文
对动物线粒体分子生物学的最新研究进展进行了较详细的阐述.从线粒体基因组(mtDNA)的研究背景出发,重点介绍了动物线粒体基因组的组成和结构特点,以及目前动物mtDNA与核基因组的关系、线粒体基因的遗传、起源和进化研究中的热点问题.  相似文献   

4.
对双翅目昆虫线粒体基因组的结构特点及线粒体内的基因如蛋白质编码基因、tRNA基因、rRNA基因以及A+T富含区做了总结,包括基因的大小,碱基组成、结构特点、基因重排等.  相似文献   

5.
[目的]动物典型的单一染色体线粒体基因组在甲胁虱属Hoplopleura已裂化成多个线粒体微环染色体.本研究旨在通过测定太平洋甲胁虱Hoplopleura pacifica的线粒体基因组来推测甲胁虱属祖先线粒体核型.[方法]利用Illumina HiSeq X Ten高通量测序技术对太平洋甲胁虱裂化线粒体基因组进行测定...  相似文献   

6.
蜱螨线粒体基因组研究进展   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
袁明龙  王进军 《昆虫学报》2012,55(4):472-481
蜱螨亚纲包括蜱类和螨类, 是节肢动物中物种多样性最高的类群之一。本文综述了当前已测序的28种蜱螨线粒体基因组的研究成果。概括起来, 蜱螨线粒体基因组具有以下特点: (1)大小变异显著, 其中柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri线粒体基因组在目前已测节肢动物中最小(13 077 bp); (2)一般碱基组成偏向A和T, 但6种蜱螨具有相反的GC-偏斜(正值); (3)基因组的碱基组成及A+T富集区的位置、 长度和拷贝数等变异显著, 其中4种叶螨的A+T含量最高, 其A+T富集区在目前已测节肢动物中最短(44~57 bp); (4)基因高度重排, 特别是真螨总目的种类, 但重排与高分类阶元无相关性; (5)真螨总目部分螨类的tRNA基因极度缩短, 不能形成经典的三叶草二级结构。作者建议要进一步测定更多蜱螨的线粒体基因组, 验证蜱螨非典型tRNA基因的生物学功能性, 分析蜱螨线粒体基因组的分子进化机制, 开展蜱螨线粒体转录组研究等。  相似文献   

7.
鞘翅目昆虫线粒体基因组研究进展   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
聂瑞娥  杨星科 《昆虫学报》2014,57(7):860-868
鞘翅目(Coleoptera)是世界上最具多样性的类群,具有很高的生态和形态多样性,这些多样性吸引了很多进化生物学家和分类学家的关注。随着分子生物学的发展,分子生物学技术广泛应用于鞘翅目系统学的研究,但随着研究的深入,简单的分子片段已经不能满足研究的需求,需要发掘更新的分子标记。近年来,线粒体全基因组已经成为鞘翅目分子系统学研究中很重要的分子标记之一,并广泛地应用于鞘翅目昆虫各个阶元的研究中。本文就鞘翅目线粒体全基因组的概况、研究进展及存在问题进行了总结和讨论。目前,鞘翅目线粒体基因组的研究主要包括物种线粒体基因组组成与结构、分子系统学和分子进化等方面。线粒体基因组在解决系统发育和进化方面表现出了很多的优越性,然而也存在着一些缺点,如序列难获得、基因类型单一、各基因进化速率不同、应用较局限等。  相似文献   

8.
植绥螨科属于囊螨总科,大部分植绥螨为害螨、害虫的重要天敌,在农业生产上具有重要的应用价值。其线粒体基因组具有独特特征,引起了生物学家的广泛关注。本文就植绥螨科线粒体基因组的结构、非编码区、碱基组成、基因重排和tRNA的特征进行综述,其特征有:(1)植绥螨科中发现了螯肢动物最大的线粒体基因组;(2)植绥螨科线粒体基因组非编码区的AT含量差异大,编码区的AT含量差异小;(3)植绥螨科线粒体基因组均发生了不同程度的的基因重排;(4)已测定的植绥螨科部分物种tRNA基因二级结构出现了截短和碱基错配的现象,部分物种的线粒体基因组出现反密码子突变的情况。在今后的研究中应进一步测定植绥螨科关键类群的线粒体基因组,深入分析植绥螨科出现大量基因重排的原因,以期能反映植绥螨科的真实进化历程。  相似文献   

9.
中气门亚目(Mesostigmata)是寄螨总目(Parasitiformes)中物种多样性最为丰富的类群,全世界大约有11 424种。线粒体基因组是存在于真核生物中的重要遗传物质,因其具有分子量相对较小、突变率高、呈母系遗传及在细胞中拷贝数量多等特点,已成为研究系统发育关系最具价值的分子标记。本文对中气门亚目已测序物种的线粒体基因组结构、非编码区、碱基组成、基因重排、 tRNA基因和rRNA基因特征进行综述,发现中气门亚目物种的碱基组成呈明显的AT偏倚性,部分物种的线粒体基因组发生了不同程度的重排,有些物种具有截短的tRNA。进一步分析了中气门亚目物种线粒体基因组独特的结构特征和变异情况,总结了中气门亚目不同科属间线粒体基因组的差异。根据现有的线粒体基因组数据和分析方法阐明了中气门亚目物种的系统发育关系。研究结果有助于深入了解中气门亚目物种的具体进化历程,对推动中气门亚目物种线粒体基因组学、种群遗传学及分子系统学的研究具有重要意义。  相似文献   

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啮总目包括啮虫目(皮虱和书虱)和虱目(羽虱和吸虱),是农业和医学等领域具有重要经济意义和研究价值的类群,目前已鉴定和描述的物种超过10 000个。啮总目昆虫线粒体基因组的变异性在昆虫各类群中最为剧烈,这些变异包括基因组的结构、基因排序、基因含量和链上分布等诸多方面。本文全面分析和总结了啮总目昆虫裂化线粒体基因组的进化属性,并结合两侧对称动物线粒体基因组的裂化特征重构了线粒体基因组环裂化的过程。引入“线粒体基因组核型”的概念来描述动物线粒体基因组丰富的变异程度。动物线粒体的染色体有减小的趋势,而线粒体基因组的裂化正是体现这种趋势的一种重要策略。同时,总结和探讨了目前具有争议的啮总目主要类群间的系统发育关系。本综述为啮总目昆虫线粒体基因组学、啮总目系统发生关系以及两侧对称动物线粒体基因组进化模式的研究提供一个新的视角。  相似文献   

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Chromosome size and morphology vary within and among species, but little is known about the proximate or ultimate causes of these differences. Cichlid fish species in the tribe Oreochromini share an unusual giant chromosome that is ∼3 times longer than the other chromosomes. This giant chromosome functions as a sex chromosome in some of these species. We test two hypotheses of how this giant sex chromosome may have evolved. The first hypothesis proposes that it evolved by accumulating repetitive elements as recombination was reduced around a dominant sex determination locus, as suggested by canonical models of sex chromosome evolution. An alternative hypothesis is that the giant sex chromosome originated via the fusion of an autosome with a highly repetitive B chromosome, one of which carried a sex determination locus. We test these hypotheses using comparative analysis of chromosome-scale cichlid and teleost genomes. We find that the giant sex chromosome consists of three distinct regions based on patterns of recombination, gene and transposable element content, and synteny to the ancestral autosome. The WZ sex determination locus encompasses the last ∼105 Mb of the 134-Mb giant chromosome. The last 47 Mb of the giant chromosome shares no obvious homology to any ancestral chromosome. Comparisons across 69 teleost genomes reveal that the giant sex chromosome contains unparalleled amounts of endogenous retroviral elements, immunoglobulin genes, and long noncoding RNAs. The results favor the B chromosome fusion hypothesis for the origin of the giant chromosome.  相似文献   

14.
    
Why is there such a large variation in size and noncoding DNA content among organelle genomes? One explanation is that this genomic variation results from differences in the rates of organelle mutation and random genetic drift, as opposed to being the direct product of natural selection. Along these lines, the mutational hazard hypothesis (MHH) holds that ‘excess’ DNA is a mutational liability (because it increases the potential for harmful mutations) and, thus, has a greater tendency to accumulate in an organelle system with a low mutation rate as opposed to one with a high rate of mutation. Various studies have explored this hypothesis and, more generally, the relationship between organelle genome architecture and the mode and efficiency of organelle DNA repair. Although some of these investigations are in agreement with the MHH, others have contradicted it; nevertheless, they support a central role of mutation, DNA maintenance pathways and random genetic drift in fashioning organelle chromosomes. Arguably, one of the most important contributions of the MHH is that it has sparked crucial, widespread discussions about the importance of nonadaptive processes in genome evolution.  相似文献   

15.
Since the endosymbiont origin from α-Proteobacteria, mitochondrial genomes have undergone extremely divergent evolutionary trajectories among eukaryotic lineages. Compared with the relatively compact and conserved animal mitochondrial genomes, plant mitochondrial genomes have many unique features, especially their large and complex genomic arrangements. The sizes of fully sequenced plant mitochondrial genomes span over a 100-fold range from 66 kb in Viscum scurruloideum to 11 000 kb in Silene conica. In addition to the typical circular structure, some species of plants also possess linear, and even multichromosomal, architectures. In contrast with the thousands of fully sequenced animal mitochondrial genomes and plant plastid genomes, only around 200 fully sequenced land plant mitochondrial genomes have been published, with many being only draft assemblies. In this review, we summarize some of the known novel characteristics found in plant mitochondrial genomes, with special emphasis on multichromosomal structures described in recent publications. Finally, we discuss the future prospects for studying the inheritance patterns of multichromosomal plant mitochondria and examining architectural variation at different levels of taxonomic organization—including at the population level.  相似文献   

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The phylogenetic positions of bryophytes and charophytes, together with their genome features, are important for understanding early land plant evolution. Here we report the complete nucleotide sequence (105,340 bp) of the circular-mapping mitochondrial DNA of the moss Physcomitrella patens. Available evidence suggests that the multipartite structure of the mitochondrial genome in flowering plants does not occur in Physcomitrella. It contains genes for 3 rRNAs (rnl, rns, and rrn5), 24 tRNAs, and 42 conserved mitochondrial proteins (14 ribosomal proteins, 4 ccm proteins, 9 nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunits, 5 ATPase subunits, 2 succinate dehydrogenase subunits, apocytochrome b, 3 cytochrome oxidase subunits, and 4 other proteins). We estimate that 5 tRNA genes are missing that might be encoded by the nuclear genome. The overall mitochondrial genome structure is similar in Physcomitrella, Chara vulgaris, Chaetosphaeridium globosum, and Marchantia polymorpha, with easily identifiable inversions and translocations. Significant synteny with angiosperm and chlorophyte mitochondrial genomes was not detected. Phylogenetic analysis of 18 conserved proteins suggests that the moss-liverwort clade is sister to angiosperms, which is consistent with a previous analysis of chloroplast genes but is not consistent with some analyses using mitochondrial sequences. In Physcomitrella, 27 introns are present within 16 genes. Nine of its intron positions are shared with angiosperms and 4 with Marchantia, which in turn shares only one intron position with angiosperms. The phylogenetic analysis as well as the syntenic structure suggest that the mitochondrial genomes of Physcomitrella and Marchantia retain prototype features among land plant mitochondrial genomes.  相似文献   

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The taxonomy and phylogeny of Penaeoidea have long been fraught with controversy. Here, we carried out the first mitochondrial phylogenomic analysis on all the penaeoid families and tribes, including nine newly sequenced and 14 published mitogenomes, towards elucidating the phylogeny and evolutionary history of Penaeoidea. All these nine mitogenomes exhibit the pancrustacean ground pattern, except that Benthonectes filipes contains two additional clusters of tRNAAla, tRNAArg and tRNAAsn and an uncommon noncoding region. The resulted phylogenetic tree is generally well resolved with Benthesicymidae sister to Aristeidae, forming a clade with Solenoceridae. Contrary to traditional classification, this clade has a sister relationship with the tribe Penaeini of the family Penaeidae. The family Sicyoniidae is deeply nested within the penaeid tribe Trachypenaeini which forms a sister clade with the remaining penaeid tribe, Parapenaeini. As the family Penaeidae is recovered to be polyphyletic, the three tribes in Penaeidae are all elevated to familial status. On the other hand, the family Sicyoniidae is retained to accommodate Trachypenaeini because they are now synonyms and the former name is more senior. This work is the first molecular analysis concurring with the latest findings in fossil assessments showing that Parapeaneini is the most primitive in Penaeoidae. Our results also illustrate a shallow‐water origin and an onshore–offshore evolutionary shift in penaeoid shrimps.  相似文献   

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