桂枝汤对胃H,K—ATP酶活力的影响及对消炎痛引起胃H,K—ATP酶抑…

中药桂枝汤在整体水平上能极其显著的激活胃Ｈ,Ｋ－ＡＴＰ酶的活力,而离体水平上对该酶呈现明显抑制效应,消炎痛在整体和离体水平上均对胃Ｈ,Ｋ－ＡＴＰ酶呈现抑制作用,。桂枝汤在整体水平上对消炎痛引起胃Ｈ,Ｋ－ＡＴＰ酶的抑制作用有保护效应,这些结果提示桂枝汤可能通过机体整体调节实现其提高胃Ｈ,Ｋ－ＡＴＰ酶活力作用的,从而在Ｈ,Ｋ－ＡＴＰ酶水平上初步阐述了中药桂枝汤调整胃功能的可能作用机理,而且也为扩充桂枝     

消炎痛对猪胃H＋／K＋—ATP酶质子转运功能的抑制

作为猪胃Ｈ＋／Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的非竞争性抑制剂,消炎痛明显抑制Ｈ＋／Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ泡囊的质子转运功能,造成质子泄漏。在０．１５ｍｇ／ｍｌ蛋白深度下,４％的消炎痛结合于Ｈ＋／Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ泡囊上。它能渗入膜脂相并显著降低膜的流动性。并使Ｈ＋／Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ内源荧光受到淬灭。从实验结果看来,消炎痛对猪胃Ｈ＋／Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ质子转运功能的抑制来自对酶蛋白和膜结构影响两个方面,而非仅抑制     

Mg~（2＋）对线粒体H~＋－ATP酶的阿霉素敏感性的拮抗效应──H~＋－AT

用生物膜的拆离与重建技术,研究了Ｍｇ２＋对阿霉素（Ａｄｒｉａｍｙｃｉｎ,ＡＤＭ）抑制猪心线粒体Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶及其重建脂酶体（Ｌ·Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶）活性的影响。用胆酸盐透析方法将Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶在大豆磷脂脂质体上重建。实验结果表明,重建Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶的ＡＤＭ的敏感性较仅纯化而未重建者明显增加,这提示ＡＤＭ的抑制作用依赖于磷脂。但是,在有Ｍｇ２＋（１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）条件下重建的Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶对ＡＤＭ的敏感性较无Ｍｇ２＋者却又显著降低,这提示Ｍｇ２＋对ＡＤＭ抑制线粒体Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶的作用具有拮抗效应。Ｍｇ２＋的这种拮抗效应是与其在透析重建Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶过程中诱导脂酶体的磷脂的物理状态的改变相关的。所得实验结果对于阐明ＡＤＭ抑制线粒体Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶的作用机理与磷脂的相关性提供了较直接的实验证据。     

Mg~（2＋）对线粒体H~＋－ATP酶的阿霉素敏感性的拮抗效应──H~＋－AT

用生物膜的拆离与重建技术,研究了Ｍｇ２＋对阿霉素（Ａｄｒｉａｍｙｃｉｎ,ＡＤＭ）抑制猪心线粒体Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶及其重建脂酶体（Ｌ·Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶）活性的影响。用胆酸盐透析方法将Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶在大豆磷脂脂质体上重建。实验结果表明,重建Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶的ＡＤＭ的敏感性较仅纯化而未重建者明显增加,这提示ＡＤＭ的抑制作用依赖于磷脂。但是,在有Ｍｇ２＋（１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）条件下重建的Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶对ＡＤＭ的敏感性较无Ｍｇ２＋者却又显著降低,这提示Ｍｇ２＋对ＡＤＭ抑制线粒体Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶的作用具有拮抗效应。Ｍｇ２＋的这种拮抗效应是与其在透析重建Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶过程中诱导脂酶体的磷脂的物理状态的改变相关的。所得实验结果对于阐明ＡＤＭ抑制线粒体Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶的作用机理与磷脂的相关性提供了较直接的实验证据。     

消炎痛对猪胃H~＋／K~＋－ATP_（ase）抑制的动力学

消炎痛作为一种可引起胃粘膜急性病变的药物,用分离提纯的猪胃Ｈ＋／Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ证明,它可以显著的抑制此酶的活力,０．１ｍｇ／ｍＬ时即可抑制酶活力２７％,０．５ｍｇ／ｍＬ时可抑制全部活力,其Ｋ（０．５）为０．１８ｍｇ／ｍＬ。消炎痛对Ｈ＋／Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的抑制随３０℃时预保温时间的延长而加剧,１０ｍｉｎ预保温可抑制总活力的５０％。消炎痛并不影响Ｈ＋／Ｋ＋－ＴＡＰａｓｅ的转换温度（３９℃）以及最适ｐＨ（约ｐＨ７．５）,但酸性条件下消炎痛对Ｈ＋／Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ抑制比碱性条件下强烈。在我们的实验条件下,消炎痛对Ｈ＋／Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的抑制与Ｈ＋／Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ量成正比,它不影响酶的Ｋｍ值（０．１１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）,而是显著降低Ｖｍａｘ,因而它是此酶的可逆性非竞争性抑制剂,其Ｋｉ为０．３２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ。     

消炎痛对猪胃H^＋／K^＋—ATP抑制的动力学

消炎痛作为一种要引起胃粘膜急性病变的药物,用分离提纯的猪胃Ｈ＾＋／Ｋ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ证明,它可以显著的抑制此酶的活力,０．１ｍｇ／ｍＬ时即可抑制酶活力２７％,０．５ｍｇ／ｍＬ时可抑制全部活力,其Ｋ０．５为０．１８ｍｇ／ｍＬ。消炎痛对Ｈ＾＋／Ｋ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的抑制随３０℃时预保温时间的延长而加剧,１０ｍｉｎ预保温可抑制总活力的５０％。消炎痛并不影响Ｈ＾＋／Ｋ＾＋－ＴＡＰａｓｅ的转换温度以及最适     

Mg~（2＋）促进线粒体H~＋－ATP酶的重建机理──H~＋－ATP酶复合体亚基水平的研究

用专一性标记蛋白质巯基（－ＳＨ）的荧光探剂ａｃｒｙｌｏｄａｎ测定含Ｍｇ２＋的Ｆ０－ＡＴＰ酶或Ｆ０－ＯＳＣＰ－Ｆ１－ＡＴＰ酶的脂酶体的构象与无Ｍｇ２＋者明显不同,前者的蛋白质的－ＳＨ基团处于疏水性更强的微环境中;在有Ｍｇ２＋和ＯＳＣＰ同时存在下重建的Ｆ０－Ｆ１－ＡＴＰ酶脂酶体较无ＯＳＣＰ者表现更高的水解活力或膜电位,表明ＯＳＣＰ增强Ｍｇ２＋的促进作用,这进一步提示Ｍｇ２＋通过改变膜脂的物理状态促进线粒体Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶重建的间接作用。这些实验结果,从线粒体Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶复合体的亚基水平的相关性上,对于我们提出的Ｍｇ２＋通过改变膜脂的物理状态使之具有合适的流动性,诱导嵌入脂双层的Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶复合体的Ｆ０的构象发生变化并传递至复合体的催化中心Ｆ１,从而使重建Ｆ１－Ｆ０－ＡＴＰ酶具有较适合的蛋白构象,表现较高的重建酶活性的假设提供了直接的实验证据,精确地阐明了Ｍｇ２＋促进线粒体Ｆ０－Ｆ１－ＡＴＰ酶重建作用的分子机理。     

经渗透胁迫高梁根的质膜囊泡K~＋_－ATP酶及其运输特征

经ＰＥＧ－１０００处理的高粱根,用不连续蔗糖密度梯度制备获得反转密闭的纯化质膜囊泡,显示一种特殊的ＡＴＰ酶活力,它不同于Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶,其最适ＰＨ为７．５,具有高ＡＴＰ亲和力和较低的Ｋ＋转运能力。环己酰亚胺和钒酸钠能抑制其活力,表明它是新合成的Ｐ－型ＡＴＰ酶。     

SeO_3~（2－）及SeO_3~（2－）和半胱氨酸或还原型谷胱甘肽联用对牛脑V

Ｓｅ_３~（２－）对牛脑Ｖ型质子转运ＡＴＰ酶复合体活力呈现明显的抑制作用。这种抑制作用具有对剂量和预保温时间的依赖关系,且不被稀释效应所恢复,但过量的ＤＴＴ可去除这种抑制作用。半胱氨酸对这种抑制作用呈双功能效应。低浓度时促进抑制作用,高浓度时部分恢复抑制作用。还原型谷胱甘肽与半胱氨酸有类似效应。但促进抑制作用没有半胱氨酸强,而恢复抑制作用却较半胱氨酸强。ＳＤＳ聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和放射自显影图谱表明,ＳｅＯ_３~（２－）和半脱氨酸优先结合在７０ｋＤ亚基上。并且验证了ＡＴＰ酶复合体的－ＳＨ基和ＳｅＯ_３~（２－）及半胱氨酸的－ＳＨ基以－Ｓ－Ｓｅ－Ｓ－键相连接。根据上述结果,讨论了７０ｋＤ亚基的－ＳＨ基及其相关的结构域涉及到ＡＴＰ酶的活性中心,７０ｋＤ亚基可能是ＡＴＰ酶复合体的水解活性亚基。     

鸭肫平滑肌肌球蛋白的提纯及其ATP酶性质的研究

从鸭肫肌肉中分离纯化了平滑肌肌球蛋白,并对平滑肌肌球蛋白分子的亚单位组成和平滑肌肌球蛋白的ＡＴＰ酶性质进行了分析研究。鸭肫平滑肌肌蛋白的Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活力与溶液的离子强度有关。在低于０．２０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＫＣＬ浓度时,酶活力很低;大于０．３０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＫＣＬ浓度时,酶活力较高,Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶有两个最适ｐＨ值。Ｋ＾＋／ＥＤＴＡ－ＡＴＰ酶活力随ＫＣＬ浓度升高而增加。肌动蛋白激活的磷酸化肌球     

Direct activation of gastric H,K-ATPase by N-terminal protein kinase C phosphorylation. Comparison of the acute regulation mechanisms of H,K-ATPase and Na,K-ATPase

In this study we compared the protein kinase dependent regulation of gastric H,K-ATPase and Na,K-ATPase. The protein kinase A/protein kinase C (PKA/PKC) phosphorylation profile of H,K-ATPase was very similar to the one found in the Na,K-ATPase. PKC phosphorylation was taking place in the N-terminal part of the alpha-subunit with a stoichiometry of approximately 0.6 mol Pi/mole alpha-subunit. PKA phosphorylation was in the C-terminal part and required detergent, as is also found for the Na,K-ATPase. The stoichiometry of PKA-induced phosphorylation was approximately 0.7 mol Pi/mole alpha-subunit. Controlled proteolysis of the N-terminus abolished PKC phosphorylation of native H,K-ATPase. However, after detergent treatment additional C-terminal PKC sites became exposed located at the beginning of the M5M6 hairpin and at the cytoplasmic L89 loop close to the inner face of the plasma membrane. N-terminal PKC phosphorylation of native H,K-ATPase alpha-subunit was found to stimulate the maximal enzyme activity by 40-80% at saturating ATP, depending on pH. Thus, a direct modulation of enzyme activity by PKC phosphorylation could be demonstrated that may be additional to the well-known regulation of acid secretion by recruitment of H,K-ATPase to the apical membranes of the parietal cells. Moreover, a distinct difference in the regulation of H,K-ATPase and Na,K-ATPase is the apparent absence of any small regulatory proteins associated with the H,K-ATPase.     

Effect of mineralocorticoids on the Na, K-ATPase activity of the rat brain

The effect of desoxycorticosterone (DOC) on Na, K-ATPase activity was studied in vivo and in vitro on microsomal rat brain fractions. An hour after intramuscular administration of DOC a noticeable increase in the enzyme activity was observed. Preincubation of microsomal brain fractions with 5 and 15 mkg/ml of DOC caused a decrease in Na, K-ATPase activity, with the results evident 3-5 minutes after the addition of the hormone into the incubation medium. The idea of a two-phase hormonal effect is suggested. It is likely that desoxycorticosterone effect is realized both by the direct influence, on Na, K-ATPase of the brain plasma membrane and by the influence on the biosynthesis.     

Disulfide cross-linking of H,K-ATPase opens Cl- conductance, triggering proton uptake in gastric vesicles. Studies with specific inhibitors

An S-S cross-linking reagent, Cu2+-o-phenanthroline, increased the 36Cl-/Cl- exchange rate across the hog gastric vesicle membrane, which contains H,K-ATPase, but did not affect the 86Rb+/Rb+ exchange rate. The results show that closed Cl- conductance can be opened by S-S cross-linking. Gastric vesicles with opened Cl- conductance could take up H+ upon addition of MgATP without prolonged preincubation in a solution containing K+. Preincubation of gastric vesicles with picoprazole, which is a specific inhibitor of H,K-ATPase and binds to 100-kDa polypeptides of the enzyme, dose dependently inhibited opening of the Cl- conductance by Cu2+-o-phenanthroline, indicating that the Cl- conductance is part of the function of the H,K-ATPase. The effect of picoprazole was greater at alkaline pH than at acidic pH. Another H,K-ATPase inhibitor, 2-[2-(3,5-dimethyl-4-methoxy)-pyridylmethylsulfinyl] (5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl)-benzimidazole (H compound), had a similar but stronger effect on the Cl- conductance than that of picoprazole. A pungent ingredient of curry, allylisothiocyanate, caused similar pH-dependent inhibition to that of picoprazole. However, another substituted benzimidazole, omeprazole, did not inhibit Cl- conductance. Substituted benzimidazoles, such as picoprazole, H compound, and omeprazole, inhibited the H,K-ATPase activity progressively with a decrease in pH of the medium. This pH dependence was the reverse of that in inhibition of Cl- conductance, suggesting that the inhibitory site of Cl- conductance is different from that of the H,K-ATPase activity and that the conformational states of the two sites change in different ways with change in pH of the medium.     

The Cl- channel in hog gastric vesicles is part of the function of H,K-ATPase

Hog gastric vesicles showed Cl- conductance when treated with Cu2+-o-phenanthroline, an S-S cross-linking reagent. An IgG monoclonal antibody caused dose-dependent inhibition of Cl- conductance that had been induced by S-S cross-linking. The antibody did not cause intervesicular aggregation, as determined by measurement of vesicle size. These results show that Cl- conductance, the stimulation and inhibition of which are regulated reversibly by S-S----2SH transformation, is due to native, physiological channels. The antibody also dose dependently inhibited the activities of H,K-ATPase and p-nitrophenyl phosphatase in gastric vesicles, but did not inhibit Na,K-ATPase obtained from dog kidney. Immunoblotting with the antibody of vesicle proteins solubilized in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel showed that the antibody binds to a 95-kDa subunit of H,K-ATPase and its dimeric 180-kDa polypeptide. The antibody-binding sites of H,K-ATPase activity and the Cl- channel for the inhibition were present on the external (cytosolic) surface of the transmembraneous ATPase. A gastric antisecretory compound, 2-methyl-8-(phenylmethoxy)imidazo[1,2 alpha] pyridine-3-acetonitrile (SCH 28080), competitively bound to the high affinity site of K+ on the internal (luminal) surface of H,K-ATPase, and its half-maximal inhibitory concentration for H,K-ATPase activity in tight vesicles was 0.2 microM in the presence of valinomycin. SCH 28080 also dose dependently inhibited opening of Cl- channels by S-S cross-linking, the regulatory site being present on the cytosolic side and more internally than the antibody binding site. The half-inhibitory concentration of SCH 28080 was 0.3 microM. The present results with the antibody and SCH 28080 indicate that the Cl- channel is part of the function of H,K-ATPase.     

The effect of psychotropic substances on synaptosomal uptake of gamma-aminobutyric H3-acid and the activity of Na,K-ATPase]

The centrally acting drugs belonging to different groups--fluphenazine, trifluperidol, phthoracyzine, imipramine, diazepam, apomorphine, fentanyl, diphneylhydantoin, nonachlazine displayed in vitro an inhibitory effect on the uptake of gamma-aminobutyric acid by rat brain synaptosomes. A decrease in the activity of synaptosomal Na,K-ATPase was found in most cases. Drugs that failed to alter GABA uptake were as a rule found to be ineffective in relation to the enzyme activity (carbidine, morphine). GABA uptake was not affected by certain drugs inhibiting the Na,K-ATPase activity (azabuperon, tetrabenazine). It is supposed that the drugs used had at least two possible sites of action - Na,K-ATPase itself and hypothetic GABA transmembrane carrier.     

Sodium ions as substitutes for protons in the gastric H,K-ATPase

In view of the striking homology among various ion-translocating ATPases including Na,K-ATPase, Ca-ATPase, and H,K-ATPase, and the recent evidence that protons can replace cytoplasmic sodium as well as potassium in the reaction mechanism of the Na,K-ATPase (Polvani, C., and Blostein, R. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 16757-16763), we studied the role of sodium as a substitute for protons in the H,K-ATPase reaction. Using hog gastric H,K-ATPase-rich inside-out membrane vesicles we observed 22Na+ influx which was stimulated by intravesicular potassium ions (K+i) at pH 8.5 but not at pH 7.1. This sodium influx was observed in medium containing ATP and was inhibited by vanadate and SCH28080, a selective inhibitor of the gastric H,K-ATPase. At least 2-fold accumulation of sodium was observed at pH 8.5. Experiments aimed to determine the sidedness of the alkaline pH requirement for K+i-dependent sodium influx showed that K+i-activated sodium influx depends on pHout and is unaffected by changes in pHin. These results support the conclusion that sodium ions substitute for protons in the H,K-ATPase reaction mechanism and provide evidence for a similarity in ion selectivity and/or binding domains of the Na,K-ATPase and the gastric H,K-ATPase enzymes.     

Endogenous activators and inhibitors of Na, K-ATPase induced by acetylcholine

Preincubation of rat brain homogenates with acetylcholine (ACh) in concentrations of 10(-3)-10(-5) M for 60 minutes produces an essential increment (15-30%) in activity of microsomal Na, K-ATPase. Analogous effect was exerted by the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor eserine (10(-5)-10(-6) M). Acetylcholine has no effect in the presence of actinomycin D. Dialysis of microsomes isolated from the homogenate incubated with ACh leads to a decrease in the enzyme activity and release to the dialysate of low-molecular factor activating Na, K-ATPase of intact microsomes. The latter fact evidences the ACh-induced synthesis of activating factor and inhibition of Na, K-ATPase synthesis. After the animals are administered eserine (0.2-0.4 mg/kg), isolated microsomes show a reduced level of Na, K-ATPase (by 10-15%). Dialysis of microsomes leads to an appreciable elevation (by approximately 40%) of the enzyme activity and release into the dialysate of the inhibitory factor. The differences in the effects of eserine in vivo and in vitro suggest that during the impairment of brain integrity certain effects are excluded from the processes of the control over Na, K-ATPase activity. One of these may involve the impairment of intercellular interactions, for example, the disappearance of the effect on cholinoceptive cells of internuncial neurons that release inhibitory neurotransmitters (catecholamines).     

Gastric H,K-ATPase topography: amino acids 888-907 are cytoplasmic.

Gastric acidification is mediated by H,K-ATPase, an integral protein of apical membranes of gastric parietal cells. Hydropathy analysis of H,K-ATPase alpha subunit primary structure predicts eight transmembrane (TM) domains, while omeprazole-binding data were interpreted in terms of ten TM domains (Mercier et al. (1991) FASEB J. 5, A749). In the present study, tryptic hydrolysis of gastric mucosal microsomes gave a set of peptides which bound the monoclonal antibody HK 12.18, a highly specific probe of the H,K-ATPase. An antiserum against the C-terminus of H,K-ATPase alpha subunit bound the same peptides, and one smaller peptide. The binding data suggested a putative epitope for HK 12.18, and a 20-mer peptide encompassing this site was synthesized. This peptide bound directly to HK 12.18, displaced HK 12.18 from microsomal H,K-ATPase, and blocked HK 12.18 immunostaining of gastric parietal cells. In addition, intact gastric microsomes competitively inhibited binding of HK 12.18 to peptide-BSA conjugate. Taken together, these data place the HK 12.18 epitope between amino acids 888-907 and identify this domain as cytosolic. This result specifically excludes a pair of TM domains between the sixth and seventh TM alpha helices of the H,K-ATPase and supports a secondary structure model with eight TM domains.     

Site-directed antibodies as topographical probes of the gastric H,K-ATPase alpha-subunit.

Gastric acid is secreted by an ATP-driven H+ and K+ exchanger (H,K-ATPase), an integral apical membrane protein of parietal cells. Although the primary structure of the enzyme is known, its higher order structure is uncertain. In order to acquire topographical probes of native, microsomal H,K-ATPase, synthetic peptides corresponding to the 17 amino-terminal (N-peptide) and 16 carboxyl-terminal (C-peptide) residues of pig gastric H,K-ATPase alpha-subunit were coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Rabbits were immunized with peptide-KLH conjugates and their sera were tested for specificity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoblotting, and immunocytochemistry. All sera showed high ELISA reactivities with synthetic peptides, peptide-BSA conjugates, and microsomal H,K-ATPase adsorbed to microtiter wells (some titers greater than 1:10(4)). Immunoblots of H,K-ATPase resolved by SDS-PAGE showed both N-peptide and C-peptide antibodies reacting with a single 94 kDa band. All sera selectively stained parietal cells in pig gastric mucosal sections. Preimmune sera gave negative or weak signals in all assays. In competition ELISAs, N-peptide antibodies, but not C-peptide antibodies, were displaced from the corresponding bound synthetic peptides by added microsomal H,K-ATPase. One of the N-peptide antibodies inhibited H,K-ATPase activity by more than 50%; binding of this antibody was decreased when ATP or K+ were bound to the enzyme. These results indicate a cytoplasmically-oriented alpha-subunit N-terminus which may participate conformationally in the H,K-ATPase catalytic cycle, and suggest that antibodies against synthetic H,K-ATPase peptides are potentially useful probes of native microsomal H,K-ATPase topography.     

Effect of albumin on the Na, K-ATPase activity in the rat erythrocytes during immobilization stress

Immobilisation stress (IMS) led to a 42% decrease in erythrocyte Na, K-ATPase activity in rats. Pre-treatment of the "stressed" erythrocytes with human serum albumin (HSA) and 1-day exposition of the HSA prior to the IMS led to stabilising of enzyme activity at the control level. Absence of inhibiting effect of non-protein supernatants of the blood plasma of stressed rats on enzyme activity of normal erythrocytes was shown in presence of the HSA both in vitro and in vivo. The mechanism of the HSA protective effect on the Na,K-ATPase activity of erythrocytes in the IMS, is discussed.