Induction of ethylene formation in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) hypocotyl segments by preparations isolated from germ tube cell walls of Uromyces phaseoli

Hypocotyl segments of Phaseolus vulgaris produce ethylene at pH 8.0 and ethane at pH 5.4. Ethylene formation, but not ethane formation, was stimulated by methionine, while -linolenic acid stimulated both ethylene and ethane formation. Detached primary leaves of var. Favorit (susceptible to Uromyces phaseoli) show no enhanced ethylene formation, whereas primary leaves from var. 017 (hypersensitive) exhibit two distinct ethylene peaks ca. 10 h and 50 h after inoculation with U. phaseoli.Cell wall preparations from uredospore germ tubes of U. phaseoli strongly stimulate ethylene formation in hypocotyl segments of the hypersensitive var. 017 but to a much lesser extent in the susceptible var. Favorit.Abbreviation UCP Uromyces Cell Wall Preparation     

High Efficiency Organogenesis in Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Tissues from Different Seedling Explants

In vitro plant regeneration was achieved from eightsweet pepper varieties (Capsicum annuum L.). The effect ofvarious explant types (cotyledons, leaves, cotyledonary nodes and shoot-tip from25-day-old seedlings and embryonic cotyledons, embryonic hypocotyls and woundedseedlings) on bud and shoot regeneration and shoot elongation was evaluated.Differences in ability for in vitro shoot regeneration andelongation depended on the variety and explant type. In general, highregeneration frequency was obtained from all varieties. Agridulcedisplayed the highest regeneration response: an average of 3.45 elongated shootsper explant using embryonic cotyledons. Elongated shoots were excised and rootedon Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium either without plant growth regulatorsor with 0.5 IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) or 0.05 NAA (-naphthaleneacetic acid). Plantlets weretransplanted to soil and acclimatised in the greenhouse showing normaldevelopment and growing to maturity bearing normal fruits with seeds.     

In vitro micropropagation of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Sprengel.: Comparison between two methodologies

In vitro micropropagation of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi was performed to increase the number of ground cover species able to serve as substitute for members of the Rosaceae susceptible to fire blight. Explants (node segments) excised from plants growing in the greenhouse were established in vitro on a medium containing 10 M -naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and activated charcoal (2 g I^-1). Using in vitro grown shoots, two propagation procedures were used:- Culture of nodal fragments with 50 M NAA resulted in the growth of 6 to 7 nodes every 4 weeks, yielding 1 700 almost rootable shoots after 4 subcultures;- Development of axillary shoots obtained with media containing 25 M benzyladenine (BA) and 20 M indoleacetic acid (IAA) yielded almost 500 rootable shoots after 4 subcultures. The rate of propagation decreased after the 3^rd subculture.Percentage of in vitro rooted shoots reached 98% with diluted micronutrients and 10 M NAA but 31% of the plants died during acclimatization.Abbreviations BA benzyladenine - BM basal medium - HID high intensity discharge - IAA indoleacetic acid - IBA indolebutyric acid - NAA -naphthaleneacetic acid - PAR photosynthetic active radiation - 2iP 2-isopentenyladenine     

DNA variations in regenerated plants of pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Summary The aim of this study was to determine whether DNA variations could be detected in regenerated pea plants. Two different genotypes were analyzed by cytogenetic and molecular techniques: the Dolce Provenza cultivar and the 5075 experimental line. Dolce Provenza regenerated plants showed a reduction in DNA content, particularly at the level of unique sequences and ribosomal genes. Moreover, regeneration was associated with an increase in DNA methylation of both internal and external cytosines of the CCG sequence. On the other hand, the DNA content of the 5075 line remained stable after regeneration. DNA reduction was found only in 5075 plants regenerated from callus cultures maintained for long incubation periods (about a year). The DNA variations observed are discussed both in relation to the genotype source and the role of tissue-culture stress.     

Effect of root exudates on the spore germiantion of rhizosphere and rhizoplane mycoflora of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars

Summary From root exudates of three cultivars of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) 12 amino acids and 7 sugars were detected. Methionine, d-1- phenylalanine, citrulline and d-xylose were detected only from the root exudates of resdistant cultivars. The root exudates of resistant variety inhibited spore germination of the pathogen (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.capsici), but that of susceptible variety enhanced spore germiantion of the same. Spore germiantion of antagonistic fungi (Trichderma viride andAspergillus sydowi) was also influenced by the root exudates of resistant and susceptible varieties, but the influence was different.Spore germiantion of a number of rhizosphere fungi was studied and in general root exudate of susceptible cultivar enhanced spore germiantion of majority of fungi, but spore germination of antagonistic fungi against the pathogen was inhibited. However, root exudate of resistant cultivar stimulated spore germination of antagonistic fungi.     

Biology of afroalpineDendrosenecio (Asteraceae)

The genusDendrosenecio (giant groundsels), encompassing three species and 12 subspecies, is endemic to the high mountains of East and Central Africa where it constitutes the most conspicuous components of the afroalpine vegetation. Two lifeforms, the arborescent and the prostrate rhizomatous, are regarded as the results of evolution from forest-living woody or herbaceous ancestors. Due to the uninterrupted growth period in the tropics, there are no anatomical or morphological features which allow conventional age determination. However, stem elongation rates have been determined (3–5.5 cm per year) and indicate an age of about 250 years for the tallest arborescent Dendrosenecios which may reach a height of 10 m. 30 to 120 large leaves are clustered in an enormous terminal rosette, justifying the term giant rosette plants. A leaf bud, consisting of about as many developing leaves as the rosette contains, is found in the center. During the nocturnal frost period the adult rosette leaves form a so-called night-bud by nyctinastic upwards bending and thus protect the leaf bud from freezing by insulation. The stem is surrounded by a mantle of persistent dead leaves; this ameliorates the microclimate of the pith-cells which greatly contribute to water transport into the leaves. Below the leaf rosette a zone of putrefaction is found, from where the decay of the dead leaves apparently provides nutrients directly to the growing stem. The population dynamics of the arborescentD. keniodendron is characterized by a simultaneous inflorescence development at irregular intervals of up to more than twenty years. Due to sporadic flowering and a seedling survival rate of less than 1%, oscillations of the population size are to be expected.     

Nicotianamine and the distribution of iron into the apoplasm and symplasm of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

The apoplasmic and symplasmic iron pools were determined in roots and leaves of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Bonner Beste and its mutant chloronerva. The mutant is auxotrophic for the ubiquitous plant constituent nicotianamine (NA) and exhibits an impaired iron metabolism. Formation of apoplasmic iron pools in roots was dependent on the iron source in the nutrient solution. With Fe-ethylenediaminedi-(2-hydroxyphenylacetate) (FeEDDHA) only a very small apoplasmic iron pool was formed in the roots of both genotypes. Plants grown with FeEDTA increased their apoplasmic iron pool with increasing exogenous iron concentrations in the nutrient solution. The size of the apoplasmic pools in roots did not differ between the wild-type and the mutant (about 85 mol Fe · g^–1 DW). By contrast, the symplasmic iron concentrations in roots and leaves of the mutant were significantly higher when compared to the wild-type. An exogenous NA supply to the leaves of the mutant reduced the high symplasmic iron concentrations to the level of the wild-type. Mutant leaves exhibited a gradient of symplasmic iron concentrations depending on the developmental age of the leaves. The oldest leaves contained considerably more symplasmic iron than the youngest. The results demonstrate that the apparent iron deficiency of the mutant is not the consequence of an impaired iron transport from the apoplasm to the symplasm. Therefore, it is concluded that NA is not required for the transport of Fe(II) through the plasmalemma into the cell.Abbreviations BPDS bathophenanthroline disulfonic acid, Na₂ salt - FeEDDHA ferric N-N-ethylenediaminedi-(2-hydroxy-phenylacetate) - NA nicotianamine Part 40 in the series The normalizing factor for the tomato mutant chloronerva. For part 39 see Pich et al. (1991)The valuable technical assistance of Mrs. Christa Kallas and Mr. Günter Faupel is gratefully acknowledged.     

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase, Ribonucleases and Esterases upon Tobacco Mosaic Virus Infection and Benzothiodiazole Treatment in Tobacco

Effect of the benzothiodiazole (BTH) pre-treatment was monitored during the acute infection stage in the susceptible and the hypersensitive tobacco plants infected with the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Dynamic changes in the contents of chlorophyll, the total proteins, and the pathogenesis related proteins (PR-proteins), and activities of ribonucleases (RNase), phosphomonoesterase (PME), phosphodiesterase (PDE), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6P DH) were studied. Neither the protein nor the chlorophyll contents were significantly changed by the TMV infection and/or the BTH treatment. The BTH pre-treatment caused a substantial reduction in the multiplication of TMV in the locally-infected leaves of the hypersensitive cultivar Xanthi-nc (to 15.1%). A lesser decrease (to 50.3%) was observed in the locally-infected leaves of susceptible cultivar Samsun. But in the systemically-infected leaves of this cultivar, only a 4-d delay in the multiplication of TMV was found. In the locally-infected leaves of both cultivars, the activities of the RNase, PME, PDE and G6P DH were sharply increased during the acute phase of TMV multiplication (when compared with the healthy plants) and the curves of these activities correlated with the multiplication curves of TMV. The BTH alone also strongly enhanced the activities of these enzymes early after application. Only low additional increases in some enzymes and even slight declines in the others were observed when the inoculation of leaves of cultivar Xanthi-nc followed the pre-treatment with the BTH. No inhibition of the enzymes was observed when the direct effect of different concentration of the BTH (1 – 1000 M) was examined in vitro during a measurement of the activity. The analysis of intercellular proteins by PAGE under native conditions shows the similar spectrum of the proteins extracted from either the BTH-treated or the TMV-infected tobacco cv. Xanthi-nc.     

The effect of ammonium ions on uptake of glutamine and other amino compounds by cultured cells of rapeseed

Rooting responses and ethylene production by hypocotyl cuttings from etiolated mung-bean seedlings treated with the auxins -naphthaleneacetic acid, -(indole-3)-n-butyric acid (IBA) and 2,4,5-trichloro-phenoxypropionic acid were determined. There was no relationship between the abilities of the auxins to induce root formation and their capacities for inducing ethylene production. Studies with mixtures of 3-indoleacetic acid, a poor stimulator of rooting but an effective inducer of ethylene production, and IBA, an effective rooting stimulator but a poor inducer of ethylene production, exposure of cuttings to ethylene or (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (Ethephon), hypobaric storage (150 mb) of treated cuttings, and exposure of auxin-treated cuttings to 7% CO₂ also indicated that ethylene is not directly involved in initiation of adventitious roots in this plant material.Abbreviations IAA indole-3-acetic acid - IBA -(indole-3)-n-butyric acid - NAA -naphthaleneacetic acid - 2,4,5-TP 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxypropionic acid     

Transformation of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) with Agrobacterium rhizogenes MAFF 03-01724

Summary Transformed cultures of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) were established by infecting hypocotyl segments with Agrobacterium rhizogenes MAFF 03-01724. Undifferentiated calli formed on the infected site grew satisfactorily on phytohormone-free solid medium in the dark and produced opine, mikimopine, which could not be detected in a normal culture. Numerous adventitious shoots developed from transformed calli during subculture. The transformed shoots separated individually were cultured on phytohormone-free MS solid medium at 22 ° C under 14 h/day light. They displayed wider leaves and longer internodes than shoots established from seeds or non-transformed root culture. The content of morphinan alkaloids in the cultures and regenerated shoots were quantitatively analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and high performance liquid chromatography. HPLC analysis revealed that non-transformed shoots contained much more codeine (1310 gmg/g dry wt.) than morphine (50 g/g dry wt.), while the transformed shoot cultures did not contain morphine, although the level of morphinan alkaloids in the transformed shoots (213 g morphine equivalents/g fr. wt.) was comparable to that in non-transformed shoots (182 g morphine equivalents/g fr. wt.) by ELISA.Abbreviations MS Murashige-Skoog (Murashige and Skoog 1962) - 1/2 MS half strength MS - HF phytohormone-free - NAA 1-naphthaleneacetic acid - ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - HPLC high performance liquid chromatography     

Some characteristics of symbiotic nitrogen fixation,yield, protein and oil accumulation in irrigated peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Summary The potential of peanuts for symbiotic nitrogen fixation is considerable and under optimal edaphic and climatic conditions it reached 222 kg N₂/ha, which was 58% of the nitrogen accumulated in the plants. The effect of the Rhizobium inoculation on crude protein accumulation in the yield (kg/ha) was 3–4 times greater than its effect on the yield of pods and hay. There was an inverse relationship between the protein and oil content in the kernels.Seasonal changes in nitrogenase activity in the nodules were determined by the acetylene reduction method during two growing seasons. Under favorable conditions the specific activity of the nitrogenase reached a very high level (up to 975 moles C₂H₂ g dry wt nod/h) and the total activity (moles C₂H₄/plant/h) was also high in spite of the relatively poor nodulation (weight and number). The high activity was drastically reduced (to 75 moles C₂H₄ g dry wt nod/h) due to exceptionally hot and dry weather, which occurred in the middle of the second half of the growing season. It appears that N₂-fixation (nitrogenase activity) is more sensitive to these unfavorable conditions, than is nodule growth. Maximum nitrogenase activity was observed during the podfilling stage; until 50–60 days after planting, nitrogenase activity was very low.     

Differences in calcium efficiency between cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) cultivars

The cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) cultivars TVu 354 and Solojo were grown in solution culture at 10 to 1000 M Ca supply. The Ca supply did not vary by more than 10% during the experiment. The pH value was kept constant within 0.1 units at 4.0 by automatic titration. The cultivar TVu 354 proved to be much more Ca-efficient than Solojo. At 10 M Ca supply Solojo died, whereas TVu 354 was hardly affected in dry matter production. The differences in Ca efficiency were independent of the P supply. They could not be explained by differences in Ca uptake or Ca concentrations in the plant tissue. Short-term studies using ⁴⁵Ca, both in the dark and in the light, indicated better transport of Ca from the roots to the shoots and within the shoots to the younger leaves in the Ca-efficient cultivar TVu 354. However, the main reason for the differences between the cultivars in sensitivity to low Ca supply were differences in the Ca requirement of the plant tissue to maintain tissue organization and function. Sequential fractionation of the freeze-dried leaf tissue with hot water, 0.5 M NaCl, 1 M CH₃COOH, and 2 M HCl did not reveal cultivar differences in Ca binding state. The results clearly show that considerable genetic potential in tolerance to low Ca supply exists in cowpea. However, a better understanding of the physiological/biochemical reasons for low internal Ca requirement is needed.     

Absence of red-light enhancement of phototropism in pea seedlings at limiting irradiances of blue light

The effect of different light qualities (blue, green, white, red and far-red) on ethylene production in leaf discs and flower petal discs of Begonia × hiemalis cv. Schwabenland Red was studied. All the light qualities, except far-red, reduced the ACC-conversion to ethylene in leaf discs by about 70% at a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 20 mol m^–2s^–1.Blue and green light were less inhibitory than white and red light at lower PPFD. In all treatments far-red light at 0.5 mol m^–2s^–1 of photon flux density (PFD) stimulated the ACC-conversion to ethylene in leaf discs by about 60–90% compared to the dark-incubated control. White and red light strongly inhibited the -naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA) stimulated ethylene synthesis in leaf discs. The results may suggest that the ethylene production is controlled by phytochrome in the leaves but not in the petals. Lack of coaction of any light quality with silver ions on ethylene production in leaf and petal discs was also observed.Abbreviations ACC 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid - EFE ethylene forming enzyme - NAA -naphthalene-acetic acid - PFD photon flux density - PPFD photosynthetic photon flux density - RH relative air humidity - SAM S-adenosylmethionine - STS silver thiosulphate     

Hormones are no causal links in phytochrome-mediated adventitious root formation in mustard seedlings (Sinapis alba L.)

The question of whether or not hormones are causal links in the realization of phytochrome control during photomorphogenesis was investigated using the phytochrome-dependent formation of adventitious roots in hypocotyl cuttings excised from mustard seedlings as a test system. Histological examination of regenerating rest seedlings revealed that phytochrome (operationally, continuous far-red light) mediates the de novo formation of root primordia in the pericycle region of the hypocotyl near the cutting surface withing 12–24 h after excision.Auxin (IAA), gibberellin (GA₃), Cytokinin (kinetin), abscisic acid (ABA), and ethylene had no promotive effect on primordium formation in dark-grown or far-red irradiated rest seedlings. Depending on concentration, the application of these hormones was either ineffective or inhibitory in the rooting response. It is concluded that phytochrome does not operate through changes of hormone (auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ABA, ethylene) levels.While externally applied ethylene had no specific effect on primordium formation, the number of primordia produced in darkness could be increased to the far-red light level by removing the endogenously formed ethylene. Since the stimulatory effect of light could not be related to a lower ethylene level, it is concluded that ethylene interferes with primordium formation by modulating the susceptibility of this process to phytochrome control. This ethylene effect takes place in a concentration range below the range that can be manipulated by external application of the hormone.Abbreviations ABA abscisic acid - GA₃ gibberellic acid - IAA indole-3-acetic acid - P_r P_fr red and far-red absorbing forms of phytochrome     

The genetics of adult-plant blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) resistance from Brassica juncea in B. napus

The genetic control of adult-plant blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) resistance in a Brassica napus line (579NO48-109-DG-1589), designated R13 possessing Brassica juncea-like resistance (JR), was elucidated by the analysis of segregation ratios in F₂ and F₃ populations from a cross between R13 and the highly blackleg-susceptible B. napus cultivar Tower. The F₂ segregration ratios were bimodal, demonstrating that blackleg resistance in R13 was controlled by major genes. Analysis of the segregation ratios for 13 F₃ families indicated that blackleg resistance in these families was controlled by three nuclear genes, which exhibited a complex interaction. Randomly sampled plants of F₃ progeny all had the normal diploid somatic chromosome number for B. napus. The similarities between the action of the three genes found in this study with those controlling blackleg resistance in B. juncea is discussed.     

The genetics of blackleg [Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et De Not.] resistance in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

The genetic control of adult-plant blackleg [Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et De Not.] resistance in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) was studied in the F₂ and first-backcross populations of the cross Maluka (blackleg-resistant) x Niklas (highly susceptible). A L. maculans isolate possessing high levels of host specificity (MB2) was used in all inoculations. Resistance/susceptibility was evaluated using three separate measures of crown-canker size, i.e. the percentage of crown girdled (%G), external lesion length (E) and internal lesion area (%II). Disease severity scores for the F₂ and first-backcross populations based on E and %II gave discontinuous distributions, indicating major-gene control for these measures of resistance; but those for %G were continuous, indicating quantitative genetic control for this measure. Chi-square tests performed on the (poorly-defined) resistance classes, based on E, in the F₂ and first-backcross populations indicated the likelihood for resistance being governed by a single, incompletely dominant major gene. Although the distributions of the F₂ and first-backcross populations, based on%II, were clearly discontinuous, the observed segregation ratios for resistance and susceptibility did not fit any of the numerous Mendelian ratios which were considered. Differences in inheritance of resistance according to the assessment method and blackleg isolate used, were discussed.     

The Reaction of the Starfish Asterias amurensisand Patiria pectinifera (Asteroidea) from Vostok Bay (Sea of Japan) to a Salinity Decrease

The reactions of the starfish Asterias amurensis and Patiria pectinifera that live in Vostok Bay at the salinity of 32–33 to a salinity decrease were studied under laboratory conditions. The lower limits of the desalination tolerance range of A. amurensis and P. pectinifera were, respectively, 24 and 20. A. amurensis proved to be less resistant to desalination. Under experimental conditions, all specimens of this species survived the salinity of 22, while those of P. pectinifera tolerated 18. At the same time, A. amurensis responded more actively than P. pectinifera to unfavorable changes in the environment. Turned to their dorsal side and exposed to a salinity of 16 to 32, the former reverted to the normal position within a shorter time than the latter. Being a more euryhaline species, P. pectinifera endured a salinity decrease to 6 or 8 over, respectively, 21 or 28 h. However, only 30–40% of all specimens could recover locomotory activity 12 or 8.5 h after being placed into water of normal salinity.     

The role of bacterial attachment in the transformation of cell-wall-regenerating tobacco protoplasts by Agrobacterium tumefaciens

The presence of a newly formed primary cell wall was shown to be required for attachment and subsequent transformation of tobacco leaf protoplasts by Agrobacterium tumefaciens in cocultivation experiments. In these experiments both protoplasts at different stages after their isolation and cell-wall inhibitors were used. The specificity of Agrobacterium attachment was shown by using other kinds of bacteria that did not attach. By diminishing the concentration of divalent cations using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, neither attachment nor transformation was found; however, when more specifically the Ca²⁺concentration was lowered by ethylene glycol-bis (-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid, both phenomena occurred. Commercial lectins had no effect on binding, but this observation does not exclude the involvement of other lectins. Protoplasts isolated from various crown-gall callus tissues also developed binding sites, but when they were at the stage of dividing cells, attachment of agrobacteria was no longer observed. In this respect, cells from protoplasts of normal tobacco leaves behaved differently. Even 16 d after protoplast isolation, the dividing cells were still able to bind A. tumefaciens, while transformation was not detected. For transformation of 3-d-old tobacco protoplasts, a minimal co-cultivation period of 24 h was required, while optimal attachment took place within 5 h. It is concluded that the primary cell wall was sufficiently well formed that certain functional receptor molecules were available for attachment of Agrobacterium as the first step of a multistep process leading to the transformation of cells. The expression of bacterial functions required for attachment, moreover, was independent of the presence of Ti-plasmid.Abbreviations ConA concanavalin A - CW calcofluor white - EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid - EGTA ethylene glycol-bis (-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid - -Man -methyl-d-mannoside     

Effects of R-(1-amino-2-phenylethyl)phosphonic acid on glyceollin accumulation and expression of resistance to Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea in soybean

(R)-(1-Amino-2-phenylethyl)phosphonic acid (R-APEP), an inhibitor of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), was applied to the tap root of 42-h-old soybean (Glycine max. (L.) Merrill cv. Harosoy 63) seedlings during inoculation with zoospores of the incompatible race 1 of Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea (Pmg1) for 2 h and during a subsequent incubation period. In contrast to L-2-aminooxy-3-phenylpropionic acid, R-APEP was not toxic to the zoospores which remained virulent in presence of the inhibitor. A 50% inhibition of PAL activity in vitro was observed with 4.2 M R-APEP and with 36 M of the S-enantiomer. When R-APEP at 330 M was applied for a total of 36 h to the seedlings, resistance against Pmg 1 was abolished. Such seedlings were indistinguishable in appearance from those seedlings which had been inoculated with the compatible race 3 of Pmg. Roots treated with R-APEP at 330 M showed a reduction of about 47% in glyceollin content when measured 12 h after inoculation, and with 1 mM a 67% reduction. In contrast, treatment with S-APEP (1 mM) caused only a 20% reduction in glyceollin content. As determined by indirect immunofluorescence of fungal hyphae in cryotome cross-sections of roots, the growth pattern of the incompatible race 1 of Pmg changed to that of the compatible race 3 under conditions where R-APEP caused loss of resistance against Pmg 1. The results support the concept of an important role of glyceollin in resistance of soybean against incompatible races of the fungus.Abbreviations R-APEP, S-APEP R.S enantiomers of (1-amino-2-phenylethyl)phosphonic acid - L-AOPP L-2-aminooxy-3-phenylpropionic acid - PAL phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.5) - Pmg 1 Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea race 1 - Pmg 3 Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea race 3