产妇会阴切口感染肺炎克雷伯菌质粒介导AmpC酶基因型检测与分析

摘要：目的 回顾性分析我院产妇会阴切口感染分离的肺炎克雷伯菌质粒介导AmpC酶基因型。方法 采用K-B纸片扩散法对临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌进行AmpC酶初筛;头孢西丁三维试验确证产AmpC酶;采用UNIQ-10柱式质粒小量抽提试剂盒提取细菌质粒;采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）和DNA测序检测分析质粒AmpC酶基因型别。结果 三维试验检出15株产AmpC酶菌株,经PCR扩增15株菌株均在405 bp处出现阳性条带,经DNA测序证实为DHA-1型质粒AmpC酶。结论 我院存在质粒介导AmpC酶流行菌株,质粒AmpC酶主要以DHA-1型为主。     

亚胺培南不敏感的阴沟肠杆菌碳青霉烯酶基因检测

为了解亚胺培南不敏感的阴沟肠杆菌碳青霉烯酶的主要基因型及其流行情况,收集哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院临床分离出的亚胺培南不敏感的阴沟肠杆菌24株,采用Vitek-2 Compact进行细菌鉴定、药敏试验,聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增,DNA测序确定菌株产碳青霉烯酶基因型情况。结果显示,24株阴沟肠杆菌均表现为多重耐药,20株菌扩增出KPC-2条带,经测序证实为KPC-2型碳青霉烯酶基因。该院亚胺培南不敏感的阴沟肠杆菌产碳青霉烯酶的主要基因型别为KPC-2型,临床与实验室应加强监测和控制。     

肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶和AmpC酶基因检测及耐药性分析

目的 了解下呼吸道感染肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）和质粒AmpC酶的产生情况及耐药性,研究AmpC酶的基因型别.方法 用纸片扩散确证法检测ESBLs;用酶提取三维试验检测AmpC酶,聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增AmpC酶的基因,DNA序列测定检测AmpC酶的基因型;K-B法检测细菌耐药性.结果 58株下呼吸道感染肺炎克雷伯菌中ESBLs阳性21株,AmpC酶阳性5株,其中3株ESBLs和AmpC酶均阳性,5株AmpC酶阳性菌中,4株扩增出DHA基因,经测序均为DHA-1,1株扩增出MIR基因.产酶菌株的耐药性明显高于非产酶株.结论 肺炎克雷伯菌中ESBL＊s和AmpC酶均有较高的检出率,AmpC酶以DHA基因型为主.产ESBLs和AmpC酶是肺炎克雷伯菌耐药的主要原因.     

质粒AmpC β-内酰胺酶及其多重聚合酶链反应检测

质粒AmpC酶属Bush I型β—内酰胺酶,可分为6个不同的群(ACC、FOX、MOX、DHA、CIT和EBC)。Perez和Nancy等设计用6组特异性AmpC引物的多重聚合酶链反应来检测质粒ampC基因,一次聚合酶链反应即可分析多个ampC基因,并能排除诱导型AmpC β—内酰胺酶干扰,还可进行多重耐药机制的检测和多重AmpC β—内酰胺酶的鉴别,对细菌耐药性监测和流行病学的研究有重要意义。     

产AmpC酶肺炎克雷伯菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药性分析

目的了解本地区质粒介导的耐药机制在产AmpC酶肺炎克雷伯菌多重耐药中的作用、氨基糖苷修饰酶(AMEs)基因类型及转移方式。方法头孢西丁三维试验方法,检测产AmpC酶菌株;采用接合转移试验了解肺炎克雷伯菌耐药基因转移方式。采用K-B纸片测定产AmpC接合子对4种氨基糖苷类抗生素的敏感性,并采用PCR技术检测AMEs基因。结果临床分离的820株肺炎克雷伯菌共筛选出108株疑产AmpC酶菌株,阳性率为13.17%。经接合转移试验、AmpC酶表型确认试验共获得53株产AmpC接合子。其中67.9%的接合子(36/53)检出氨基糖苷修饰酶基因,aac(3)-I和aac(6′)-II未检出,对4种常用氨基糖苷类抗生素(阿米卡星、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、奈替米星)耐药率分别为37.7%、68.0%、43.4%和62.3%。结论本地区质粒介导AmpC酶是肺炎克雷伯菌产生多重耐药的重要原因,产酶株对氨基糖苷类高度耐药,其耐药性与AMEs密切相关,耐药基因质粒的转移可导致耐药性的传播扩散。     

一株弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌中检出新ampC基因

目的探讨1株耐亚胺培南弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌的耐药机制。方法采用浓度梯度法（Etest）检测对抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。通过金属酶初筛试验（协同法）检测金属酶;改良Hoged试验检测碳青霉烯酶;头孢西丁三维试验检测AmpC酶;聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测耐药基因;DNA测序决定基因型;接合试验检测耐药基因的转移性。结果弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌临床分离株NC118对亚胺培南的MIC为〉16μg/ml,金属酶初筛试验阴性,Hoged表型确证试验碳青霉烯酶阳性,AmpC酶阳性,PCR扩增及测序显示含有blaKPC-2、blaAmpC基因,该菌株所产AmpC酶基因与CMY-45型AmpC酶（GenBank：ACU00152.1）比较有5个氨基酸发生了改变,该blaCMY-2-like基因为一个新型的AmpC酶基因。结论在弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌中发现一种新的ampC基因（blaCMY-49）。     

产AmpC酶阴沟肠杆菌的基因分析及其耐药性

探讨昆明地区阴沟肠杆菌的耐药性及与结构基因ampC和调节基因ampD的相关性。通过K-B法检测阴沟肠杆菌的药敏情况,头孢西丁三维试验检测AmpC酶,PCR法扩增ampC和ampD基因。结果显示74株阴沟肠杆菌经头孢西丁三维试验检测,产AmpC酶的有17株,检出率为22.3%,而且产酶菌株抗生素敏感率低于非产酶菌株。ampC基因扩增阳性率为89.2%(66/74);64株ampD基因阳性率为86.5%(64/74)。实验证实昆明地区产酶阴沟肠杆菌耐药状况严重,与结构基因ampC和调节基因ampD密切相关。     

头孢西丁耐药肺炎克雷伯菌AmpC基因和ESBLs检测及耐药性分析

目的了解深圳地区头孢西丁耐药肺炎克雷伯菌头孢菌素酶(AmpC酶)基因型分布、产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的情况及其耐药特点。方法收集深圳地区三家大型综合医院临床标本分离对头孢西丁耐药的肺炎克雷伯菌73株。用碱裂解法提取菌株的质粒,采用多重PCR扩增AmpC基因,应用DNA测序确定其基因型。并对所有菌株进行ESBLs表型确证试验;用K-B法对其进行药物敏感试验。结果 48株(65.8%)AmpC基因扩增阳性,经DNA测序显示,其中46株为DHA-1型,1株为CMY-2型,1株同时产DHA-1和CMY-2型;73株肺炎克雷伯菌中49株ESBLs阳性,其中36株AmpC基因和ESBLs均为阳性。AmpC和(或)ESBLs阳性菌株对多数药物的耐药率高于AmpC和ESBLs均阴性者。结论本地区头孢西丁耐药肺炎克雷伯菌质粒AmpC酶检出率高,基因型主要为DHA-1,同时产AmpC酶和ESBLs菌株较常见。     

住院患者医院感染铜绿假单胞菌产AmpC酶耐药基因型检测与分析

目的回顾性分析我院住院患者医院感染分离的铜绿假单胞菌产AmpC酶基因型。方法细菌鉴定采用VITEK 2Compact全自动微生物分析仪;产AmpC酶菌株筛选采用头孢西丁纸片扩散法;细菌基因组提取采用细菌基因组提取试剂盒提取细菌DNA;AmpC酶基因型检测采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)和DNA测序分析。结果经PCR检测有15株铜绿假单胞菌在405bp处出现阳性条带,并经DNA测序分析证实与基因库DHA-1型同源性为99.0%,属DHA-1型。结论我院住院患者医院感染铜绿假单胞菌有较高检出率,其产AmpC酶基因型以DHA-1型为主要流行株。     

阴沟肠杆菌产AmpC酶菌和非产酶菌的耐药性研究

目的：探讨阴沟肠杆菌分布特征及产AmpC酶菌和非AmpC酶菌的耐药性。方法：对临床分离的158株阴沟肠杆菌分布科室、感染部位及对16种抗生素耐药性进行分析,并通过酶粗提物头孢西丁三维试验结合PCR法检测AmpC酶。结果：标本来源主要为患者的痰液、尿液、创口分泌物等,科室以重症监护室为多,感染部位以呼吸道为主,耐药性较高的抗生素为头孢西丁、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松等,158株阴沟肠杆菌中产AmpC酶菌株共33株,产AmpC酶阳性率占总菌株数20．9％,产AmpC酶菌株对各种抗生素的耐药率比不产AmpC酶的明显增高。结论：阴沟肠杆菌的耐药与产AmpC酶有关,治疗首选亚胺培南。     

EDTA纸片法和三维试验检测阴沟肠杆菌AmpC酶的比较

目的比较EDTA纸片法及头孢西丁三维试验检测阴沟肠杆菌AmpC酶的符合程度。方法收集近几年阴沟肠杆菌株97株临床菌株,应用EDTA纸片法和三维试验分别检测97株阴沟肠杆菌的AmpC酶,并进行比较。结果 97株受检菌中,75株EDTA纸片法和三维试验均阴性,20株两种方法均阳性,2株菌EDTA纸片法阴性,而三维试验阳性。两种检测方法阳性符合率为90.9%,阴性符合率为100%,总符合率为97.9%。结论 ED-TA纸片法检测阴沟肠杆菌与三维试验的符合率高,且操作简便,较适合于临床实验室应用。     

Cefamandole resistance transfer in bacterial strains from two newborn units

Transfer of Cefamandole resistance was demonstrated from strains of Citrobacter freundii as well as from individual strains of Enterobacter cloacae, Acinetobacter anitratus and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from patients in two newborn units. In Citrobacter freundii, Cefamandole resistance was transferred always with Cephalotin resistance as well as with a TEM-like beta lactamase (conferring resistance to Ampicillin, Carbenicillin and Azlocillin). Citrobacter freundii strains from Hospital I were completely susceptible to gentamicin, while strains of other species, resistant to Cefamandole plus Cephalotin, were resistant to Gentamicin as well, and transferred this resistance, too. In one Enterobacter cloacae strain from Hospital I, Cefamandole resistance could be separated from resistance to Cephalotin, but only in clones selected with gentamicin and not with any of the cephalosporins. Acinetobacter anitratus strain was also resistant to Cefotaxime, but did not transfer this resistance. It might be concluded that special nosocomial bacteria may carry plasmids conferring a transferable type of resistance to Cefamandole together with resistance to classical cephalosporines. Second cycle of transfers, i.e. between two variants of E. coli K-12 strains confirmed the contransferability of Cefamandole and Cephalotin resistance.     

Molecular characteristics of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and qnr determinants in Enterobacter species from Japan

The incidence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) has been increasing worldwide, but screening criteria for detection of ESBLs are not standardized for AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae such as Enterobacter species. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of ESBLs and/or AmpC β-lactamases in Japanese clinical isolates of Enterobacter spp. and the association of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants with ESBL producers. A total of 364 clinical isolates of Enterobacter spp. collected throughout Japan between November 2009 and January 2010 were studied. ESBL-producing strains were assessed by the CLSI confirmatory test and the boronic acid disk test. PCR and sequencing were performed to detect CTX-M, TEM, and SHV type ESBLs and PMQR determinants. For ESBL-producing Enterobacter spp., pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed using XbaI restriction enzyme. Of the 364 isolates, 22 (6.0%) were ESBL producers. Seven isolates of Enterobacter cloacae produced CTX-M-3, followed by two isolates producing SHV-12. Two isolates of Enterobacter aerogenes produced CTX-M-2. Of the 22 ESBL producers, 21 had the AmpC enzyme, and six met the criteria for ESBL production in the boronic acid test. We found a significant association of qnrS with CTX-M-3-producing E. cloacae. The 11 ESBL-producing Enterobacter spp. possessing bla(CTX-M), bla(SHV), or bla(TEM) were divided into six unique PFGE types. This is the first report about the prevalence of qnr determinants among ESBL-producing Enterobacter spp. from Japan. Our results suggest that ESBL-producing Enterobacter spp. with qnr determinants are spreading in Japan.     

儿童活体肝移植术后感染常见致病菌及其耐药性分析

目的分析儿童活体肝移植术后常见致病菌的分布特点及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药性情况,为合理使用抗生素提供参考。方法回顾性分析重庆医科大学附属儿童医院自2006年6月至2009年12月术后监护的42例儿童活体肝移植患儿送检共152份标本进行菌株鉴定及药敏试验。结果经培养共分离出66株致病菌,阳性率为43.4%,以呼吸道来源为主,占71.2%。66株致病菌中革兰阴性菌（G^-）63.6%,革兰阳性菌（G^＋）27.3%,真菌9.1%。常见G^-菌为铜绿假单胞菌、阴沟肠杆菌、大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种。常见G^＋菌为金黄葡萄球菌和肺炎链球菌。真菌主要为白色假丝酵母菌。药敏结果显示细菌耐药性明显增强,G^-菌中阴沟肠杆菌、大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种对美洛培南、亚胺培南100%敏感,对环丙沙星、左旋氧氟沙星、阿米卡星和氯霉素敏感在85.7%以上;超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）菌株检出率为66.7%100%。铜绿假单胞菌仅对环丙沙星、左旋氧氟沙星、庆大霉素、阿米卡星和多粘菌素敏高度感度,敏感度在91.6%以上。G^＋菌中金黄色葡萄菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺、呋喃妥因、阿米卡星和环丙沙星100%敏感,β-内酰胺酶检出率为100%。肺炎链球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、头孢西丁、美洛培南、左旋氧氟沙星和头孢吡肟均有83.3%以上的敏感性,对于阿莫西林仍有66.7%的敏感性,但对于大环内酯类100%耐药。白色假丝酵母菌对两性霉素B 100%敏感。结论儿童活体肝移植术后常见致病菌以G^-菌为主,多为多重耐药菌株,含有β-内酰胺酶抑制剂及碳青霉烯类抗生素是治疗该类细菌的有效抗生素。万古霉素是G^＋菌感染的有效抗生素。两性霉素B是真菌感染的有效药物。为避免耐药率上升,临床应合理使用抗生素。     

Enterobacter cloacae complex: clinical impact and emerging antibiotic resistance

Species of the Enterobacter cloacae complex are widely encountered in nature, but they can act as pathogens. The biochemical and molecular studies on E. cloacae have shown genomic heterogeneity, comprising six species: Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter asburiae, Enterobacter hormaechei, Enterobacter kobei, Enterobacter ludwigii and Enterobacter nimipressuralis, E. cloacae and E. hormaechei are the most frequently isolated in human clinical specimens. Phenotypic identification of all species belonging to this taxon is usually difficult and not always reliable; therefore, molecular methods are often used. Although the E. cloacae complex strains are among the most common Enterobacter spp. causing nosocomial bloodstream infections in the last decade, little is known about their virulence-associated properties. By contrast, much has been published on the antibiotic-resistance features of these microorganisms. In fact, they are capable of overproducing AmpC β-lactamases by derepression of a chromosomal gene or by the acquisition of a transferable ampC gene on plasmids conferring the antibiotic resistance. Many other resistance determinants that are able to render ineffective almost all antibiotic families have been recently acquired. Most studies on antimicrobial susceptibility are focused on E. cloacae, E. hormaechei and E. asburiae; these studies reported small variations between the species, and the only significant differences had no discriminating features.     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌的种类及耐药分析

目的：为预防和治疗质粒介导的超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBL）细菌感染提供依据。方法：采用E-test法对可疑细菌进行ESBL检测,用K-B法做药物敏感试验,用WHONET4进行分析。结果：在890株革兰阴性杆菌中检出ESBL44株,其中大肠埃希菌18株、肺炎克雷伯菌10株、阴沟肠杆菌9株、费劳地枸椽酸杆菌3株、嗜水气单胞菌2株、鼠伤寒沙门菌1株、液化沙雷菌1株,对亚胺培菌、呋喃妥因、阿米卡星、环丙沙星的敏感率分别为100%、68.2%、29.5%、25.0%。结论：产ESBL细菌分布广泛、阳性率高、易借助耐药质粒传播,具有较高的交叉耐药性和多重耐药性。     

Plasmid-mediated high-level gentamicin resistance among enteric bacteria isolated from pet turtles in Louisiana

The sale of small turtles is banned by the Food and Drug Administration from the U.S. market due to concerns about their excretion of Salmonella spp. To produce a safe pet for the export market, the Louisiana pet turtle industry uses gentamicin sulfate baths (1,000 microg/ml) to eradicate Salmonella spp. from turtle eggs. In 1999, we analyzed bacterial samples recovered from turtle farms and found that strains of Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae and other bacteria, such as Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, were resistant to high concentrations of gentamicin (>2,000 microg/ml) and to other aminoglycosides. The goal of this study was to identify the gene(s) which contributes to the high-level gentamicin resistance phenotype observed in bacteria from environmental samples with turtle farming activity, particularly the salmonellae, and to estimate the incidence of such genes in these bacteria. R plasmids from gentamicin-resistant strains were transferred by conjugation and transformation to naive Escherichia coli cells. Cloning and sequencing of the gentamicin resistance determinants on these plasmids revealed the presence of the aminoglycoside acetyltransferase genes aac(3)-IIa and aac(3)-VIa; the latter was present as a gene cassette of a class 1 integron. Multiplex PCR assays showed that every gentamicin-resistant isolate carried one of these acetyltransferase genes. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and restriction enzyme digestion analysis of R plasmids carrying these genes revealed different restriction profiles and sizes, indicating a dissemination of the gentamicin resistance genes through mobile molecular elements. The data presented highlight the need to develop an alternate method for the eradication of Salmonella spp. from turtle eggs.     

Phenotypic and genetic analysis of Enterobacter spp. from a Brazilian oligotrophic freshwater lake

We characterized a population of Enterobacter spp. of the Enterobacter cloacae complex isolated from an oligotrophic lake; most isolates were identified as E. cloacae. Fingerprinting polymerase chain reaction (PCR), along with morphological, biochemical, physiological, and plasmid profiles analyses, including antimicrobial susceptibility testing, were performed on 22 environmental isolates. Misidentification occurred when using the API 20E identification system. Analysis of 16S rDNA sequences confirmed the close relatedness between species of the E. cloacae complex. The tDNA PCR allowed the differentiation and identification of the E. cloacae isolates. Evaluation of genetic diversity by 16S rDNA sequence, tDNA, internal transcribed spacers, and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic concensus profiles revealed nearly identical isolates, although they exhibited different physiological and antimicrobial resistance profiles. Among the Enterobacter isolates, 96% were resistant to at least one antimicrobial; multiple resistance was also found at a high frequency (86%). The antimicrobials against which resistance was found most frequently were beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, and streptomycin. Plasmids were found in 21 of the 22 Enterobacter isolates. This confirms the conception that antibiotic resistance can occur in oligotrophic freshwater lake bacteria, which has important implications for public health.