灰葡萄孢犬尿氨酸途径关键酶基因的鉴定

【背景】灰葡萄孢是一种重要的植物病原真菌,实验室前期明确了灰葡萄孢犬尿氨酸单加氧酶(kynurenine3-monooxygenase,KMO)基因BcKMO参与调控病菌的生长发育和致病力。犬尿氨酸单加氧酶(KMO)是犬尿氨酸途径的关键酶,但灰葡萄孢是否存在犬尿氨酸途径及其在病菌生长、发育和致病过程中的功能尚未见相关报道。【目的】鉴定灰葡萄孢犬尿氨酸途径中的关键酶基因,确定灰葡萄孢犬尿氨酸途径的存在,为阐明灰葡萄孢生长发育和致病力的分子机理奠定基础。【方法】利用生物信息学方法,对灰葡萄孢犬尿氨酸途径中犬尿氨酸酶(kynureninase,KYN)、吲哚-2,3-双加氧酶(indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase,IDO)、犬尿氨酸氨基转移酶(kynurenine amino transferase,KAT)的编码基因进行分析;利用Real-time PCR技术,检测灰葡萄孢野生型BC22、BcKMO基因T-DNA插入突变体BCG183、恢复菌株BCG183/BcKMO中犬尿氨酸途径关键酶基因的表达水平;利用真菌犬尿氨酸酶KYN检测试剂盒,测定BcKMO突变体中犬尿氨酸酶(KYN)的含量。【结果】灰葡萄孢中含有2个犬尿氨酸氨基转移酶(KAT)的编码基因、3个吲哚-2,3-双加氧酶(IDO)的编码基因、10个犬尿氨酸氨基转移酶(KAT)的编码基因。灰葡萄孢KYN编码基因、IDO编码基因、KAT编码基因在突变体BCG183中的表达水平显著高于或低于在野生型和恢复菌株。突变体BCG183中犬尿氨酸酶(KYN)的含量显著低于野生型BC22和恢复菌株。【结论】灰葡萄孢中存在犬尿氨酸途径,灰葡萄孢BcKMO基因突变影响KYN、IDO和KAT编码基因的表达以及犬尿氨酸酶(KYN)的含量。     

香蕉枯萎病菌中Hog1 MAPK同源基因FoHog1敲除突变体的生物学特性

【目的】研究香蕉枯萎病菌4号生理小种中促分裂原活化蛋白激酶基因FoHog1的结构特点及其功能【方法】通过PCR和RT-PCR的方法获得了FoHog1基因序列并进行生物信息学分析,利用PEG介导的原生质体转化法得到了FoHog1基因缺失突变体,分析敲除突变体与野生型的生物学特性差异【结果】FoHog1基因编码一个含有357个氨基酸的蛋白,该蛋白在不同种镰刀菌中高度保守。通过对敲除突变体的研究发现,该基因缺失后菌丝密度下降,产孢量与菌丝干重明显降低,对乙酸钠和氯化铵的利用率下降,对温度、pH及渗透压等外源胁迫更为敏感。通过致病力实验发现,基因敲除突变体的定殖能力有所降低【结论】尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型4号生理小种中FoHog1基因参与调控菌丝生长、分生孢子生成、乙酸钠和氯化铵代谢、渗透压胁迫反应及致病相关过程。     

胶孢炭疽菌热休克蛋白基因Cghsp90的RNAi突变体获得与功能分析

为揭示胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)热休克蛋白基因Cghsp90在抗逆境胁迫中的功能,利用RNAi技术结合PEG介导的原生质体转化方法,获得了Cghsp90的RNAi突变体菌株,经实时荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)对野生型菌株和突变体菌株间Cghsp90基因差异表达分析以及NaCl、H_2O_2、SDS、Congo Red、18℃(Cold)和33℃(Hot)等非生物胁迫条件下野生型菌株和突变体菌株的胁迫耐受性分析。通过特异性引物检测鉴定、qRT-PCR分析,获得Cghsp90的RNAi突变体pSilent-1:Cghsp90-1和pSilent-1:Cghsp90-2;与野生型菌株相比,侵染过程中Cghsp90基因的表达量显著低于野生型菌株,8个致病相关基因显著下调表达;突变体菌株的产孢量下降、分生孢子畸形、萌发率下降;在非生物胁迫条件下,突变体菌株较野生型菌株更为敏感;在胶孢炭疽菌的分生孢子中研究Cghsp90基因的形态建成与萌发,对应变逆境胁迫以及调控致病相关基因等方面发挥重要的作用。     

胶孢炭疽菌C2H2型转录因子CgGcp1的生物学功能

【背景】胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)可以寄生于多种植物,侵染方式多样,能够引起严重的农业危害。在胶孢炭疽菌中,CgGcp1是一个C2H2型的转录因子,关于其生物学功能的研究未见报道。【目的】明确CgGcp1的生物学功能,为深入解析该病菌的致病机制奠定一定的理论依据。【方法】构建CgGCP1基因的敲除载体,利用同源重组得到敲除突变体。通过表型分析,包括营养生长、胁迫响应、孢子产生、附着胞形成及致病性分析等,明确该基因的生物学功能。【结果】CgGCP1基因敲除突变体生长速率较野生型减慢,对SDS、刚果红、NaCl和甘油更加敏感,孢子产量显著降低,附着胞的形成率降低且侵入能力减弱,在橡胶叶片上的致病力明显下降。【结论】CgGcp1参与调控胶孢炭疽菌营养生长、细胞壁完整性、分生孢子产生、附着胞形成与侵入和致病性。     

苹果树腐烂病菌非核糖体多肽合成酶基因VmNRPS12的功能

【目的】非核糖体多肽合成酶(NRPS)在植物病原真菌与其寄主互作过程中发挥着重要作用,明确Vm NRPS12基因在苹果树腐烂病菌致病过程中的功能,将为今后深入研究苹果树腐烂病菌NRPS作用机制提供理论依据。【方法】基于苹果树腐烂病菌全基因组数据,得到VmNRPS12基因。运用qRT-PCR技术分析VmNRPS12在侵染初期的表达水平,利用Double-joint PCR和PEG介导的原生质体转化获得该基因抗潮霉素的突变体,对突变体进行PCR检测及Southern blot验证得到敲除突变体,进一步通过重新导入该基因全长片段获得互补突变体,最后对野生型、敲除突变体和互补突变体进行菌落、产孢及致病力观察,对检测数据用SPSS软件进行差异显著性分析。【结果】定量分析显示该基因在侵染初期显著上调表达,且接种48 h后的表达量是对照的138.6倍。该基因的敲除突变体在营养生长及产孢方面与野生型菌株03-8相比无显著性差异,但致病力与野生型菌株03-8相比显著减弱,且互补突变体致病力近似恢复至野生型水平。【结论】VmNRPS12基因与苹果树腐烂病菌致病性相关。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶CfSnt2调控果生刺盘孢生长发育和致病力

炭疽病是油茶Camellia oleifera的重要病害,该病害的优势致病菌是刺盘孢属Colletotrichum的果生刺盘孢C. fructicola,在全国的油茶产区普遍发生。我们前期发现组蛋白乙酰转移酶CfGcn5调控油茶果生刺盘孢的生长发育和致病过程,但组蛋白去乙酰化酶在该病菌中的生物学功能尚不清楚。本研究以组蛋白去乙酰化酶CfSnt2为研究对象,利用反向遗传学的方法,通过对野生型、CfSNT2基因敲除突变体及互补菌株的生物学表型进行比较分析,发现CfSNT2基因敲除突变体的菌丝生长速率明显减缓、分生孢子的产量显著减少、附着胞形成率降低、对细胞壁胁迫剂的响应异常,同时对油茶致病力显著减弱。以上现象说明CfSnt2调控果生刺盘孢的生长、产孢、附着胞的形成、对细胞壁完整性胁迫剂的耐受性及致病力。     

苹果树腐烂病菌细胞色素P450基因Vmcyp5的功能

【目的】研究表明,细胞色素P450(CYP)在死体营养型真菌的毒素合成代谢中发挥重要作用,预测可能与病原菌致病相关。论文对苹果树腐烂病菌(Valsa mali)毒素合成基因簇中的1个上调表达的CYP基因Vmcyp5进行生物学功能研究,明确CYP基因对病原菌致病力影响,为细胞色素P450基因家族对苹果树腐烂病菌致病机理的进一步研究提供依据。【方法】通过Double-joint PCR和PEG介导的原生质体转化技术获得具有G418抗性的突变体,并对突变体进行PCR检测及Southern blotting验证得到单拷贝敲除突变体。将目的基因片段重新导入敲除突变体,筛选获得互补突变体。最终对野生型菌株及敲除突变体、互补突变体进行菌落、产孢及致病力观察,利用SPSS软件对数据进行差异显著性分析,并利用q RT-PCR技术分析突变体黑色素基因簇的表达水平。【结果】通过基因敲除技术获得1个Vmcyp5基因的敲除突变体。与野生型菌株相比,Vmcyp5基因的敲除突变体菌落呈白色,产孢量减少51.3%。q RT-PCR分析发现敲除突变体黑色素基因簇基因表达量降低。重要的是,敲除突变体致病力较野生型菌株降低24.5%。互补突变体菌落颜色、产孢及致病力近似恢复至野生型菌株水平。【结论】Vmcyp5基因与病原菌黑色素合成、子实体的产生和致病力相关。     

CfNop12参与调控果生刺盘孢生长发育、低温胁迫响应和致病力

果生刺盘孢是油茶炭疽病的主要致病菌。研究果生刺盘孢RNA结合蛋白基因CfNOP12的生物学功能,阐述果生刺盘孢致病的分子机制,为油茶炭疽病的防治提供理论基础。根据同源重组原理,在果生刺盘孢中敲除目标基因CfNOP12,PCR验证获得正确的突变体ΔCfnop12;进一步构建PYF11::CfNOP12回补质粒,导入突变体原生质体中,筛选成功互补菌株ΔCfnop12-C。对这些菌株进行生物学表型测定,发现突变体ΔCfnop12营养生长速率显著下降,分生孢子的产量及附着胞形成率显著降低;在含有细胞壁胁迫剂的PDA培养基上,突变体ΔCfnop12的抑制率相较于野生型和回补菌株显著升高,在低温条件下,突变体的生长速率表现出明显下降;野生型和回补菌株几丁质聚集在菌丝顶端,突变体ΔCfnop12尖端几丁质分布不正常;相比于野生型和回补菌株,突变体致病力显著降低。综上所述,潜在RNA结合蛋白基因CfNOP12参与调控了果生刺盘孢生长发育、低温胁迫响应和致病力。     

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶基因CfMKK1调控果生炭疽菌的生长发育和致病力

【目的】由果生炭疽菌引起的炭疽病是油茶的主要病害,造成油茶产量下降。本文研究果生炭疽菌中丝裂原活化蛋白激酶CfMkk1的生物学功能,旨在为解析油茶炭疽病菌的致病机理提供依据。【方法】根据同源重组原理构建CfMKK1基因敲除载体片段,采用PEG介导法将载体导入原生质体中筛选获得突变体菌株DCfmkk1;PCR扩增果生炭疽菌含有启动子的CfMKK1基因回补片段,构建回补载体pYF11::CfMKK1;采用PEG介导法把回补载体转化至突变体的原生质体中,荧光筛选回补菌株ΔCfmkk1-C。测定野生型菌株、突变体菌株DCfmkk1及基因回补菌株ΔCfmkk1-C在营养生长、附着胞形成、胁迫应答和致病力等生物学表型。【结果】与野生型和回补菌株相比,CfMKK1基因敲除突变体ΔCfmkk1菌丝生长速率明显减缓;在含刚果红的PDA培养基上菌丝生长受到明显抑制,无法穿透玻璃纸,丧失了侵染寄主的能力;而且无法形成附着胞。【结论】研究结果表明CfMKK1基因参与调控油茶果生炭疽菌的生长发育、附着胞形成、致病力以及响应外界胁迫过程。     

胶孢炭疽菌CgRGS2基因的克隆及生物学功能

【目的】G蛋白信号调控因子(Regulators of G-protein signaling,RGS)是G蛋白的一类负调控因子,在植物病原菌生长发育及致病过程中发挥着重要的作用,然而目前还未有关于胶孢炭疽菌RGS蛋白生物学功能的研究。本试验的目的是克隆胶孢炭疽菌的一个RGS基因CgRGS2,并分析其生物学功能。【方法】利用PCR技术扩增CgRGS2的基因并进行生物信息学分析,利用同源重组的方法获得CgRGS2基因的敲除突变体,并在突变体的基础上获得互补株,通过表型分析确定该基因的生物学功能。【结果】通过PCR扩增获得了CgRGS2的基因,其编码一个574个氨基酸的蛋白,在N末端含有一个RGS功能域。该基因敲除突变体同野生型相比,表现为营养生长缓慢,气生菌丝浓密,分生孢子产量降低且孢子呈多端萌发,对氧化压力及SDS敏感,致病性减弱等。【结论】CgRGS2蛋白参与调控胶孢炭疽菌的营养生长,分生孢子产量及萌发,氧化应激反应及细胞壁完整性,对其致病性也具有一定的影响。     

The BMP1 gene is essential for pathogenicity in the gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea

In Magnaporthe grisea, a well-conserved mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase gene, PMK1, is essential for fungal pathogenesis. In this study, we tested whether the same MAP kinase is essential for plant infection in the gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea, a necrotrophic pathogen that employs infection mechanisms different from those of M. grisea. We used a polymerase chain reaction-based approach to isolate MAP kinase homologues from B. cinerea. The Botrytis MAP kinase required for pathogenesis (BMP) MAP kinase gene is highly homologous to the M. grisea PMK1. BMP1 is a single-copy gene. bmp1 gene replacement mutants produced normal conidia and mycelia but were reduced in growth rate on nutrient-rich medium. bmp1 mutants were nonpathogenic on carnation flowers and tomato leaves. Re-introduction of the wild-type BMP1 allele into the bmp1 mutant restored both normal growth rate and pathogenicity. Further studies indicated that conidia from bmp1 mutants germinated on plant surfaces but failed to penetrate and macerate plant tissues. bmp1 mutants also appeared to be defective in infecting through wounds. These results indicated that BMP1 is essential for plant infection in B. cinerea, and this MAP kinase pathway may be widely conserved in pathogenic fungi for regulating infection processes.     

灰葡萄孢分生孢子产生相关基因的克隆及功能分析

[目的]克隆灰葡萄孢分生孢子产生相关基因,并研究其功能,为进一步研究灰葡萄孢分生孢子产生机理和灰葡萄孢侵染及致病机理奠定基础.[方法]通过筛选灰葡萄孢ATMT突变体库,获得一株不能产生分生孢子的突变菌株BCt78,采用PCR和Southern Blotting技术,对突变菌株BCt78进行分子鉴定.利用TAIL-PCR技术获得T-DNA插入位点的侧翼序列;将所获得侧翼序列与灰葡萄孢基因组数据库中的已知基因序列进行BLAST分析,推测出T-DNA的插入位点;通过PCR进一步验证T-DNA的插入位点,利用RT-PCR技术确定突变基因;最后对突变菌株的菌落形态、生长速度、胞壁降解酶活力、粗毒素的生物活性、对番茄叶片的致病能力及部分致病相关基因的表达情况进行研究.[结果]TAIL-PCR结果证实T-DNA插入到灰葡萄孢BCIG 12707.1基因的ATG起始密码子区;RT-PCR结果证实突变基因为BCIG_12707.1,该基因DNA全长为135 bp,编码一个44个氨基酸的假定蛋白(Hypothetical protein).突变菌株在PDA培养基上菌落呈灰白色,生长速度减慢,不能产生分生孢子及菌核;对番茄叶片的致病性增强,且胞壁降解酶(PG、PMG和Cx)活力增强;突变菌株中参与细胞壁降解的角质酶基因cutA和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶基因Bepg1,信号转导途径基因(PKA1、PKA2、Bac、Bmp3),产毒素基因BcBOT2(Sesquiterpene synthase),漆酶基因Lac1,跨膜蛋白基因Btp1表达都增强.[结论]BC1G_ 12707.1基因在灰葡萄孢分生孢子产生、菌核形成及致病力等方面起重要作用.     

An adaptor protein BmSte50 interacts with BmSte11 MAPKKK and is involved in host infection,conidiation, melanization,and sexual development in Bipolaris maydis

A mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway regulates specialized cellular responses to external stimuli. In Bipolaris maydis, a Chk1 MAPK orthologous to Fus3/Kss1 MAPKs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is known to regulate various developmental processes, including the formation of appressoria. However, upstream factors that regulate the Chk1 cascade have not been well clarified. In this study, we identified and characterized the BmSte50 gene, an ortholog of the yeast Ste50 in B. maydis. Our yeast two-hybrid assay indicated that BmSte50 interacts with a MAPK kinase kinase BmSte11, a component of the Chk1 cascade. ΔBmSte50 strains exhibited a loss of pathogenicity due to a lack of appressorial formation. The mutants also showed a reduction in melanization, conidial production, and aerial-mycelial and sexual development. Such phenotypes of the mutants were consistent with those of the Chk1 cascade gene mutants previously reported. In addition, ΔBmSte50 strains indicated lower conidial germination efficiency than the wild type. Notably, a significant number of ΔBmSte50 conidia could be germinated, while the Chk1 cascade gene mutants were reported to lack conidial germination ability. Our results suggested that BmSte50 may act as an adaptor protein for the Chk1 cascade and is involved in the regulation of various cellular processes.     

BcSAK1, a stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase, is involved in vegetative differentiation and pathogenicity in Botrytis cinerea

The gene bcsak1, encoding a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) of Botrytis cinerea, was cloned and characterized. The protein has high homology to the yeast Hog1 and to corresponding MAPKs from filamentous fungi, but it shows unique functional features. The protein is phosphorylated under osmotic stress, specific fungicides, and oxidative stress mediated by H(2)O(2) and menadione. Northern blot analyses indicate that only a subset of typical oxidative stress response genes is regulated by BcSAK1. In contrast to most other fungal systems, Deltabcsak1 mutants are significantly impaired in vegetative and pathogenic development: they are blocked in conidia formation, show increased sclerotial development, and are unable to penetrate unwounded plant tissue. These data indicate that in B. cinerea the stress-activated MAPK cascade is involved in essential differentiation programs.     

蛋白-O-岩藻糖基转移酶1基因CfPOFUT1在果生炭疽菌中的功能分析

【目的】蛋白-O-岩藻糖基转移酶1 (protein O-fucosyltransferase 1,POFUT1)是催化蛋白质O-岩藻糖基化的关键酶,在动物和人体内被证明调控一系列的生理病理过程,然而POFUT1基因在果生炭疽菌乃至真菌中还未见报道。本研究旨在克隆果生炭疽菌中CfPOFUT1基因,并分析其生物学功能。【方法】利用RT-PCR技术扩增CfPOFUT1的基因并进行生物信息学分析,构建了CfPOFUT1基因的沉默和过表达载体,通过PEG介导法将载体导入原生质体中获得CfPOFUT1基因的沉默和过表达突变体。测定了野生型菌株、CfPOFUT1沉默菌株和过表达菌株在PDA上的菌丝生长、分生孢子产生、萌发与附着胞形成、胁迫应答和致病力、杀菌剂敏感性等生物学表型。【结果】与野生型菌株相比,基因过表达突变体产孢量显著增加,致病力增强,对嘧菌酯敏感性降低,但对多菌灵和咪鲜胺敏感性增强。基因沉默突变体产孢量减少,细胞壁完整性、内质网应激敏感性提高,致病力减弱,对嘧菌酯敏感性提高,但对多菌灵和咪鲜胺敏感性降低。【结论】CfPOFUT1基因参与调控果生炭疽菌分生孢子产量,细胞壁完整性、内质网对应激和药剂敏感性,并对其致病性也具有一定的影响。     

Dehydrin-like Proteins in the Necrotrophic Fungus Alternaria brassicicola Have a Role in Plant Pathogenesis and Stress Response

In this study, the roles of fungal dehydrin-like proteins in pathogenicity and protection against environmental stresses were investigated in the necrotrophic seed-borne fungus Alternaria brassicicola. Three proteins (called AbDhn1, AbDhn2 and AbDhn3), harbouring the asparagine-proline-arginine (DPR) signature pattern and sharing the characteristic features of fungal dehydrin-like proteins, were identified in the A. brassicicola genome. The expression of these genes was induced in response to various stresses and found to be regulated by the AbHog1 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. A knock-out approach showed that dehydrin-like proteins have an impact mainly on oxidative stress tolerance and on conidial survival upon exposure to high and freezing temperatures. The subcellular localization revealed that AbDhn1 and AbDhn2 were associated with peroxisomes, which is consistent with a possible perturbation of protective mechanisms to counteract oxidative stress and maintain the redox balance in AbDhn mutants. Finally, we show that the double deletion mutant ΔΔabdhn1-abdhn2 was highly compromised in its pathogenicity. By comparison to the wild-type, this mutant exhibited lower aggressiveness on B. oleracea leaves and a reduced capacity to be transmitted to Arabidopsis seeds via siliques. The double mutant was also affected with respect to conidiation, another crucial step in the epidemiology of the disease.     

Equivalent genetic roles for bmp7/snailhouse and bmp2b/swirl in dorsoventral pattern formation

A bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway acts in the establishment of the dorsoventral axis of the vertebrate embryo. Here we demonstrate the genetic requirement for two different Bmp ligand subclass genes for dorsoventral pattern formation of the zebrafish embryo. From the relative efficiencies observed in Bmp ligand rescue experiments, conserved chromosomal synteny, and isolation of the zebrafish bmp7 gene, we determined that the strongly dorsalized snailhouse mutant phenotype is caused by a mutation in the bmp7 gene. We show that the original snailhouse allele is a hypomorphic mutation and we identify a snailhouse/bmp7 null mutant. We demonstrate that the snailhouse/bmp7 null mutant phenotype is identical to the presumptive null mutant phenotype of the strongest dorsalized zebrafish mutant swirl/bmp2b, revealing equivalent genetic roles for these two Bmp ligands. Double mutant snailhouse/bmp7; swirl/bmp2b embryos do not exhibit additional or stronger dorsalized phenotypes, indicating that these Bmp ligands do not function redundantly in early embryonic development. Furthermore, overexpression experiments reveal that Bmp2b and Bmp7 synergize in the ventralization of wild-type embryos through a cell-autonomous mechanism, suggesting that Bmp2b/Bmp7 heterodimers may act in vivo to specify ventral cell fates in the zebrafish embryo.     

Novel mitogen-activated protein kinase MpkC of Aspergillus fumigatus is required for utilization of polyalcohol sugars

The genome of Aspergillus fumigatus has four genes that encode mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), sakA/hogA, mpkA, mpkB, and mpkC. The functions of the MpkB and MpkC MAPKs are unknown for A. fumigatus and the closely related and genetically amenable species Aspergillus nidulans. mpkC deletion mutants of A. fumigatus were made and their phenotypes characterized. The mpkC deletion mutants were viable and had normal conidial germination and hyphal growth on minimal or complete media. This is in contrast to deletion mutants with deletions in the closely related MAPK gene sakA/hogA that we previously reported had a nitrogen source-dependent germination phenotype. Similarly, the growth of the mpkC deletion mutants was wild type on high-osmolarity medium. Consistent with these two MAP kinase genes regulating different cellular responses, we determined that the mpkC deletion mutants were unable to grow on minimal medium with sorbitol or mannitol as the sole carbon source. This result implicates MpkC signaling in carbon source utilization. Changes in mRNA levels for sakA and mpkC were measured in response to hypertonic stress, oxidative stress, and a shift from glucose to sorbitol to determine if there was overlap in the SakA and MpkC signaling pathways. These studies demonstrated that SakA- and MpkC-dependent patterns of change in mRNA levels are distinct and have minimal overlap in response to these environmental stresses.