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1.
当出现在边缘视野的一个物体被周围其他物体包围时,视觉系统对它的识别会很困难,这种现象叫做视觉拥挤效应.研究拥挤效应既有利于理解人类进行客体识别的过程,也对治疗黄斑变性、弱视和阅读障碍等视觉病变有显著的临床意义.自拥挤效应被提出以来,对拥挤效应的特性、神经机制和影响因素等都做了深入地研究.本文将系统地综述拥挤效应的研究进展,包括其特性、现有的理论假设、计算模型、可能涉及的大脑区域以及近年来利用知觉学习消除拥挤效应的一些工作,最后对该领域的未来发展给出建议.尽管在这个领域已经获得了丰富的成果,但在许多问题上仍有争议,未来还需要更为巧妙的设计和精确的技术进一步解决这些问题.  相似文献   

2.
现代神经科学研究指出,大脑是外部世界的“预测器”,它能根据先验知识和当前信息对即将到来的感觉信息进行主动估计,从而完成与外部世界的高效交互。预测性编码是描述预期作用机制的主要理论模型,梳理其在解释视、听觉神经现象方面的研究进展,可为深入理解大脑工作模式提供新的理论基础。本文简述了预测性编码的内容;从常用范式、典型现象、面临争议等方面梳理预期与感觉输入相互作用的典型研究;从有预期无刺激的神经表征、预期相关神经振荡模式两方面简述预期独立于刺激的内源性神经表征;进而回顾了支持预测性编码中分级结构的神经生理证据及重要神经结构。最后,本文从深化理论研究、助力疾病诊疗、启发脑-机接口技术等方面对预测性编码相关研究的发展进行了展望。深入理解预测性编码在视、听觉神经活动中的计算模型及神经表征,有望为揭示大脑感知觉神经活动工作模式开辟新途径。  相似文献   

3.
目的:探讨立体视觉中单眼线索和双眼线索之间的牵挂机制.方法:选择该校视力或矫正视力正常的硕士研究生10名作为受试者,刺激呈现在校准过的SD2320W三维液晶显示器上.①一对具有清晰边沿的立方体,以及一对移除连接Y节点三条线后余下的立方体轮廓和Y节点所组成的图形,考察两组图形融合后,Y节点的深度情况;②三对连接Y的点的三条线是不连续的立方体,呈现一种逐渐变短的趋势,分别观察各组图形融合后,Y节点的深度变化.结果:①在实验1中,被试知觉到上面立方体的Y节点是突出来的,保证了一个完好的立方体结构,而下面立方体轮廓中的Y节点是凹进去的,离被试最远.②在实验2中,被试知觉到随着连接Y节点的三条线逐渐变短,Y节点的深度逐渐增加,以至最后完全陷了进去.结论:体视刺激的某些信息,当在单眼线索和双眼线索上发生了双重定义,且描述的深度信息不一致,便会产生视觉上的牵挂现象.  相似文献   

4.
精神分裂症迄今病因未明,家系研究、双生子与寄养子的研究显示了精神分裂症的遗传倾向,各国学者开展了许多寻找其致病基因的研究工作。已经有大量关于精神分裂症易感基因的报道,有些结果也在后续试验中取得了较好的重复性。本文主要就精神分裂症易感基因的研究近况做一综述。  相似文献   

5.
精神分裂症是一类遗传倾向性较高的多基因疾病。近年来,随着遗传学和分子生物学为主的多学科研究技术的快速发展,不断有新的易感基因报道;一些重要易感基因的生物学功能及其在该疾病发病机制中的作用研究也取得了一定进展。  相似文献   

6.
大脑性别差异一直是神经科学领域中的一个热门话题.以前的性别差异研究往往关注与高级认知相关的脑区结构和功能差异,而对低级感知觉系统中的性别差异没有足够的重视.近年来,越来越多的研究结果表明,男性和女性在视知觉功能上也存在着明显的差异.本文首先回顾和梳理了视觉系统中存在性别差异的行为学和神经生物学证据,然后对视觉系统中性别...  相似文献   

7.
作为昆虫种群的重要组成部分,夜行性昆虫成功进化出了与其生存环境相适应的感觉机制,普遍认为夜行性昆虫主要依靠嗅觉和机械性感受等来探索环境,其视觉器官发生了退化或功能丧失.近年来,随着红外夜视、视网膜电位(electroretinogram,ERG)和视觉神经等生物新技术的应用,昆虫视觉生态学研究出现了突破性进展,自200...  相似文献   

8.
研究表明,视觉通路除了经典的视觉皮层通路外,还有一条“古老的”、快速的皮层下通路负责在有意识和无意识状态下快速处理与情绪相关的信息。皮层下视觉通路由上丘、枕核和杏仁核组成,而且不经过初级视觉皮层。我们前期研究表明,初级视觉皮层与拓扑知觉信息加工没有关系,而皮层下视觉通路负责处理视觉拓扑信息。基于这些发现,我们认为,在早期视觉中,大脑检测涉及生命攸关的信号,这些信号告诉大脑:环境中有物体出现或消失,使大脑进入警戒状态,这对物种的生存至关重要。因此,在早期视觉中,需要检测的要素只是物体的“出现”和“消失”,而不是“纹理”、“形状”等。“出现”和“消失”都是拓扑特征的变化。拓扑感知和皮层下视觉通路的存在可能是早期预警的神经基础。在灵长类动物中,视网膜外周区域主要由视杆细胞构成,该区域接收的视觉信息主要通过皮层下视觉通路进行处理;视网膜中心区域(即中央凹)主要由视锥细胞构成,视觉空间分辨率变得非常高,该区域视觉信息处理主要是由视觉皮层负责。研究表明,由视杆细胞构成的视网膜是个“古老”结构,在1亿多年前就出现了;而视锥细胞构成的视网膜类型较为“年轻”,在5 000万年前才出现。所以,我们的视网膜从“古老”结构演化到“年轻”结构至少用了5 000万年的时间,它是由一个古老结构和一个年轻结构共同组成的“嵌合体”。当我们讨论皮层下通路存在的意义时,我们也应该结合皮层通路的功能来统一考虑。  相似文献   

9.
目的:人类视觉皮层的组织方式是视网膜皮层映射组织,先前研究已经证实视觉皮层在中心视采用这种组织方式,本文主要研究宽周边视的视觉皮层组织方式.方法:本文采用一种可以在核磁共振室中使用的光纤设备,设计了30度、40度、50度、60度的类圆环block刺激,使用1.5T的功能性核磁共振仪器,T1高分辨率图像分辨率为1*1*5.5mm,T2加权图像分辨率为4*4*5.5mm,TR反应时间为60,矩阵大小为64*64.核磁共振数据分析使用了SPM2和Brain voyager软件.结果:通过对试验者的数据处理分析,周边视的刺激的反应区域在枕叶上,主要分布在枕叶的前部,刺激反应区域随着偏心率的增大而沿着距状沟从距状沟的后部向前部移动.结论:周边视的视网膜皮层映射组织特性和中心视的特性非常相似.  相似文献   

10.
采用事件相关电位技术研究了在视觉搜索过程中的外源易化和返回抑制(inhibition of return,IOR)的相互关系。当外源注意保持在序列搜索过的位置上时,有一个延时反应(即IOR),伴随其产生的相关脑电成分有:分布在后顶的潜伏期为200 ms 的正差异、分布在前额叶内侧靠左的潜伏期为240 毫秒的负差异,以及分布在两侧颞顶联合区的潜伏期为280 ms 的负差异。而当外源注意保持在平行搜索的位置上时,则出现了明显的易化效应,伴随其产生的脑电成分仅为分布在枕顶区域的潜伏期为280 ms 的负差异。这些结果表明,外源易化和IOR 涉及了不同的脑区和神经过程,从而支持两者在机制上是可分离性的观点。  相似文献   

11.
    
《Current biology : CB》2019,29(18):3059-3064.e2
  相似文献   

12.
13.
How our perceptual experience of the world remains stable and continuous despite the frequent repositioning eye movements remains very much a mystery. One possibility is that our brain actively constructs a spatiotopic representation of the world, which is anchored in external--or at least head-centred--coordinates. In this study, we show that the positional motion aftereffect (the change in apparent position after adaptation to motion) is spatially selective in external rather than retinal coordinates, whereas the classic motion aftereffect (the illusion of motion after prolonged inspection of a moving source) is selective in retinotopic coordinates. The results provide clear evidence for a spatiotopic map in humans: one which can be influenced by image motion.  相似文献   

14.
Depth constancy is the ability to perceive a fixed depth interval in the world as constant despite changes in viewing distance and the spatial scale of depth variation. It is well known that the spatial frequency of depth variation has a large effect on threshold. In the first experiment, we determined that the visual system compensates for this differential sensitivity when the change in disparity is suprathreshold, thereby attaining constancy similar to contrast constancy in the luminance domain. In a second experiment, we examined the ability to perceive constant depth when the spatial frequency and viewing distance both changed. To attain constancy in this situation, the visual system has to estimate distance. We investigated this ability when vergence, accommodation and vertical disparity are all presented accurately and therefore provided veridical information about viewing distance. We found that constancy is nearly complete across changes in viewing distance. Depth constancy is most complete when the scale of the depth relief is constant in the world rather than when it is constant in angular units at the retina. These results bear on the efficacy of algorithms for creating stereo content.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Vision in our three-dimensional world’.  相似文献   

15.
以家猫为动物模型,采用细胞外记录的方法,测试了82个初级视皮层细胞的方位和方向调谐以及感受野大小.基于细胞的面积整合特性,区分出52个外周抑制型细胞和30个外周无抑制型细胞.所有被测细胞均存在强的方位选择性,而外周无抑制型细胞比抑制型细胞有更强的方位选择性.两类细胞的方向选择性没有显著性差异.外周抑制型细胞比外周无抑制型细胞有着更大的动作电位发放率.采用两种不同方法测量两类细胞的感受野范围,却产生了不同的结果:用最小反应区测量发现抑制型细胞的经典感受野更大,而用面积整合曲线测量时外周无抑制型细胞的感受野更大.  相似文献   

16.
感觉皮层神经元的非经典感受野(简称\"外周\")对经典感受野(简称\"中心\")的调节作用广泛存在于哺乳动物中,被认为是感觉皮层神经元的基本特性.以初级视皮层神经元为例,刺激其外周能有效地调节刺激其中心引起的反应,这种作用主要是抑制性的.理解初级视皮层神经元的外周对中心的调节机制能够深入揭示哺乳动物的感觉皮层神经元信息处理的基本原则.本文综述了引起初级视皮层神经元非经典感受野对经典感受野调节作用的神经环路机制和计算模型研究的进展.  相似文献   

17.
1.  Spectral-sensitivity functions of large-field movement-detecting units in the lobula plate of the dronefly Eristalis tenax L., which is a Batesian mimic of the honeybee, were measured using visual stimuli consisting of light flashes, or moving gratings. Two classes of units were studied, one class responding to inward horizontal motion in the contralateral eye (presumably the homologue of the well-known HI in other fly species), and the other class responding to vertically-down-ward motion in the contralateral eye.
2.  In both classes of units, the spectral-sensitivity function of the response to flashes is characterized by two peaks, one in the UV at ca. 350 nm and the other in the blue at ca. 475 nm (Figs. 3, 8). It resembles the spectral-sensitivity function of the R1-R6 class of receptors in other flies.
3.  In both classes of units, the spectral-sensitivity function of the response to movement is characterized by a single peak, occurring in the blue at ca. 450 nm (Figs. 7, 9).
4.  Control experiments on homologous units in the Australian Sheep Blowfly Lucilia cuprina, using identical stimulating conditions reveal that the response to flashes as well as movement possesses a dual-peaked spectral sensitivity, with one peak in the UV and the other in the blue-green region of the spectrum (Figs. 10–12).
5.  The results indicate that the pathways subserving the inputs to movement-detecting neurons in Eristalis are driven by more than one spectral class of photoreceptors. They also reveal that the spectral sensitivity of movement detection in Eristalis bears a closer resemblance to that of the honeybee, than to that of other flies. This similarity to the honeybee may arise from the fact that the dronefly and the honeybee occupy similar ecological niches, both foraging for nectar in flowers.
  相似文献   

18.
The neural responses to depth-motion stimulation have been investigated in a higher-order interneurone in the optic lobe of the blowfly. The optical stimulus was generated by an outline square or elements of a square moving in real depth. Extracellular, single-unit recording and signal-averaging techniques show that this neurone is velocity coding assuming different delay constants for the excitatory and inhibitory processes. There is no systematic response to the second derivative but a partial response in the excitatory range to the third derivative of motion. The neurone responses to motion in the horizontal direction but not in the vertical direction. When there is simultaneous motion in the preferred and non-preferred directions the neurone reacts systematically with excitation to motion in depth toward the eye, and with inhibition during motion away from the eye. This response is restricted to the frontal part of the eye while in the periphery excitation and inhibition cancel each other. The status of this neurone in the process of motion perception is discussed.  相似文献   

19.
    
Domestic dogs play many vital roles in human lives; however, relatively little is known about how they perceive the world visually. Given dogs’ recent popularity as a subject in cognitive and behavioural studies, it is important to understand how they visually interpret the world around them. One way to evaluate perception is to assess illusion susceptibility; specifically, how visual information is processed, interpreted and modified post-retinally. While illusion susceptibility has been used across a variety of species to comparatively assess the similarities and differences in visual processing and perception, this relatively novel methodological approach has only recently been adapted to evaluate perception in domestic dogs. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the findings from studies that have evaluated domestic dogs’ illusion susceptibility, highlighting the relevance of these results for those studying illusion susceptibility in animals as well as canine behaviour and cognition. More specifically, the ultimate goal of this review is to answer the questions: (a) Are dogs susceptible to visual illusions? (b) If so, are they susceptible to illusions in a way that parallels humans and/or other animals? (c) Are findings, within dogs, consistent and if not, how might these be interpreted and explained?  相似文献   

20.
The simultaneity of signals from different senses—such as vision and audition—is a useful cue for determining whether those signals arose from one environmental source or from more than one. To understand better the sensory mechanisms for assessing simultaneity, we measured the discrimination thresholds for time intervals marked by auditory, visual or auditory–visual stimuli, as a function of the base interval. For all conditions, both unimodal and cross-modal, the thresholds followed a characteristic ‘dipper function’ in which the lowest thresholds occurred when discriminating against a non-zero interval. The base interval yielding the lowest threshold was roughly equal to the threshold for discriminating asynchronous from synchronous presentations. Those lowest thresholds occurred at approximately 5, 15 and 75 ms for auditory, visual and auditory–visual stimuli, respectively. Thus, the mechanisms mediating performance with cross-modal stimuli are considerably slower than the mechanisms mediating performance within a particular sense. We developed a simple model with temporal filters of different time constants and showed that the model produces discrimination functions similar to the ones we observed in humans. Both for processing within a single sense, and for processing across senses, temporal perception is affected by the properties of temporal filters, the outputs of which are used to estimate time offsets, correlations between signals, and more.  相似文献   

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