杀螨剂研究进展

农业害螨具有体积小、在生长季节繁殖快、代数多、适应性强及易产生抗药性等特点,是公认的最难防治的有害生物群落之一。用于防治植食性害螨的农用杀螨剂销售额近年来呈现猛增趋势。本文就目前国内外杀螨剂的种类、杀螨剂市场需求、我国杀螨剂药证登记情况、杀螨机制及杀螨剂开发过程中存在的主要问题加以分析,以期为杀螨剂的研究与创制提供理论基础。     

十种杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨不同发育阶段的毒力比较

【目的】为明确不同杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨Tetranychuscinnabarinus不同发育阶段的生物活性。【方法】采用浸渍法分别测定了10种杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨成螨、卵和若螨的毒力。【结果】丁氟螨酯、阿维菌素和联苯肼酯对成螨、卵和若螨的活性均较高;乙螨唑和螺螨酯对卵和若螨活性较高,但对成螨活性明显偏低;甲氰菊酯对成螨和若螨的活性优于卵;唑螨酯、哒螨灵和三唑锡对3种螨态也均具有毒杀作用,但毒力偏低。同一种杀螨剂对若螨的活性均高于成螨和卵,乙螨唑、螺螨酯、联苯肼酯、唑螨酯和炔螨特对卵的活性高于成螨,丁氟螨酯、阿维菌素、甲氰菊酯、哒螨灵和三唑锡对成螨的活性高于卵。【结论】不同杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨不同发育阶段毒力存在较大差异,田间用药防治时应根据害螨发生情况和发生阶段,选择适合的防治药剂。     

植食叶蜡抗药性遗传学研究的进展

Presentaddress：DepartmentofPlantProtection,HuazhongAgricultural,Wuhan430070．叶螨是危害农作物的主要害螨之一．近年来,叶螨对杀虫剂和杀螨剂的抗性发展问题日益受到人们的重视．到1980年,世界上已有38种农业害螨对杀虫（螨）剂产生了抗药性（”‘．叶螨的抗药性速度发展很快,如我国河南棉区局部棉叶螨对甲某对硫磷的抗性高达466倍（“．GC。rghi。u和T8yl。r认为,影响抗药性发展的因素有遗传方面的,也有个物学和防治技术方面的O‘．在遗传方面单基因或多基因遗传、抗药性基因的显隐性关系和抗药性个体的适合股是重要的…     

狄斯瓦螨对杀螨剂抗性机制的研究进展

狄斯瓦螨Varroa destructor是严重危害西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera的主要寄生螨之一,由于杀螨剂长期大量、单一和连续使用,狄斯瓦螨对杀螨剂的抗性发展日趋严重,探明狄斯瓦螨抗性机制对于治理狄斯瓦螨具有重要意义。狄斯瓦螨抗性形成受遗传因素、人为操作因素及其他生态因素的影响,其抗性机制与化学杀螨剂的种类有关,目前研究较多的是靶标不敏感性机制和解毒代谢增强机制,对拟除虫菊酯类杀螨剂抗性机制研究较为透彻,而对有机磷类和甲咪类杀螨剂抗性机制研究有限。本文基于文献,阐述了狄斯瓦螨对拟除虫菊酯类、有机磷类和甲咪类杀螨剂抗性机制的最新研究进展,讨论了抗性治理的最新研究成果及该领域未来的研究方向,以期为狄斯瓦螨有效治理、杀螨剂的安全有效使用及新型杀螨剂开发等研究提供参考。     

5种杀螨剂对不同螨态荔枝叶螨的毒力评价和田间防效

为了综合评价常用杀螨剂对荔枝叶螨Oligonychus litchii的室内毒力,在室内分别采用Potter喷雾法、浸叶碟法和浸叶法测定了5种常用杀螨剂对荔枝叶螨成螨、卵和若螨的毒力,并测定了5种杀螨剂对荔枝叶螨的田间防效。室内毒力结果表明:哒螨灵、阿维菌素对荔枝叶螨成螨和若螨有较高的毒力,联苯肼酯对成螨和若螨的毒力较低,而螺螨酯和乙螨唑对成螨基本无活性,对若螨有一定的毒力;5种杀螨剂对卵的毒力大小依次为乙螨唑螺螨酯哒螨灵阿维菌素联苯肼酯。田间防效试验中,15%哒螨灵乳油和1.8%阿维菌素乳油对荔枝叶螨的总体防效较好,药后1 d防效高于70%,药后10 d防效达100%,药后20 d防效仍在90%以上,速效性和持效性均较好;240 g/L螺螨酯悬浮剂和110 g/L乙螨唑悬浮剂对荔枝叶螨药后3 d防效均低于70%,而药后20 d的防效高于90%,说明两药剂速效性较差但持效性较好;43%联苯肼酯悬浮剂药后1、3 d防效低于阿维菌素和哒螨灵,高于螺螨酯和乙螨唑,药后15 d防效开始下降。在田间防治荔枝叶螨时,若荔枝叶螨发生早期、成螨较少时建议施用螺螨酯或乙螨唑,而荔枝叶螨种群中成螨、若螨较多时推荐施用阿维菌素、哒螨灵或联苯肼酯。     

截形叶螨药剂防治对比试验

截形叶螨(Tetranychus truncatus Ehara)在云南昆明主要为害大棚花卉,尤其对月季(Rosa chinensis)为害严重。使用玻片浸液法,选用6种化学杀螨剂和1种植物叶面保护剂对该叶螨进行室内药效测定;同时,选取真除螨、主力和植物叶面保护剂等3种杀螨剂实施田间防治试验。结果表明,室内施药48h后,真除螨2 000、3 000倍液杀螨效果达100%;田间喷药3d后,真除螨4 000倍液能达到30%的防治效果,可有效降低害螨数量。建议每年截形叶螨为害严重的5～11月期间,在保护地栽培的月季上连续施用真除螨。害螨发生高峰期前,可使用植物叶面保护剂,减少害螨的取食。     

4种杀螨剂对二斑叶螨的毒力测定和对少毛钝绥螨的安全性评价

为评价杀螨剂对二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch的毒力和对少毛钝绥螨Proprioseiopsis asetus Chant的安全性,本文采用叶片喷雾法测定了4种田间常用杀螨剂对少毛钝绥螨和二斑叶螨的毒力,并分析比较了4种杀螨剂对少毛钝绥螨和二斑叶螨的选择毒力。试验结果表明,4种杀螨剂对少毛钝绥螨雌成螨和二斑叶螨雌成螨的毒力选择指数大小依次为：联苯肼酯（10.1261）>阿维菌素（5.4664）＞哒螨灵（3.5293）＞克螨特（2.3615）。联苯肼酯对少毛钝绥螨的毒力选择指数最高,具有中度正向选择性,即联苯肼酯对少毛钝绥螨的毒力明显低于其对二斑叶螨的毒力。阿维菌素、哒螨灵、克螨特对少毛钝绥螨和二斑叶螨的毒力选择指数也都大于1,但都小于10,即这3种杀螨剂对少毛钝绥螨和二斑叶螨都有较低的正向选择性。4种杀螨剂常规使用浓度下对少毛钝绥螨雌成螨的安全系数大小依次为：联苯肼酯>阿维菌素＞哒螨灵＞克螨特。联苯肼酯的安全系数为16.8935～24.4025,阿维菌素的安全系数为5.5782～22.3127,均大于5,表示联苯肼酯和阿维菌素在推荐使用浓度的低浓度情况下,对少毛钝绥螨的安全性高。而15%哒螨灵乳油和73%克螨特乳油的安全系数仅1.1709～1.7564和1.0523～1.5807,在推荐使用浓度的低浓度情况下,对少毛钝绥螨的安全性一般。因此建议在生产中应用少毛钝绥螨进行生物防治时,可优先选用联苯肼酯和阿维菌素配合使用,而不建议使用哒螨灵和克螨特。     

丁氟螨酯对二斑叶螨生长发育的影响

[目的]丁氟螨酯是一种新型酰基乙腈类非内吸性杀螨剂,对害螨的各个螨态都有很高活性,具有较高的应用价值.本文评价了丁氟螨酯对二斑叶螨生长发育的影响,以期为合理用药和二斑叶螨的综合防治提供理论依据.[方法]采用浸叶法测定丁氟螨酯对二斑叶螨成螨与卵的致死中浓度、雌成螨产卵量、各螨态存活率以及各发育历期的影响.[结果]经丁氟螨...     

杀螨剂对螨类不同螨态四种毒力室内测定标准的建议

针对当前杀螨剂毒力测定标准的适用局限性提出了适合所有杀螨剂类型毒力测定的新标准建议,并以水培花生叶培养二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch进行Potter喷雾法毒力测定为例,描述了测定其不同螨态的4种室内毒力的操作要点,阐明对螨类这种世代历期短、繁殖能力强、经济危害地位重要的特殊生物类群,采用新的杀螨剂毒力测定标准,不仅对正确评价杀螨剂的作用特性、指导科学合理用药非常必要,而且操作上是可行的。     

国内杀螨剂应用概况

<正> 在60年代以前,我国的螨类问题并不严重,由于广泛地应用有机氯,有机磷杀虫剂防治害虫,导致螨危害,在60～70年代逐步严重起来,使得害螨成为果树、棉花生产上的重要害虫。尤其是拟除虫菊酯在我国应用以来,因其高效、广谱,几乎可以杀死一切害虫,在我国应用发展很快。结果使得螨类危害问题更加严重,其主要原因是因为有机氯、有机磷、拟除虫菌酯类杀虫剂在防治植食性害虫的同时也大量的杀伤于各种天     

Impact of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis cotton on a non-target pest Tetranychus spp. in northern China

Field studies were carried out to evaluate the effect of two transgenic cotton varieties (SGK321 carrying Cry1A+CpTI and DP99B carrying Cry1Ac) and the conventional variety (shiyuan321‐parental line of SGK321) on spider mites, Tetranychus spp. from 2002 to 2004. In 2002, this experiment included three treatments: Bt cotton field (SGK321) treated with acaricides against spider mites, untreated non‐Bt cotton field (Shiyuan321), and untreated Bt cotton field (SGK321). In 2003–2004, there are four types of treatments after a new transgenic Bt cotton variety, DP99B (non‐chemical control), was added into the experiments. The results showed that there were no significant difference in densities of spider mites among Bt without acaricides and non‐Bt without acaricides cotton fields, nor was there a significant difference in damage of spider mites to cotton among these treatments (P > 0.1). However, there are significant differences (P < 0.05) in densities of spider mites and damage caused by spider mites between cotton fields with and without acaricides. Acaricide significantly reduced the densities of spider mites in Bt cotton (P < 0.05). These results suggest that Bt cotton has no effect on spider mites populations. However, spider mites have the potential for severe damage in Bt cotton fields. Acaricides are essential tools in controlling cotton spider mites in northern China.     

The Effect of Patch Size and Persistence of Host Plants on the Development of Acaricide Resistance in the Two-spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus Urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Spatial and temporal characteristics of host plants can influence the population biology of the herbivores feeding on them. In this study, I examined the effect of variation in host plant characteristics on the development of acaricide resistance in the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae, a widely distributed agricultural pest. This investigation examined the geographic variation in the degree of resistance to two new types of acaricide, pyridaben and fenpyroximate. From mortality tests at field-level concentrations of the acaricides, many populations collected from fruit trees and roses had a high frequency of resistant individuals for acaricides while almost all populations collected from herbaceous crops had low frequencies of resistant individuals. These results, combined with those from a previous allozyme study, indicate that patch size and persistence of host plants regulate the population structure of the mites including gene flow between populations and, by extension, the development of acaricide resistance.     

Spider-Mite Problems and Control in Taiwan

Problems with spider mites first appeared in Taiwan in 1958, eight years after the importation of synthetic pesticides, and the mites evolved into major pests on many crops during the 1980s. Of the 74 spider mite species recorded from Taiwan 10 are major pests, with Tetranychus kanzawai most important, followed by T. urticae, Panonychus citri, T. cinnabarinus, T. truncatus and Oligonychus litchii. Most crops suffer from more than one species. Spider mites reproduce year-round in Taiwan. Diapause occurs only in high-elevation areas. Precipitation is the most important abiotic factor restricting spider-mite populations. Control is usually accomplished by applying chemicals. Fifty acaricides are currently registered for the control of spider mites. Acaricide resistance is a serious problem, with regional variation in resistance levels. Several phytoseiid mites and a chrysopid predator have been studied for control of spider mites with good effect. Efforts to market these predators should be intensified so that biological control can be a real choice for farmers.     

Acaricides impair prey location in a predatory phytoseiid mite

The use of predatory mites as the sole management tactic in biological control programmes frequently does not fully and reliably prevents damage of phytophagous mites on plants. Therefore, as an alternative, the integration of predatory mites with acaricides can provide more effective control of phytophagous mites than that of the predators only. However, for such integration, acaricides minimal negative impacts on predatory mites are required. In this study, we evaluated the sublethal effects of three acaricides on the foraging behaviour of Neoseiulus baraki (Athias‐Henriot) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in a coconut production system. The acaricides were assessed for interference with the location of prey habitat using a Y‐tube olfactometer and for interference with the location of the prey colony within the habitat using a video‐tracking system. In addition to the choice of odour source, the time required and the distance walked to make the choice were assessed. The acaricides tested were abamectin, azadirachtin and fenpyroximate. The predatory mite preferred coconuts infested with the coconut mite Aceria guerreronis Keifer (Acari: Eriophyidae) over uninfested coconuts when not exposed to acaricides. However, when exposed to acaricides, the predator did not distinguish between infested and uninfested fruits. When exposed to abamectin, N. baraki spent more time resting and walked greater distances before making the choice of an odour source. Thus, the acaricides impair the ability of the predatory mite N. baraki to locate a prey habitat and to locate a prey within that habitat. The acaricides differentially affected prey foraging by interfering with odour perception.     

Toxicity of plant essential oils to different life stages of the poultry red mite,Dermanyssus gallinae,and non‐target invertebrates

Seven essential oils with potential as acaricides for use against the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer) (Acari: Dermanyssidae), were selected for study. These products (essential oils of manuka, cade, pennyroyal, thyme, garlic, clove bud and cinnamon bark) were deployed against different life stages of D. gallinae in laboratory tests at the (lethal concentration) LC₅₀ level for adult mites. For all essential oils tested, toxicity to D. gallinae juveniles was as high as toxicity to adults, if not higher. However, at the LC₅₀ level determined for adults, some oils were ineffective in preventing hatching of D. gallinae eggs. The essential oils were also tested under laboratory conditions at their LC₉₀ levels for D. gallinae adults on two model non‐target species, the brine shrimp, Artemia salina (L.), and the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor (L.). Results showed that not all essential oils were as toxic to A. salina and T. molitor as they were to D. gallinae, suggesting that it may be possible to select certain oils for development as acaricides against D. gallinae that would have minimal impact on non‐target organisms. However, the level of toxicity to A. salina and T. molitor was not consistent across the selected essential oils.     

Tebufenpyrad: compatibility with integrated mite control on apples

Successful integrated mite control (IMC) depends on the availability of acaricides which act selectively on pest mites with minimal effects on predators. Laboratory bioassays of tebufenpyrad against adult female Panonychus ulmi (Koch) provided baseline toxicity data and showed it to be highly active. Bioassays also showed tebufenpyrad was toxic to the predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten but it was approximately 70 times less toxic to the predators than to P. ulmi at the lc ₅₀. Field trials using four concentrations of tebufenpyrad (10, 7.5, 5 and 2.5 g a.i./100 l) confirmed it was selectively more toxic to the pest mites than to predators and showed that it is compatible with IMC. It is suggested that a concentration of 5 g a.i./100 l would be suitable for IMC. A resistance management strategy for tebufenpyrad is proposed.     

桔全爪螨对阿维菌素和甲氰菊酯的抗性现实遗传力及风险评估

在实验室抗性选育的基础上,应用数量遗传学中的域性状分析法,研究了桔全爪螨北碚种群对阿维菌素和甲氰菊酯2种杀螨剂的抗性现实遗传力,并对2种药剂在不同杀死率下抗性发展的速率进行了预测.结果表明:用阿维菌素和甲氰菊酯分别不连续汰选11及16代后,桔全爪螨对两者的抗性分别为3.8和29.9倍,抗性现实遗传力分别为0.0475和0.1544.在室内选择条件下,杀死率为50%～90%时,要获得10倍抗性,甲氰菊酯仅需要7～16代,阿维菌素则需要12～26代.而在田间选择情况下,2种药剂都将需要更长的时间.抗性筛选结果表明,生物源农药阿维菌素的抗性风险明显低于菊酯类农药甲氰菊酯.试验结果可为桔全爪螨抗性治理提供参考.     

几种杀螨剂对食菌嗜木螨的毒力测定和菇房药效试验

毒力测定结果表明．五种杀螨荆对食菌嗜木螨的毒力顺序由高至低为：天力Ⅱ号、扑螨特、单甲胖、螨克、克螨特。药效试验显示,用天力Ⅱ号(0．12%灭虫丁可湿性粉剂)的250倍液和10%扑螨特乳油的1000倍液防治食菌嗜木螨可取得较好的防治效果。     

Monitoring the susceptibility of citrus rust mite (Acari: Eriophyidae) populations to abamectin.

A citrus leaf disk bioassay was developed to monitor the susceptibility of citrus rust mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead), populations to abamectin. Disks from leaves of several citrus cultivars were equally suitable bioassay substrates, and there was no difference in mortality when mites were sprayed directly or exposed to dry abamectin residue. The concentration-response relationship was determined at intervals over 2 yr for a reference population of citrus rust mites that had been maintained in culture and never exposed to acaricides. Three diagnostic concentrations of abamectin were selected based on the response of the reference population and were used to test the susceptibility of 15 populations of mites from commercial citrus groves. Comparisons with the reference population showed reduced levels of susceptibility in some populations. Populations of citrus rust mites from 6 commercial groves were sprayed twice in 1997 with combinations of acaricides designed to exert different intensities of selection pressure from abamectin. None of these populations showed a change in their response to abamectin in pre- and postspray bioassays, although their susceptibility was usually less than that of mites from the susceptible reference population. Biweekly counts of rust mites on fruit in these 6 groves suggested that, relative to groves which received no abamectin or 1 abamectin spray, mite control was not adversely affected in the groves sprayed twice with abamectin. The bioassay method is discussed in relation to factors that affect the interpretation of results from its use, and factors that may affect the development of resistance to abamectin in citrus rust mite populations are presented. This study has provided baseline data with which the results of ongoing tests of the response of citrus rust mite populations to abamectin can be compared.     

常用化学杀螨剂对两种生防真菌孢子的相容性测定

用营养液萌发法和平板萌发法测定了10种常用化学杀螨剂与球孢白僵菌（Beauveria bassiana）和玫烟色拟青霉（Paecilomyces fumosoroseus）分生孢子的生物相容性.结果表明,营养液萌发法比平板法灵敏.以24 h内的孢子萌发率作为指标,供试杀螨剂的常用浓度及其5和10倍稀释液对活孢率的影响在不同杀螨剂间差异极显著,并在两种真菌间也存在差异.三唑锡、浏阳霉素、三氯杀螨醇和阿维菌素对生防真菌孢子的抑制力很强,不宜混用.速螨酮、克螨特、乐斯本、尼索朗及双甲脒等杀螨剂与真菌孢子的相容性优良,可与菌剂田间混用.将速螨酮、克螨特和乐斯本分别按3种浓度与白僵菌的孢子悬乳剂混配后在4 ℃恒温和室内变温下长期共贮,结果显示,3种杀螨剂对孢子活力的影响迥异,混配制剂在室内变温下的贮存期均未达到12个月,离商品化的要求差距较大.乐斯本的长期相容性相对较优,与菌剂低浓度混配可在常温下贮存6.5个月,中浓度和低浓度混配在4 ℃下可贮存12个月.