杀螨剂研究进展

农业害螨具有体积小、在生长季节繁殖快、代数多、适应性强及易产生抗药性等特点,是公认的最难防治的有害生物群落之一。用于防治植食性害螨的农用杀螨剂销售额近年来呈现猛增趋势。本文就目前国内外杀螨剂的种类、杀螨剂市场需求、我国杀螨剂药证登记情况、杀螨机制及杀螨剂开发过程中存在的主要问题加以分析,以期为杀螨剂的研究与创制提供理论基础。     

狄斯瓦螨对杀螨剂抗性机制的研究进展

狄斯瓦螨Varroa destructor是严重危害西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera的主要寄生螨之一,由于杀螨剂长期大量、单一和连续使用,狄斯瓦螨对杀螨剂的抗性发展日趋严重,探明狄斯瓦螨抗性机制对于治理狄斯瓦螨具有重要意义。狄斯瓦螨抗性形成受遗传因素、人为操作因素及其他生态因素的影响,其抗性机制与化学杀螨剂的种类有关,目前研究较多的是靶标不敏感性机制和解毒代谢增强机制,对拟除虫菊酯类杀螨剂抗性机制研究较为透彻,而对有机磷类和甲咪类杀螨剂抗性机制研究有限。本文基于文献,阐述了狄斯瓦螨对拟除虫菊酯类、有机磷类和甲咪类杀螨剂抗性机制的最新研究进展,讨论了抗性治理的最新研究成果及该领域未来的研究方向,以期为狄斯瓦螨有效治理、杀螨剂的安全有效使用及新型杀螨剂开发等研究提供参考。     

十种杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨不同发育阶段的毒力比较

[目的]为明确不同杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus不同发育阶段的生物活性.[方法]采用浸渍法分别测定了10种杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨成螨、卵和若螨的毒力.[结果]丁氟螨酯、阿维菌素和联苯肼酯对成螨、卵和若螨的活性均较高;乙螨唑和螺螨酯对卵和若螨活性较高,但对成螨活性明显偏低;甲氰菊酯对成螨和若螨...     

5种杀螨剂对不同螨态荔枝叶螨的毒力评价和田间防效

为了综合评价常用杀螨剂对荔枝叶螨Oligonychus litchii的室内毒力,在室内分别采用Potter喷雾法、浸叶碟法和浸叶法测定了5种常用杀螨剂对荔枝叶螨成螨、卵和若螨的毒力,并测定了5种杀螨剂对荔枝叶螨的田间防效。室内毒力结果表明:哒螨灵、阿维菌素对荔枝叶螨成螨和若螨有较高的毒力,联苯肼酯对成螨和若螨的毒力较低,而螺螨酯和乙螨唑对成螨基本无活性,对若螨有一定的毒力;5种杀螨剂对卵的毒力大小依次为乙螨唑螺螨酯哒螨灵阿维菌素联苯肼酯。田间防效试验中,15%哒螨灵乳油和1.8%阿维菌素乳油对荔枝叶螨的总体防效较好,药后1 d防效高于70%,药后10 d防效达100%,药后20 d防效仍在90%以上,速效性和持效性均较好;240 g/L螺螨酯悬浮剂和110 g/L乙螨唑悬浮剂对荔枝叶螨药后3 d防效均低于70%,而药后20 d的防效高于90%,说明两药剂速效性较差但持效性较好;43%联苯肼酯悬浮剂药后1、3 d防效低于阿维菌素和哒螨灵,高于螺螨酯和乙螨唑,药后15 d防效开始下降。在田间防治荔枝叶螨时,若荔枝叶螨发生早期、成螨较少时建议施用螺螨酯或乙螨唑,而荔枝叶螨种群中成螨、若螨较多时推荐施用阿维菌素、哒螨灵或联苯肼酯。     

3种杀螨剂胁迫对截形叶螨TtABCB和TtABCG基因表达的影响

截形叶螨Tetranychus truncatus是玉米等农作物上主要害螨之一,现已对许多药剂产生抗性,导致防治难度加大。ABC转运蛋白（ATP-binding cassette transporter）作为一种广泛存在于各种生物体内的跨膜超蛋白家族,可通过内、外源底物的跨膜运输在对药剂的解毒代谢方面发挥重要作用。本研究对截形叶螨ABC转运蛋白基因进行了筛选及系统发育分析,测定并比较了阿维菌素、炔螨特和联苯肼酯在不同时间处理下对叶螨的毒力,并通过RT-qPCR技术探究截形叶螨雌成螨ABC转运蛋白两个亚家族基因TtABCB和TtABCG在叶螨不同发育阶段的表达及对阿维菌素、炔螨特和联苯肼酯3种杀螨剂胁迫时的响应。结果表明,根据截形叶螨转录组数据共筛选出62个ABC转运蛋白基因,经系统发育和保守结构域分析,这些基因属于8个亚家族,命名为TtABCA～TtABCH,其中TtABCB和TtABCG亚家族在截形叶螨各发育阶段（卵、幼螨、若螨和成螨）均有表达,但不同发育阶段相对表达量有所不同;3种药剂处理截形叶螨雌成螨24 h和48 h后,毒力结果为阿维菌素>联苯肼酯>炔螨特;处理72 h后,3种药剂对截形叶螨雌成螨毒力有所变化,最高为阿维菌素,其次是炔螨特,毒力最低的为联苯肼酯。TtABCB1、TtABCB3、TtABCB4和TtABCG1等4个基因在阿维菌素、炔螨特和联苯肼酯胁迫下,表达量显著上调,表明截形叶螨可能通过上调这4个基因来应对阿维菌素、炔螨特和联苯肼酯的胁迫,其中TtABCB3和TtABCG1基因可能参与截形叶螨对3种杀螨剂的解毒代谢。该结论为截形叶螨靶标抗性基因筛选和综合治理提供了理论依据。     

4种杀螨剂对二斑叶螨的毒力测定和对少毛钝绥螨的安全性评价

为评价杀螨剂对二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch的毒力和对少毛钝绥螨Proprioseiopsis asetus Chant的安全性,本文采用叶片喷雾法测定了4种田间常用杀螨剂对少毛钝绥螨和二斑叶螨的毒力,并分析比较了4种杀螨剂对少毛钝绥螨和二斑叶螨的选择毒力。试验结果表明,4种杀螨剂对少毛钝绥螨雌成螨和二斑叶螨雌成螨的毒力选择指数大小依次为：联苯肼酯（10.1261）>阿维菌素（5.4664）＞哒螨灵（3.5293）＞克螨特（2.3615）。联苯肼酯对少毛钝绥螨的毒力选择指数最高,具有中度正向选择性,即联苯肼酯对少毛钝绥螨的毒力明显低于其对二斑叶螨的毒力。阿维菌素、哒螨灵、克螨特对少毛钝绥螨和二斑叶螨的毒力选择指数也都大于1,但都小于10,即这3种杀螨剂对少毛钝绥螨和二斑叶螨都有较低的正向选择性。4种杀螨剂常规使用浓度下对少毛钝绥螨雌成螨的安全系数大小依次为：联苯肼酯>阿维菌素＞哒螨灵＞克螨特。联苯肼酯的安全系数为16.8935～24.4025,阿维菌素的安全系数为5.5782～22.3127,均大于5,表示联苯肼酯和阿维菌素在推荐使用浓度的低浓度情况下,对少毛钝绥螨的安全性高。而15%哒螨灵乳油和73%克螨特乳油的安全系数仅1.1709～1.7564和1.0523～1.5807,在推荐使用浓度的低浓度情况下,对少毛钝绥螨的安全性一般。因此建议在生产中应用少毛钝绥螨进行生物防治时,可优先选用联苯肼酯和阿维菌素配合使用,而不建议使用哒螨灵和克螨特。     

加州新小绥螨的研究进展

加州新小绥螨Neoseiulus californicus(McGregor)在世界范围内分布广泛,可有效的防控草莓、玉米、葡萄、玫瑰及其他果树的叶螨。近年来,加州新小绥螨作为一种重要的可商品化捕食螨,已在有害生物综合治理系统中占有重要地位,且取得了不少研究成果,受到学者和行业的广泛关注。本文主要围绕加州新小绥螨的繁殖生物学生态学、替代食物饲养繁育、重要害螨防治应用等的国内外相关研究进行综述。     

朱砂叶螨对三种杀螨剂的抗性选育与抗性风险评估

为评价朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus对3种杀螨剂的抗性风险,在实验室抗性品系选育基础上,应用数量遗传学中的域性状分析法,研究了朱砂叶螨北碚种群对甲氰菊酯、阿维菌素和哒螨灵3种杀螨剂的抗性现实遗传力,并对3种药剂在不同杀死率下抗性发展的速率进行了预测。结果表明：分别单一连续汰选16代后,朱砂叶螨对甲氰菊酯、阿维菌素的抗性倍数分别达26.54和4.51倍,对哒螨灵表现为敏感性降低（抗性倍数为1.16倍）;朱砂叶螨对甲氰菊酯、阿维菌素和哒螨灵的抗性现实遗传力分别为0.2472,0.1519和0.0160。在室内选择条件下,杀死率为50%～90%时,要获得10倍抗性,甲氰菊酯仅需要13～6代,阿维菌素需要约21～10代;哒螨灵需要约197～89代;在田间选择,三种药剂都将需要更长的时间。抗性筛选16代结果表明,抗性风险较高的是菊酯类的甲氰菊酯,其次是生物源农药阿维菌素,杂环类的哒螨灵抗性风险较小。试验结果可为朱砂叶螨抗性治理提供参考。     

40种植物丙酮提取物对朱砂叶螨的毒杀活性

为推动植物源杀螨剂的研发进程,采用玻片浸渍法测定40种植物丙酮提取物对朱砂叶螨（Tetranychus cinnabrinus）雌成螨的毒杀活性,以期发现具开发潜力的植物资源。结果表明,沙茴香（Ferula bungeana）、盐肤木（Rhus chinensis）、黄连木（Pistacia chinensis）、紫丁香（Syringa oblata）和南方六道木（Abelia dielsii）等5种植物丙酮提取物对朱砂叶螨的毒杀活性较好;毒力测定表明,沙茴香和盐肤木丙酮提取物对朱砂叶螨的毒杀活性最好,LC₅₀分别为0.08 g·mL^-1和0.09 g·mL^-1。可见,沙茴香和盐肤木可作为植物源杀螨剂研发的候选材料,值得进一步研究。     

几种杀螨剂对食菌嗜木螨的毒力测定和菇房药效试验

毒力测定结果表明．五种杀螨荆对食菌嗜木螨的毒力顺序由高至低为：天力Ⅱ号、扑螨特、单甲胖、螨克、克螨特。药效试验显示,用天力Ⅱ号(0．12%灭虫丁可湿性粉剂)的250倍液和10%扑螨特乳油的1000倍液防治食菌嗜木螨可取得较好的防治效果。     

The life – history of the peach silver mite,Aculus fockeui (Acari: Eriophyidae) in Egypt

The peach silver mite Aculus fockeui (Nalepa and Trouessart) successfully developed from egg to adult stage when reared on a nectarine or peach leaflet attached with soft lateral divided branch dipped in test tube at different constant temperatures and 70% r.h. The effect of temperature on the development, reproduction and population growth was investigated. Below 20°C all activity ceased and by 33°C the adult began to slow down and cease all activity. At least of 34% of the generation time was spent in the egg stage at 29°C. Adult longevity decreased with increasing temperature. Fecundity was highest at 29°C with 43.16 eggs per female. Life table parameters showed that the population of A. fockeui on nectarine leaves multiplied 30.04 times in a generation time of 18.49 days at 29°C, while the population on peach leaves increased 13.87 times in a generation time of 19.18 days under the same conditions.     

牛蒡L1-2组分对桔全爪螨的毒性和几种代谢酶的作用

【目的】探讨杀螨植物牛蒡Arctium lappa L.提取物中主要杀螨成分L1-2的杀螨作用机理。【方法】采用叶片浸渍法处理桔全爪螨Panonychus citri雌成螨后,测定了静止期、兴奋期、痉挛期、麻痹期、复苏和死亡期5个中毒阶段试虫体内几种代谢酶的活性。【结果】L1-2组分在静止期和复苏期对羧酸酯酶（carboxylesterase, CarE）具有一定的抑制作用,在其他时期均激活CarE活性。除了静止期外,在其他时期均能激活乙酰胆碱酯酶（acetylcholinesterase , AChE）和谷胱甘肽转移酶（glutathione S-transferases, GSTs）的活性,在痉挛期和麻痹期活性增强,随后在麻痹期和复苏期降低。【结论】L1-2组分对CarE的抑制与其毒杀活性有关,而中毒试虫的复苏可能与AChE和GSTs有关。该组分可在较长时期内影响桔全爪螨的神经传导及消化和生殖系统,具有潜在的应用研究价值。     

The Effect of Patch Size and Persistence of Host Plants on the Development of Acaricide Resistance in the Two-spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus Urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Spatial and temporal characteristics of host plants can influence the population biology of the herbivores feeding on them. In this study, I examined the effect of variation in host plant characteristics on the development of acaricide resistance in the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae, a widely distributed agricultural pest. This investigation examined the geographic variation in the degree of resistance to two new types of acaricide, pyridaben and fenpyroximate. From mortality tests at field-level concentrations of the acaricides, many populations collected from fruit trees and roses had a high frequency of resistant individuals for acaricides while almost all populations collected from herbaceous crops had low frequencies of resistant individuals. These results, combined with those from a previous allozyme study, indicate that patch size and persistence of host plants regulate the population structure of the mites including gene flow between populations and, by extension, the development of acaricide resistance.     

植食性昆虫取食行为过程及机制研究

昆虫取食行为包括定向、趋性、辨认、取食等一系列的活动,涉及复杂的行为生理过程,如视觉、嗅觉、味觉感受及神经调控等。昆虫取食行为不仅受外界物理环境因素、寄主植物化学成份影响,而且跟昆虫自身生理状态紧密相关。本文综述了昆虫取食过程、寄主定位的感受机制、神经肽调节机制、影响取食的理化因素、环境因素等方面的研究进展,旨在为深入研究昆虫与环境关系、开发害虫取食行为调控新技术提供参考。     

New methods for the assessment of mite numbers and results obtained for several textile objects

Summary The assessment of mite numbers in textile objects is important with regard to measures aimed at mite control. The standard method is to take a dust sample and to separate the mites from the dust by means of flotation. The results of mite assessment can be improved using methods based on the natural mobility of the mites; the so-called Mobility Test makes use of the intrinsic movement tendencies of the mites, whereas the Heat Escape Method uses the mobility of the mites in connection with the effects of heat. An example concernig two jackets shows the difference in results of mite assessment when using the conventional method (dust sample and flotation) on the one hand, and the new methods (Mobility Test and Heat Escape Method) on the other. It is shown that the conventional method can only supply relative mite numbers. The new methods also enable the user to monitor more efficiently the use of acaricide agents in mite control. This is demonstrated using the example of two beds and a carpet taken from a children's bedroom. The considerably higher numbers of mites suggest that the risk of the occurence of mite allergens and their penetration into the indoor air is even greater than previously assumed.     

植食性昆虫的寄主选择机理及行为调控策略

害虫是影响农作物生产的重要因素,过度使用化学农药已带来严重的“3R”问题。为了长期有效地控制害虫的危害,基于植食性昆虫寄主选择机制的行为调控策略已成为害虫治理研究的重要方向。天然植物资源（如驱避植物、诱集植物与诱集枝把）、物理模拟材料（如诱集色、驱避色与诱集模型）和人工合成物质（如引诱剂、驱避剂、刺激剂与抑制剂）等研发工作皆取得了突破性的进展。除单一措施的使用外,多种诱集措施协同利用的“诱集＋诱集”策略、诱集措施与趋避措施结合使用的“排斥-诱集”策略也已被广泛应用。     

Regulation of l-Glutamate Biosynthesis by Copper Ions

A specific regulatory effect of copper ions on the microbiological synthesis of l-glutamate from acetate was found. The minimal concentration of copper ions necessary for the maximal production of l-glutamate was about 0.025 µg/ml at which the yield of l-glutamate was four times greater than that in the absence of copper ions. This effect of copper was demonstrated only when acetate was the substrate; it was not observed when the substrate was glucose ethanol, lactate or n-paraffin.

The physiological features of the l-glutamate production from acetate were examined in the presence or absence of copper ions. The most striking features of the culture without added copper ions were the increase in Q_O2 and NADH oxidase and the marked reduction of succinate oxidase accompanied with the reduction of l-glutamate formation. In addition, the regulation of l-glutamate synthesis by copper ions proved to have no relation to the wellknown regulatory factor, cell permeability. These facts suggest that the l-glutamate biosynthesis from acetate is regulated through unknown factors related to the respiratory activities.     

Synthesis of 27-Oxo, 27-Hydroxymilbemycins A3 and A4 and Novel 27-Alkoxymilbemycins A3 and A4 from Milbemycins A3 and A4 and…

27-Oxomilbemycins A₃ and A₄ and 27-hydroxymilbemycins A₃ and A₄ were identified as metabolites in soil metabolism studies of milbemycins A₃ and A₄. Chemical derivation methods were developed to synthesize 27-oxomilbemycins A₃ and A₄ and 27-hydroxymilbemycins A₃ and A₄ from milbemycins A₃ and A₄. In addition, 27-alkoxymilbemycin derivatives were also synthesized from the same precursors. Some of the synthesized compounds displayed satisfactory acaricidal activity against the organophosphorus-sensitive two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae), but did not have superior activity to corresponding milbemycins A₃ and A₄.