甘蔗原生质体的植物再生

从甘蔗嫩叶外植体诱导愈伤组织,经继代培养后,挑选胚性愈伤组织,转入ＭＳ３液体培养基,进行悬浮培养,当培养物分离出小粒状的细胞团,细胞变得小而圆时,用于分离原生质体,原生质体以琼脂糖固化的培养方式培养于ＭＲＰ１培养基中,由原生质体再生的愈伤组织有两种类型,挑选粒状,坚实的再和愈伤组织转移到Ｎ６分化培养基上,“新台糖１号“再生的愈伤组织,在含有ＫＴ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ的培养基中,分化出绿芽并长成完整的植株。     

甘蔗原生质体的植株再生

从甘蔗（Ｓａｃｃｈａｒｕｍ ｏｆｆｉｃｉｎａｒｕｍ Ｌ．）嫩叶外植体诱导愈伤组织,经继代培养后,挑选胚性愈伤组织,转入ＭＳ３ 液体培养基,进行悬浮培养。当培养物分离出小粒状的细胞团,细胞变得小而圆时,用于分离原生质体。原生质体以琼脂糖固化的培养方式培养于ＭＲＰ１ 培养基中。由原生质体再生的愈伤组织有两种类型。挑选粒状、坚实的再生愈伤组织转移到Ｎ６ 分化培养基上,“新台糖１ 号”再生的愈伤组织,在含有ＫＴ ０．５ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ的培养基中,分化出绿芽并长成完整的植株。而“粤糖５７－４２３”和“ＵＳ６６－５６－９”再生的愈伤组织,在加有０．１％ 的活性炭的培养基中,前者分化出白化苗,后者分化出根     

不同因素对金针菇原生质体制备和再生的影响

比较了不同浓度裂解酶及组合、渗透压稳定剂、酶解时间等因素对金针菇原生质体得率的影响以及不同渗透压稳定剂、培养基、接种方法等因素对金针菇原生质体再生的影响。试验结果表明:固体培养10d的金针菇菌丝,以0.5mol/L KCl作渗透压稳定剂,加入1%纤维素酶和1%溶菌酶在25℃下酶解1.5h,分离原生质体效果最佳,原生质体产量可达27.8×105个/ml以上;以0.5mol/L KCl作渗透压稳定剂,在25℃条件下,金针菇原生质体采用直接涂布法接种在RCM培养基上培养,再生率最高为0.5%。     

红色酵母原生质体形成和再生条件的研究

了不同渗透压稳定剂、酶浓度、酶解时间,温度等对红色酵母原生质体的形成与再生的影响。实验结果表明：使用对数生长期早期的细胞,蜗牛酶浓度１％,３０℃处理５０－６ｍｉｎ,山梨醇为渗透压稳定剂,有利于原生质体制备和再生。     

白腐真菌原生质体制备和再生条件的研究

对影响白腐真菌(5．776)原生质体制备和再生的条件：包括菌龄、水解酶液的种类及浓度、酶解温度、酶解时间、再生培养基的稳渗剂的选择进行了研究。通过单因素比较分析和正交实验得到最适合的白腐真菌原生质体制备和再生条件。结果表明：当菌龄为58h,采用1%纤维素酶和1%蜗牛酶(2：1)混合液,酶解温度30℃,酶解时间180min,用0．7mol/L氯化钠作渗透压稳压剂,白腐真菌(5．776)原生质体的形成数和再生率均比优化前大为提高,原生质体形成量为8．36×10~5个/mL,原生质体再生率为9．12%。     

大肠杆菌感受态细胞培养与冻存条件的研究

测定大肠杆菌JM107在37℃培养条件下的生长曲线,制备其对数生长期不同阶段感受态冻存细胞,并对冻存细胞的转化率进行研究。结果显示：分离良好的单个新鲜菌落接种于50mlSOB培养基,经37℃,170～180r/min振荡培养210min左右,所得冻存细胞转化率最高,－7O℃保存时可达5．2×10⁷转化子／μgDNA且感受态保持时间长,即使存放两个月仍能保持相当高的转化率。－20℃保存时也能在三周内保持较高转化率。     

平菇原生质体制备与再生条件初探

平菇原生质体制备最佳条件是菌丝培养5 d、酶浓度1.5%、pH 5.5、0.6 mol/L甘露醇渗透压稳定剂、酶解温度30℃、酶解时间2 h、OS培养基。原生质体过滤、纯化、稀释后涂布再生培养基,再生率为2.6%。     

茯苓原生质体制备与再生条件的研究

研究了酶、酶解时间、菌龄、稳渗剂等对茯苓原生质体制备与再生的影响。茯苓原生质体制备的最佳条件为:纤维素酶(1．5%)和蜗牛酶(1．5%)的等量混合酶解系统,酶解时间3h,7d菌龄菌丝,产量可达1．77×10~7个/mL。以甘露醇为稳渗剂,采用CYM再生培养基,酶解时间3h,7d菌龄菌丝,其原生质体再生率最高,为0．164%。这一结果为茯苓通过原生质体技术进行菌种改良提供了重要技术参数。     

低温冻存对骨髓基质细胞生物学特性的影响

目的：探讨低温冻存对骨髓细胞和贴壁基质细胞生物学特性的影响。方法：取新鲜骨髓和经Dexter法培养14d的骨髓贴壁基质细胞(称“基质细胞”),经-196℃液氮冻存(前者称“冻存骨髓”,后者称“冻存基质细胞”)2周,复温,再用Dexter法培养这些细胞,检测细胞增殖、细胞形态、细胞化学染色、细胞表面抗原及基质细胞支持另一骨髓造血细胞形成的鹅卵石造血区(CAFC),长期培养起始细胞(LTCIC)的变化,比较冻存对骨髓细胞和基质细胞生物学特性的影响。结果：生长特性：冻存骨髓比新鲜骨髓、冻存基质细胞比新鲜基质细胞培养后融合成片的时间延迟,细胞增殖数比也有减低。细胞成分：冻存骨髓比新鲜骨髓形成的成纤维细胞、内皮细胞比率下降,而巨噬细胞和脂肪细胞比率升高,冻存基质细胞上述现象更明显：冻存后含凋亡小体的细胞在骨髓细胞和基质细胞内均有增加。细胞表面抗原：冻存骨髓、冻存基质细胞CD14、HLA-DR抗原表达百分率比新鲜骨髓、新鲜基质细胞高,CD45、CD33反之。支持造血：冻存前后骨髓和基质细胞支持形成的CAFC和LTC-IC,生长良好,无显著差异。结论：骨髓细胞和经培养生成的贴壁基质细胞,经冻存和复温,生物学特性有一定变化,但仍可以保留良好的支持造血重建功能。     

籼稻原生质体培养和植株再生

用籼稻IR52、IR8和IR45的幼花序和幼胚愈伤组织在LS培养基建立了稳定的悬浮培养物。悬浮系的建立经历三个阶段:褐变期,长根期,成熟期。建立了适合籼稻原生质体生长的Y8培养基,其植板率显著高于KPR和PCM培养基。悬浮细胞系间差异明显,只有部份系可以提供有分裂能力的原生质体或具看护活性。以上三个品种的原生质体均分裂良好,但只有IR52和IR8分化出苗,其中IR52分化率1.25%,得再生植株50余株,移至田间生长结实正常。     

Establishment of embryogenic callus and high protoplast yielding suspension cultures of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids)

For 18 sugarcane cultivars, four distinct callus types developed on leaf explant tissue cultured on modified MS medium, but only Type 3 (embryogenic) and Type 4 (organogenic) were capable of plant regeneration. Cell suspension cultures were initiated from embryogenic callus incubated in a liquid medium. In stage one the callus adapted to the liquid medium. In stage two a heterogeneous cell suspension culture formed in 14 cultivars after five to eight weeks of culture. In stage three a homogeneous cell suspension culture was developed in six cultivars after 10 to 14 weeks by selective subculturing to increase the proportion of actively dividing cells from the heterogeneous cell suspension culture. Plants were regenerated from cell aggregates in heterogeneous cell suspension cultures for up to 148 days of culture but plants could not be regenerated from homogeneous cell suspension cultures. High yields of protoplasts were obtained from homogeneous cell suspension cultures (3.4 to 5.2 × 10⁶ protoplasts per gram fresh weight of cells [gfwt^-1]) compared to heterogeneous cell suspension cultures (0.1 × 10⁶ protoplasts gfwt^-1). Higher yields of protoplasts were obtained from homogeneous cell suspension cultures for cultivars Q63 and Q96 after regenerating callus from the cell suspension cultures, then recycling this callus to liquid medium (S-cell suspension cultures). This process increased protoplast yield to 9.4 × 10⁶ protoplasts gfwt^-1. Protoplasts isolated from S-cell suspension cultures were regenerated to callus and recycled to produce SP-cell suspension cultures yielding 6.4 to 13.2 × 10⁶ protoplasts gfwt^-1. This recycling of callus to produce S-cell suspension cultures allowed protoplasts to be isolated for the first time from cell lines of cultivars Q110 and Q138.     

Genetic analysis of protoplast regeneration ability in Brassica oleracea

In Brassica oleracea L., plant regeneration from protoplasts is genotype-dependent and colony formation can be obtained routinely. In order to identify genes for regenerability, we performed a genetic analysis of the characteristic in the F₂ generation of a cross between two accessions selected for high and low regenerability. Regeneration frequencies were obtained from protoplast culture of 248 individual F₂ plants after 5, 10, and 15 weeks of culture on regeneration medium. Broad-sense heritability estimate was 0.492 at the early stage and lower (0.046–0.149) at advanced stages. The frequency distribution observed during short-term culture can be explained by two independent loci with duplicate dominant genes controlling regeneration. In long-term culture, one additional dominant gene can confer regeneration; i.e., three independent loci are responsible for regenerability. The results suggest that selection for high regeneration response may be efficient at early stages because of the lower environmental influence on the characteristic, and because fewer genes are involved at this stage than at advanced stages. The control of regenerability by a few dominant genes facilitates incorporation of the trait into breeding material. Molecular markers linked to the genes may assist in the selection of genotypes with high regeneration percentage in the future. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Plant regeneration and protoplast culture of Browollia speciosa

Explants from hypcotyls and cotyledons of Browalia speciosa were shown to regenerate plantlets.Protoplasts were isolated from etiolated cotyledon material, and, although callus was readily obtained, plantlet regeneration was not observed using numerous hormone regimes.Abbreviations M Mannitol - 2,4-D Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - NAA Naphthalene-acetic acid - BAP Benzylaminopurine - MS medium Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium - UM medium Uchimiya and Murashige (1974) medium - COT cotyledon - SH shoot - R root     

Effects of nutrients,cell density and culture techniques on protoplast regeneration and early protonema development in a moss,Physcomitrella patens

To regenerate auxotrophic mutants of Physcomitrella patens, two media of increasing complexity were developed. The survival rate of protoplasts was around 30% higher on full medium when compared to standard minimal medium. Protoplast survival was higher in a medium containing 2.5 mmol/L ammonium tartrate compared to a medium with 5 mmol/L of this compound. Solid medium had a positive effect on protoplast survival compared to either liquid medium or solid medium overlaid with cellophane; the maximum survival rate being 31.6%. However, the number of surviving protoplasts without any cell division during the first ten days increased on solid medium. Density and survival rate of protoplasts were positively correlated, but the formation of long protonema filaments decreased markedly. The effect of different protoplast densities could be explained partly by physiologically active compounds excreted into the medium.     

面包酵母原生质体的制备、再生及紫外线诱变的初步研究

对面包酵母原生质体制备、再生的适宜条件进行了研究,并对原生质体进行了扫描电镜紫外线诱变。结果表明：对数生长早期的细胞的形成原生质体用１％蜗牛酶＋０．１％β－疏基乙醇酶解６０ｍｉｎ、９０ｍｉｎ,原生质体的形成率地生率分别为４．３１％和０．４％,用０．６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ甘露醇作渗稳地,原生质体的于生效果最佳,０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖次之。电镜观察表明酵母菌的细胞壁是逐步被降解的。通过紫外线诱变原生质体获得了１株     

蜡质芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)原生质体形成与再生条件研究

研究了溶菌酶浓度、酶解温度及时间、制备液的pH值、渗透压稳定剂对蜡质芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）TO-8-24-2原生质体的形成与再生的影响.TO-8-24-2菌株原生质体形成和再生的最佳条件是以SMM pH7.5作酶解缓冲液,溶菌酶浓度为O.15mg/mL,在37℃下,酶解45分钟.原生质体形成率为91.7%,再生率为13.6%.     

Mariculture of Laminaria japonica (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) using protoplast regeneration

The conditions for culture of viable protoplasts from Laminaria japonica were investigated and the regenerative processes were observed in detail. As a result of culturing at four water temperatures (5, 10, 15, and 18°C), we found that low water temperature was better for survival, division and rhizoidal formation of protoplast‐derived cells. Only epidermis‐derived protoplasts developed into normal sporophytes through a direct developmental process. Protoplast‐derived cells divided after 5 days and 2–10 celled germlings formed the first rhizoids after 15 days. Only initial sporophytes with the first rhizoids grew to normal sporophytes with multilayered blades, stipes and holdfasts. When these young sporophytes were transplanted into the sea, they grew to normal fertile sporophytes.     

无花果曲霉原生质体形成与再生条件的探讨

根据正交试验得出无花果曲霉原生质体形成的最佳条件,用１％的混合酶液（０．５％纤维素酶＋０．２５％蜗牛酶＋０．２５％溶菌酶）作用无花果曲霉菌体细胞,原生质体产量达３．２×１０７个·ｍｌ－１,渗透压稳定剂为０．６ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１ＫＣｌ于０．２ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１ＰＯ３＋４（ｐＨ５．８）中,酶解时间和酶解温度分别为３．０ｈ、３０℃．比较不同酶解时间、再生稳定剂和碳源等因素对原生质体再生的影响,可确定最佳再生条件,再生率达３０％以上．     

Plant regeneration from embryogenic cell suspensions and protoplasts in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.hybrid cv. CoL-54)

Embryogenic callus was developed from young leaves of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.hybrid, cv. CoL-54). A good embryogenic callus response was achieved using MS basal medium containing 2.0 mol (0.5 mg l^-1) picloram under dark conditions at 27±1°C. Initiation of fast growing homogeneous cell suspension cultures was achieved in MS and AA media, both supplemented with g mol (2 mg l^-1) 2,4-d and 500 mg l^-1 CH. Embryogenic callus was reinitiated from embryogenic cell suspension cultures using MS medium containing 30 g l^-1 sucrose, 500 mg l^-1 CH and 2.26 mol (0.5 mg l^-1) 2,4-d after 4–6 weeks of culture under 16-h photoperiod conditions. Plant regeneration was achieved after about 4 weeks in MS medium lacking growth regulators but containing CH (500 mg l^-1) and sucrose (60 g l^-1). Rooting was enhanced by transferring regenerated plantlets to half strength MS basal medium.Totipotent protoplasts with an average yield of 2.0×10⁷ to 1.0×10⁸ ml^-1 were obtained from embryogenic cell suspension cultures at log phase, i.e., 4–5 days after transfer to fresh media. The best growth response was achieved when protoplasts were cultured in a modifed KM8P medium at the density of 2.0×10⁵ m l^-1. Protoplasts were mainly embedded in 0.8% sea plaque agarose. Division efficiency of 22.2% was achieved after 20 days of culture and 0.26% of microcolonies continued growth and formed microcalluses after 30 days of culture under dark conditions. Microcalluses were proliferated in MS medium having 2,4-d (2 mg l^-1) under 16-h photoperiod. Transferring these embryogenic calluses in MS medium +9.29 mol kinetin (2 mg l^-1) +5.37 mol NAA (1.0 mg l^-1) + activated charcoal (200 mg l^-1) for 5 weeks favoured plant regeneration. Shoots and roots were further proliferated in half strength MS basal medium for 2–4 weeks. Regenerated plants were transferred to autoclaved sand for 2 weeks under 16-h photoperiod in growth room and transferred to soil in a greenhouse to raise to maturity.Abbreviations MS salts of Murashige & Skoog (1962) basal medium - AA salts of Muller & Grafe (1978) basal medium - N6 saits of Chuet al. (1975) basal medium - 2,4-d 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - CH casein hydrolysate - KM8P protoplast culture medium of Kao & Michayluk (1975) - KPR protoplast culture medium of Kao (1977) - P9 protoplast culture medium (Chen & Shih, 1983) - BA Benzyladenine - Picloram 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid - NAA Naphthalene acetic acid     

Plant regeneration from callus and protoplast cultures of Lotus pedunculatus Cav.

Plant regeneration from leaf- and cotyledon-derived calli and from protoplast-derived tissue has been obtained in Lotus pedunculatus. Callus induction was achieved with 2,4-D and plant regeneration required the following two media sequences: bud formation was stimulated by IAA and BA and shoot growth by kinetin. Root formation occurred in the presence of IAA. Cotyledon protoplasts showed a low plating efficiency and plant regeneration was achieved via an intervening callus phase.Abbreviations BA 6-benzyladenine - 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - IAA indole-3-acetic acid - IBA indole-3-butyric acid - 2iP N^6--2-isopentenyl-adenine - NAA -naphthaleneacetic acid