鄂西南两个自然保护区亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林类型及其常绿和落叶物种组成结构分析

为深入研究亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林的生物多样性维持机制, 合理保护与利用此类森林植被, 以鄂西南两个自然保护区——星斗山和木林子典型的亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林为研究对象, 在野外样方调查的基础上进行了群落数量分类和排序, 分析了常绿和落叶物种比例随群落类型及环境因子变化的规律。研究结果表明: (1)将鄂西南两个自然保护区的亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林划分为5个群落类型: 即青冈-翅柃+尖连蕊茶(Cyclobalanopsis glauca-Eurya alata + Camellia cuspidata)群落(I)、川陕鹅耳枥+青冈-翅柃(Carpinus fargesiana + Cyclobalanopsis glauca-Eurya alata)群落(II)、川陕鹅耳枥+青冈-水马桑(Carpinus fargesiana + Cyclobalanopsis glauca-Weigela japonica)群落(III)、光叶水青冈+多脉青冈-翅柃(Fagus lucida + Cyclobalanopsis multinervis-Eurya alata)群落(IV)和川陕鹅耳枥+交让木+包果柯-翅柃(Carpinus fargesiana + Daphniphyllum macropodum + Lithocarpus cleistocarpus-Eurya alata)群落(V); (2)常绿和落叶物种的丰富度、多度、胸高断面积及重要值等指标随群落类型而变化。在群落II、III和V中落叶物种占优势, 而在群落I和IV中二者无显著差异; (3)各类型群落在小径级(1-5 cm)内落叶物种的丰富度大于常绿物种, 但多度、胸高断面积和重要值大都小于常绿物种。在中径级(5-10 cm)内, 群落I和群落IV的各项指标都表现为常绿物种大于落叶物种, 而群落II、群落III和群落V的则相反。在大径级(≥ 10 cm)内, 各群落类型的落叶物种都占显著优势, 其各项指标大于常绿物种; (4)海拔、坡度、坡向、土壤氮含量和土壤磷含量是影响各群落类型内常绿和落叶物种比例变化的主导因子。     

桂西北喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种多样性分布格局的尺度效应

物种多样性的空间分布格局及其与尺度的关系研究对于了解群落物种多样性形成机制具有重要意义。为了探讨喀斯特地区物种多样性空间分布格局的尺度效应,以喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林25 hm~2样地的(胸径DBH≥1)木本植物为研究对象,分析了6个空间尺度(5 m×5 m,10 m×10 m,20 m×20 m,50 m×50 m,100 m×100 m,250 m×250 m)上的多度、物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数以及Pielou均匀度指数的变化规律。结果表明:物种多样性指数的空间分布均表现出较高的空间异质性;物种多样性指数的方差随取样尺度增加呈现单峰分布特征,并且在100 m×100 m尺度上达到最大值;物种多样性指数的变异系数随尺度的增加呈线性下降趋势,其中,Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数以及Pielou均匀度指数均在5 m×5 m至20 m×20 m尺度上明显减小;在大于50 m×50 m的尺度上,物种丰富度与多度的正相关性不显著(P0.05)。喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种多样性的空间分布格局与不同空间尺度密切相关,深入解析物种多样性随空间尺度的变化模式,需要在类似的森林生态系统做更多的研究。     

基于功能性状的中亚热带岩溶常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种多样性维持研究

理解植物功能性状和功能实体在森林群落的分布,有助于探讨物种丧失对森林生态系统功能、冗余和恢复力的影响。为了解脆弱的岩溶石山森林在应对生物多样性丧失的生态系统反馈,对桂林岩溶石山两块1hm²的常绿落叶阔叶混交林的木本植物数据进行了分析。包括基于功能性状计算功能多样性、构建功能实体计算功能冗余以及采用Pearson相关分析和Mantel检验评估物种多样性指标在生态系统的维持机制。结果显示:(1)青冈+大叶榉树群落的功能多样性指标均低于鱼骨木+青冈+圆叶乌桕群落,且两个群落间功能均匀度不相关(P ＞ 0.05),功能丰富度、功能离散度和Rao''s二次熵呈现极显著相关性(P ＜ 0.001),功能分散度呈现显著相关性(P ＜ 0.05)。(2)两个群落的物种丰富度与功能冗余指标表现出相似的线性关系,即物种丰富度与功能实体等级、功能冗余、功能超冗余呈正相关,与功能脆弱性呈负相关关系。(3)不同植物功能性状间、不同功能多样性指标间和不同功能冗余指标间的相关性较强,功能多样性指标和功能冗余指标间无显著相关性,但功能性状与功能多样性指标、功能性状与功能冗余指标均存在不同程度的相关性。而在功能实体与物种多样性指标的相关性方面,呈现出同物种丰富度与物种多样性指标相似的显著度。另外,物种多度与物种丰富度、功能分散度、功能离散度、Rao''s二次熵及功能脆弱性均显著相关。总之,在岩溶石山常绿落叶阔叶混交林中,高功能多样性的群落存在高功能冗余的现象,但功能多样性和功能冗余是相互独立的因素;物种丰富度高的群落所提供的保险效应无法抵消其生态系统的脆弱性。因此,不能仅通过保护物种丰富度来维持生态系统的特有功能,还应充分考虑多度对生态系统功能的贡献,以更有效地实现对岩溶石山森林生态系统的保护。     

八大公山中亚热带山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种组成与结构

山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林在我国主要分布在中亚热带1000～2000 m中山地带。八大公山位于武陵山系北端,中亚热带北缘,具有保护较好的典型山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林。为了研究常绿落叶阔叶混交林动态和川东-鄂西植物多样性形成及维持机制,按照CTFS（Center for Tropical Forest Science）样地建设标准,中国科学院武汉植物园于2010-2011年在湖南八大公山（Badagongshan,BDGS）国家级自然保护区建立了一个25 hm2（500 m×500 m）中亚热带山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林动态监测样地（Forest Dynamic Plot）。本研究以样地内所有胸径（DBH）≥1 cm的木本植物（不含竹藤）为研究对象,分析该样地区系成分、群落组成、垂直结构、径级结构和空间分布。结果表明：八大公山样地属于典型的山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林,植物以泛热带分布科（24.50%）和北温带分布属（24.56%）占优势,包括9种珍稀濒危植物。样地内木本植物合计53科、114属、238种（含种下分类单位）,186556株存活个体。落叶树144种,常绿树94种。壳斗科（Fagaceae）、杜鹃花科（Ericaceae）、樟科（Lauraceae）和山茶科（Theaceae）占据优势;个体数超过1000的有38个物种,以常绿树种（63.16%）为主;稀有种（〈25株）103个（占样地物种总数43.28%）。群落垂直结构可分为乔木层（优势树种多脉青冈Cyclobalanopsis multinervis和亮叶水青冈Fagus lucida）、亚乔木层（优势种长蕊杜鹃Rhododendron stamineum和黄丹木姜子Litsea elongata）和灌木层（优势种短柱柃Eurya brevistyla和薄叶山矾Symplocos anomala）。个体数超过1000的树种和稀有种主要来自灌木层。由于生长型限制,样地内树种平均胸径较小（5.41 cm）,DBH〈5 cm的个体占优势（68.40%）。主要优势树种的径级结构呈现倒J型。     

鄂西南亚热带山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种多度分布格局

基于七姊妹山自然保护区内6 hm~2监测样地多度数据,通过累计经验分布曲线(ECDF)表征该样地内不同生活型功能群的物种-多度分布格局,并采用6种模型对各功能群不同取样尺度物种等级-多度曲线进行拟合并检验其拟合效果,分析多度格局与模型拟合在不同尺度间的差异,探讨其背后的生态学过程与机制。结果表明:(1)各尺度下落叶种比常绿种的物种数多,物种多样性指数更大,但个体数相对较少;不同功能群稀有种比例排序为:落叶种所有种常绿种。(2)6种模型中的断棍模型的拟合效果较差;中大尺度(50 m×50 m、100 m×100 m)上不同生活型树种多度分布能接受的模型较少,除大尺度的常绿树种外,拟合最优模型均为对数正态分布模型,大尺度的常绿树种拟合最优模型为中性模型;小尺度上(20 m×20 m)常绿树种的最优模型为对数正态分布模型,落叶树种最优模型为生态位优先模型,所有树种在小尺度最优模型为Zipf-Mandelbrot模型。研究认为,随着尺度逐渐扩大,中性过程较生态位过程对物种-多度格局的解释力度更大,落叶树种物种多度格局的形成机制较常绿树种更接近于样地所有树种物种-多度格局的形成机制。     

常绿木兰科植物的抗寒性研究

连续4个冬季,对16种常绿木兰科植物进行了田间受冻程度观察,用电导法追踪了抗冻崩溃点温度的变化,并调查了这些树种在自然分布区北缘和垂直分布上缘30a内经历的最低气温,发现3者的种间差异相当一致。同时发现各树种的崩溃点温度最低值与它的生态分布北缘和上缘的常年最低气温接近,由此提出了生态分布最低温度的概念。它能较准确地指示植物的最大抗寒能力,从而有可能避免引种和推广工作中的盲目性。 文章还根据上海近100余年的低温资料,对这16个树种在今后越冬和春季萌发时可能受冻的前景做了预测。     

喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林木本植物组成特征

喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林是我国西南喀斯特地区分布的典型森林植被类型之一,由于富钙偏碱的地球化学背景及多样性的生境类型,该森林具有群落结构多样、树种组成丰富、优势物种突出等特点,基于大型动态监测样地的群落特征分析是揭示其生物多样性维持机制的基础。该研究在木论国家自然保护区建立了25 hm2的样地,依照CTFS全球森林生物多样性监测规范,定位并调查了样地内每一棵胸径≥1 cm的木本植物。结果表明：(1)样地内有监测树种254种,隶属于64科161属;独立个体总数为110370株(含分枝为144679株),平均胸径为4.14 cm。(2)个体数最多的15个树种的个体数之和占到总个体数的78.46％,稀有种有100种,占总树种数的39.37％。(3)群落结构稳定且更新良好,木本植物整体径级结构呈倒“J”形。(4)样地内重要值≥1的树种有26种,占总树种数量10.24％;重要值排名前三的物种分别是小果厚壳桂、栀子皮和香叶树。(5)样地中共有萌生木本植物204种34309株,分属于127属51科,分别占样地总物种、个体数量、属及科数的80.32％、14.42％、78.88％和79.69％。此结果表明木论喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种组成丰富、群落成熟稳定、更新良好,反映了亚热带非地带性喀斯特顶极群落常绿落叶阔叶混交林的典型特征。     

浙江天童常绿阔叶林12种常绿木本植物的落叶格局

落叶格局反映了植物叶片适应环境的生理生态策略,是植物功能群的重要特征。本研究通过跟踪观测枝条上老叶(一年生及以上)和当年生小枝新叶整年的数量动态,揭示了天童地区12种常见常绿阔叶木本植物不同的落叶格局,并且发现同一群落层次内有多种类型存在。根据落叶特性可分为季节性集中落叶型和全年持续性落叶型,其中4个物种表现为春季集中落叶型,2个物种为夏季集中落叶型,1个物种为秋季集中落叶型,1个物种为春秋季集中落叶型,4个物种为全年持续性落叶型;研究还发现阳性物种(包括冠层乔木及林窗下灌木)多为集中落叶型,而耐阴灌木物种多为全年持续性落叶型,并且阳性物种相比于耐阴灌木物种年总落叶比例更大,表明叶片更新率更快。结合当年气候数据及出叶物候,本文讨论了新叶生长、台风干扰及水分等因素对落叶格局的影响。通过对亚热带常绿阔叶林植物落叶格局及其影响因素的研究有望能进一步探索植物对环境的适应策略。     

13种木兰科树种叶片解剖与其抗寒性

供试的黄心夜合(Michelia martinii)等抗寒性较强的木兰科树种叶片结构特征是:叶片单位面积气孔密度小,上表皮角质膜厚度大和叶肉栅栏组织发达。     

云南木兰科植物物种资源及其种质库的研究

1980～1993年期间,在对云南省木兰科植物调查中,发现云南省有木兰科植物11属120余种并较集中地分布于滇东南,滇西南和滇西北地区。为了保存、发展和利用木兰科植物资源,建立了三个种质库基地,在24 hm 2面积内,共保存10属129种,初步建立起木兰科种质库网络。     

南亚热带不同海拔常绿阔叶林树种叶性状的比较分析

南亚热带地带性植被是季风常绿阔叶林(海拔300～600 m;简称季风林),在中山地带则分布为山地常绿阔叶林(海拔1 000～1 500 m;简称山地林)。山地林的生态价值日益受到重视,但是对其树种的环境适应性仍缺乏足够了解。该研究基于南亚热带典型山地林(广西大明山)和季风林(广东鼎湖山)的固定样地,共测定57种代表性树种的叶形态解剖特征、机械强度和水力学性状,比较不同海拔常绿阔叶林树种叶性状以及多类性状关联性的差异。结果表明,与季风林树种相比,山地林树种叶较厚、比叶面积较小、机械强度较高,有利于提高对较高海拔山区冬季冰冻的适应能力。在2022年夏季持续高温干旱时期,季风林树种的叶水势和水力安全边界均低于山地林。但是大部分树种水力安全边界为正值且种间变异较大,表明不同海拔常绿阔叶林的水力风险较低。不同海拔常绿阔叶林的叶性状网络不同,山地林树种叶水力安全性和效率性无权衡关系,而季风林树种叶经济学性状(如比叶面积)与其他指标的关联性较弱。基于叶性状的研究揭示了南亚热带不同海拔常绿阔叶林树种适应策略的差异性和多样性。     

南亚热带不同演替阶段森林优势树种叶片构建成本与机械抗性的协同关系

为探究不同演替阶段森林优势种叶片资源获取策略的差异以及叶片构建成本与机械抗性的关系,对我国南亚热带不同演替阶段森林14优势种的叶片构建成本、机械抗性、角质层厚度和比叶重等结构性状进行测定。结果表明,与演替早期相比,演替晚期优势种具有更高的单位面积叶片构建成本、叶片撕裂力以及穿透力,但其叶片最大光合速率较低;同时,单位面积叶片构建成本与机械抗性呈显著正相关关系,而叶片角质层厚度、比叶重等结构性状也与叶片构建成本、机械抗性均呈显著正相关。因此,从叶片能量投资策略上反映了南亚热带森林演替进程中叶片构建成本与机械抗性的协同关系。     

Leaf growth pattern in evergreen and deciduous species of the Central Himalaya,India

Leaf growth patterns were investigated in 11 evergreen (with leaf life-spans of just more than 1 year) and 15 deciduous species, occurring along an elevational gradient of 600–2200 m elevation in the Central Himalaya. Records were made of the leaf initiation period, leaf population dynamics, leaf expansion, leaf mass changes, leaf longevity and related parameters. Species of both groups produced leaves at similar rates during March to April, the driest period of the year. Species of both groups had approximately fully developed foliage during the warm, wet period (mid-June to mid-September) of the monsoon. However, significant differences were found at group level in other characters: shoot length (19.5 cm per shoot for deciduous and 11.7 cm for evergreen species); leaf population per 10 cm shoot length (4.7 vs 15.0); leaf area (107.9 vs 41.4 cm²/ leaf); specific leaf mass (106.9 vs 191.3 g/m²); and leaf mass loss after the monsoon period, being rapid and higher (31.6%) in deciduous species and slow and limited in the evergreens (26.2%). However, species of the two groups showed considerable overlaps in the values of above characters. The evergreen species of the Central Himalaya resembled the deciduous species of the region more than the multi-year leaves of clearly evergreen species. The evergreens bear leaves throughout the year, but like deciduous species bear the cost of annual replacement of old leaves by new leaves. They seem to outcompete deciduous species by producing annually a greater mass of leaves of low-carbon cost (per unit leaf mass), which is capable of conducting photosynthesis all year round. A situation of less marked contrast between favourable and nonfavourable periods, with respect to temperature, seems to favour the leaf characters of the evergreens.     

亚热带常绿阔叶林冠层附生植物叶片形态结构及生理功能特征的适应性研究

以南亚热带常绿阔叶林林冠层不同部位的4种附生植物:瓜子金(Dischidia chinensis Champ.ex Benth.)、蔓九节(Psychotria serpens L.)、白背瓜馥木(Fissistigma glaucescens (Hance) Merr.)和山萎(Piper hancei Maxim.)为研究对象,比较其叶片解剖结构和光合、蒸腾等生理特性,探讨附生植物叶片形态结构、生理生态功能对冠层不同部位水、热和光资源的适应以及叶片形态结构与生理生态功能的联系.结果表明:着生在冠层上部的两种附生植物瓜子金和蔓九节叶片小而厚(厚度分别为3558±63 μm和217.1±33.1 μm),气孔面积小(分别为185.7±3.7 μm2和225 4±5.2 μm2)且覆盖角质膜,有利于降低蒸腾速率(两者分别为0.17±0.02 mmol H2O和0.34±0.05 mmol H2O),提高水分利用效率WUE(分别为11.35±0.87 μmol CO2/mmolH2O和7.88±1.31 μmol COJmmol H2O),更适应冠层顶部高温、低湿、强光照的生境.这些结构特征却不利于气体交换,会致使瓜子金和蔓九节的光合作用降低(二者最大净光合速率Pmax分别为2.2±0.1 μmol CO2 ·m-2·s-1和3.2±0 4 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1).冠层中下部的白背瓜馥木和山蒌叶片相对较薄(厚度分别为90.8±9.9 μm和114 9±18.2 μm),气孔面积较大(分别为260.6±6.3 μm2和362.5±8.7 μm2),叶肉细胞分化明显,海绵组织排列松散,有利于提高对弱光的利用,增强光合能力(二者Pmax分别为9.5±1.3 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1和7.1±0.8 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1,是瓜子金和蔓九节Pmax的3～4倍),更适应冠层中下部低温、高湿、弱光照环境.这些结构同时会导致白背瓜馥木和山蒌蒸腾速率提高(两者分别为0.67±0.10 mmol H2O和0.74 +0.13 mmol H2O),WUE下降(分别为4.4±1.01μmol CO2/mmol H2O和3.4±0.9 μmol CO2/mmol H2O,仅为瓜子金和蔓九节WUE的30％ -48％).这表明着生在林冠层不同部位的附生植物叶片形态结构特征随着光合有效辐射、温度、湿度等微环境因子的变化表现出显著的差异,并致使各自的生理生态功能发生了相应的适应,是植物适应环境条件的重要表现.     

云南松林与常绿阔叶林中枯落叶分解研究

采用分解袋的方法,研究了云南松、滇青冈和元江栲枯叶在针、阔叶林两种生境下的分解及养分动态变化规律。结果表明,滇青冈和元栲枯叶分解速率高于云南松针叶。在阔叶林下这些枯叶的分解系数（０．５５－０．６１ａ＾－１）要比在云南松林下的（０．５０－０．５３ａ＾－１）高。在分解过程中３种枯叶的Ｎ、Ａｌ、Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ元素含量表现出分解前期富积,后期释放的特征,Ｐ、Ｃａ元素在阔叶林地的分解中也有富积过程。而Ｍｇ、Ｋ元     

Phenology of the shrub strata of successional sub-tropical humid forests of north-eastern India

The phenology of 70 shrub species occurring in 5-, 25- and 60-yr old forest fallows, developed after slash and burn agriculture in north-eastern India, was studied. The early successional shrubs were largely deciduous with predominant leaf fall during the dry winter, while late successional shrubs were evergreen and with a less pronounced leaf fall pattern; the species in the 25-yr old fallow were largely of the leaf-exchanging-evergreen type. Peak leaf production, flowering and fruiting are delayed by one month in the 60-yr old fallow. The phenological separation of the growth types in the three fallows is discussed and related to possible micro-environmental differences.     

The basis for variation in leaf longevity of plants

Any theory of leaf phenology must predict leaf longevity, leaf habit, leaf expansion and its timing among other variables. These phenological traits may be important keys to understand the response of trees to climatic change. Here I concentrate on and review two of these critical phenological traits, leaf longevity and leaf habit. Theories of leaf longevity were re-evaluated and leaf longevity is concluded to be optimized to maximize plant carbon gain. From this perspective, three points are predicted. Leaf longevity is short when the photosynthetic rate of the leaf is high, when the photosynthetic rate decreases rapidly through time, or when the construction cost of the leaf is small. These predictions are well supported by empirical as well as experimental results on various plant species. The theory, which is extended to seasonal environments, is general and applicable to seasonal as well as aseasonal environments. The theory simulated the bimodal geographic distribution of evergreenness.     

Dark Leaf Respiration in Light and Darkness of an Evergreen and a Deciduous Plant Species

Dark respiration in light as well as in dark was estimated for attached leaves of an evergreen (Heteromeles arbutifolia Ait.) and a deciduous (Lepechinia fragans Greene) shrub species using an open gas-exchange system. Dark respiration in light was estimated by the Laisk method. Respiration rates in the dark were always higher than in the light, indicating that light inhibited respiration in both species. The rates of respiration in the dark were higher in the leaves of the deciduous species than in the evergreen species. However, there were no significant differences in respiration rates in light between the species. Thus, the degree of inhibition of respiration by light was greater in the deciduous species (62%) than in the evergreen species (51%). Respiration in both the light and darkness decreased with increasing leaf age. However, because respiration in the light decreased faster with leaf age than respiration in darkness, the degree of inhibition of respiration by light increased with leaf age (from 36% in the youngest leaves to 81% in the mature leaves). This suggests that the rate of dark respiration in the light is related to the rate of biosynthetic processes. Dark respiration in the light decreased with increasing light intensity. Respiration both in the light and in the dark was dependent on leaf temperature. We concluded that respiration in light and respiration in darkness are tightly coupled, with variation in respiration in darkness accounting for more than 60% of the variation in respiration in light. Care must be taken when the relation between respiration in light and respiration in darkness is studied, because the relation varies with species, leaf age, and light intensity.     

南岳木兰科树种资源及其花果期调查

通过对湖南南岳山木兰科树种花果期调查及种类统计表明,南岳木兰科树种有7属60种(含种下等级),其中已开花有6属42种,已结果有6属33种,有的树种在一年内开花二次,且花多、花香、花期长。这为木兰科树种的园林应用提供了基础资料。     

Chromosome Numbers of Some Species in the Family Magnoliaceae in China

The present work reports the chromosome numbers of 30 species of 7 genera of Magnoliaceae in China. The chromosome numbers of Liridendron chinense, Magnolia officinalis, M. liliflora, Michelia rigo and M. champaca are consistent with those previously reported Magnolia denudata was reported 2n=114, but our result shows 2n= 76; M. grandiflora was reported 2n=112, 114, but here 2n=114. Chromosome numbers of the other 23 species are reported for the first time. Vouchers for experimental materials have been preserved in Herbarium of the Department of Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin.