锡林浩特草原净生态系统碳交换量特征及源区分布

为探究草原生态系统固碳能力,利用锡林浩特国家气候观象台2018—2021年的涡动相关资料分析了锡林浩特草原生态系统CO₂通量的变化特征以及环境因子对CO₂通量的影响,并对通量源区分布进行了探讨。结果表明：研究区全年盛行西南风,生长季的源区面积大于非生长季,大气稳定条件下的源区面积大于不稳定条件;90%贡献率的源区最大长度接近400 m,与经典法则估算的长度一致。锡林浩特草原净生态系统碳交换量(NEE)具有明显的日变化和季节变化,生长季白天为碳汇,夜间为碳源,非生长季白天和夜间均为弱碳源。2018—2021年,年总NEE分别为-15.59、-46.28、-41.94和-78.14 g C·m^-2·a^-1,平均值为-45.49 g C·m^-2·a^-1,表明锡林浩特草原有较强的固碳能力。饱和水汽压差和光合有效辐射有助于草原生态系统吸收大气中CO₂;夜间,当温度高于0℃时,气温和土壤温度升高会促进植被呼吸作用释放CO₂。     

西双版纳热带季节雨林晴天CO2交换的日变化和季节变化特征

应用2003年11月-2004年10月晴好天气涡度相关通量观测资料,对西双版纳热带季节雨林CO2交换的日变化和季节变化进行分析。结果表明：雾凉季、干热季和雨季的净生态系统CO2交换（NEE）均呈现出单峰型曲线的日变化趋势,昼间其变化规律较强,夜间呈波动状态。昼间NEE（取绝对值）雾凉季和雨季均显著大于干热季;夜间NEE雨季显著大于干热季,而干热季显著大于雾凉季。光合有效辐射是影响NEE日变化的主要因素,但不是造成季节差异的主要因素;饱和水汽压差和气温对NEE的季节差异有较大贡献。另外,应用Michaelis-Menten模型对昼间不同饱和水汽压差和气温下NEE对光合有效辐射的响应进行分析,结果表明：各季节较高饱和水汽压差下的表观最大光合速率（Pmax）、表观暗呼吸速率（Re）比较低饱和水汽压差下的Pmax、Re大,而表观光量子产额（α）则相反。各季节较高气温下的Re比较低气温下的Re大;雾凉季气温的差异对Pmax和α的影响较小;干热季和雨季较高气温下的α较小。     

民勤绿洲-荒漠过渡带梭梭人工林净碳交换及其影响因子

基于涡动相关系统观测的民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带梭梭人工林生态系统通量资料,定量分析了2018年生长季(5—10月)碳通量变化特征及其影响因子,为民勤梭梭人工林生态系统碳源/汇的评估提供基础数据.结果表明: 生长季净碳交换量在日尺度上呈对称的“U”型曲线变化;在季节尺度上,呈双峰曲线变化规律,各月均为碳汇,总固碳量为34.38 g C·m^-2,且9月固碳量较高,为12.31 g C·m^-2,7月最低,为0.89 g C·m^-2.白天生态系统净碳交换随光合有效辐射的增加而增加,符合直角双曲线关系,但当饱和水汽压差大于2.5 kPa时,增加程度减弱.生态系统呼吸与气温呈较好的指数关系,其温度敏感性系数为1.7.整个生长季期间,白天和夜间的净碳交换量均与土壤温度呈显著相关     

西双版纳热带季节雨林干热季林冠上小气候特征及CO2通量的观测

热带森林在陆地生态系统中起着重要的作用,但是人们对它在碳循环中的作用却了解不多;近年来,为了对其进行深入研究,热带森林的CO2通量成为了研究的热点。应用微气象法中的开路系统涡度相关法,使用设置在西双版纳一片成熟的热带季节雨林中观测铁塔上的观测仪器所得的干热季7个晴好天气的CO2通量及小气候观测数据,对冠层的CO2通量及小气候特征进行了分析研究。研究结果表明:(1)热带季节雨林林冠上风速及摩擦风速在中午和上半夜较大,而后半夜和上午较小;风向有显著的昼、夜交替特征,昼间多为偏东风(45~135°),而夜间多为偏西风(250~280)°;(2)林冠上方气温和树冠面表温具有显著的日变化特征,树冠表温日变化幅度大于气温,热量由空气传向树冠中,在观测的7d中,气温有着较明显的升高趋势;(3)干热季林冠上湿度变化范围为26.5%~97.2%,饱和水汽压差数值大小介于0.3~30.5 hPa之间;(4)CO2浓度在364.5~408.5m l/m3之间变化,夜间浓度升高,而昼间CO2浓度降低;(5)地下5cm土壤温度与气温一样日变化规律明显,土壤含水量的变化幅度很小,在7d内其变化幅度维持在19.9%~23.3%之间,日变化幅度更小;(6)总体上讲林冠上方显热通量小于潜热通量,上午显热通量和潜热通量的数值基本相同,但是在中午和下午,潜热通量远大于显热通量,充分显示了西双版纳干热季热带雨林森林的热量支出主要是蒸腾耗热;(7)观测期间,生态系统净CO2交换(NEE)在-20.9~17.6μm o l/(m2.s)之间浮动,每天最大净CO2吸收速率在-20.9~-12.9μm o l/(m2.s)范围内。从生态系统净CO2交换的平均日变化看,昼间最大的净CO2吸收速率为-12.4μm o l/(m2.s),夜间最大的净释放速率为6.6μm o l/(m2.s)。净CO2交换的日累积量在-0.0665~0.0448m o l/m2范围内变化,7d的累积量为-0.0140 m o l/m2,表明在西双版纳干热季的7 d观测时间段里,热带季节雨林呈现弱的碳汇效应。     

黄河三角洲芦苇湿地生态系统碳、水热通量特征

利用涡度相关法对黄河三角洲芦苇湿地生态系统进行了连续两年的通量观测,对2009—2010年生长季芦苇湿地的净生态系统碳交换量(NEE),感热通量(Hs)和潜热通量(LE)数据进行了分析。结果表明,在日尺度上,芦苇湿地NEE日变化特征表现为两个CO2吸收高峰,分别出现在11:00和16:00左右,其特点是在午间出现了碳交换通量的降低。CO2吸收的日最大值在两个生长季出现的时间有所不同,分别出现在2009年7月(-0.30 mg CO2m-2s-1)和2010年6月(-0.37 mg CO2m-2s-1)。CO2排放的日最大值两个生长季均出现在9月,分别为0.19和0.25 mg CO2m-2s-1。Hs和LE的日动态均为单峰型,极值都出现在中午前后,生长季生态系统的能量消耗主要以潜热为主,且在日尺度上,热通量和NEE有显著的负相关关系。在季节尺度上,芦苇湿地生长季具有明显的碳汇功能,2009年生长季生态系统白天固定354.63 g CO2/m2,同时期夜间释放159.24 g CO2/m2,净CO2吸收量为-195.39 g CO2/m2。2009年整个生长季生态系统总初级生产力(GPP)为-651.13 g CO2/m2,生态系统呼吸(Re)为455.74 g CO2/m2,系统表现为碳汇。路径分析表明:光合有效辐射(PAR)显著影响NEE的日动态(R2=0.46—0.84),而NEE的季节动态主要受土壤温度的影响,降水和PAR的影响次之。     

华北平原冬小麦农田生态系统CO_2通量特征及其影响因素

利用2014—2015年中国科学院封丘农业生态实验站涡度相关系统观测的冬小麦农田生态系统CO_2通量数据,结合试验地常规气象观测系统的气象数据,分析冬小麦4个生育期(分蘖期、越冬期、拔节期和灌浆期)内CO_2通量的日变化,研究净生态系统碳交换(NEE)的季节变化及其与气象要素的关系.结果表明:冬小麦整个生育期内NEE为-360.15g C·m^-2,总初级生产力总量为1920.01 g C·m^-2,冬小麦农田生态系统具有较强的固碳能力.冬小麦农田生态系统CO_2通量具有明显的日变化和季节变化特征,分蘖期表现为碳源,越冬期、拔节期和灌浆期表现为碳汇.表观初始光能利用率平均值为0.03 mg CO_2·μmol^-1,光饱和时的生态系统生产量平均值为1.53 mg CO_2·m^-2·s^-1,月平均生态系统呼吸为193.92g C·m^-2·month^-1.冬小麦农田生态系统4个生育期NEE与光合有效辐射的相关关系均达到极显著水平.分蘖期、拔节期和灌浆期NEE与饱和水汽压差的相关关系极显著,越冬期达显著水平.冬小麦分蘖期、越冬期和灌浆期NEE日总量与土壤温度呈正相关,拔节期呈负相关关系.     

青藏高原高寒草甸生长期CO2排放对气温升高的响应

采用高度分别为0.4 m(OTC-1)和0.8 m(OTC-2)的开顶式增温小室(open top champers,OTCs),对青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统进行模拟增温处理,研究了高寒草甸生态系统的CO2排放强度及过程对气温升高的响应.结果表明:在平均气温分别提高1.25℃(OTC-1)和3.68℃(OTC-2)的条件下,对照及2种不同幅度增温处理高寒草甸生态系统CO2排放通量表现出明显的季节变化特征,并同时在植被生长旺盛期(7-8月)达到峰值,分别为2.31、2.35和6.38μmol·m-2·s-1;CO2排放通量在不同季节都表现出随增温幅度的升高而逐渐增大的趋势,表明随着气温升高,CO2排放通量逐渐增大;不同处理CO2排放通量与气温、5 cm土壤温度和5 cm土壤含水量之间表现出显著的相关关系,CO2排放通量与气温及5 cm土壤温度之间均符合指数关系,而与5 cm土壤含水量之间则符合二次多项式关系.     

三江并流核心区亚高山森林非生长季净生态系统CO2交换量及其影响因素

采用开路式涡度相关系统,针对三江并流核心区西藏红拉山滇金丝猴国家自然保护区,通过测量和分析非生长季亚高山常绿针叶林净生态系统碳交换量(NEE),探讨了亚高山森林非生长季CO₂通量特征及其主要影响因子。保护区常绿针叶林NEE值在非生长季具有明显“U”型变化曲线,白天表现为碳吸收,夜间表现为碳释放,日间CO₂吸收高峰介于12:00到15:00之间,平均每天碳汇时间在10 h左右。非生长季各月NEE大小依次为：4月> 3月>2月>11月>1月>12月。研究期内气温(T)、相对湿度(RH)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)和光合有效辐射(PAR)等气象因子对净生态系统CO₂交换量影响显著。此外,森林碳吸收对温度响应敏感,光合作用在整个非生长季较为明显。各影响因子中光合有效辐射对碳交换影响最大;夜间NEE与5 cm土壤温度呈极显著相关性(P<0.01)且NEE随着土壤温度升高而增大;整个非生长季NEE、生态系统呼吸量(Re)和总生态系统CO₂交换量(GEE)分别为-596.759 g...     

内蒙古克氏针茅草原生态系统碳通量数据质量评价及日和季节变化特征

利用内蒙古锡林浩特国家气候观象台2010年3月至2011年2月全年的大气湍流观测资料,在数据质量控制的基础上,对内蒙古克氏针茅草原生态系统碳通量数据进行质量评价,并分析了日变化和季节变化特征。结果表明:在惯性副区,湍流通量的功率谱和协谱基本呈-2/3和-4/3的斜率变化。经过质量控制后的通量数据中,可用于基础研究的高质量数据约为74%,约有8%的低质量数据需要剔除。克氏针茅草原生长季中碳通量的日变化分为单峰和双峰两种类型,均有明显的不对称性,上午碳吸收强于下午。克氏针茅草原在冬季由于低温碳通量值很小,春季气温缓慢回升,草原处于早期发展阶段,表现为弱的碳汇,夏季的6月碳吸收达全年最强,7月和8月受干旱胁迫影响,碳通量逐渐减小,秋季草原开始枯黄,表现为弱的碳汇。内蒙古克氏针茅草原CO2年总量达-348 g CO2·m-2·a-1。克氏针茅草原7月夜间碳排放达最大值,6月白天碳吸收全年最强。本研究加深了对草原生态系统生长季和非生长季碳通量交换特征的理解,为陆面过程模型及相关碳模型参数修正提供了参考。     

亚洲中部干旱区3个典型生态系统生长季水碳通量特征

亚洲中部干旱区地处欧亚大陆腹地, 干旱少雨, 生态环境十分脆弱, 研究该地区大气与地表之间的能量和物质交换对干旱区水资源利用和生态环境保护具有重要意义。该文分析了亚洲中部干旱区荒漠与草地生态系统能量、水汽和CO₂通量的日变化及季节变化特征, 探究了水汽和CO₂通量对主要环境因子的响应。通过分析亚洲中部干旱区3个站点的涡度相关资料发现: 亚洲中部干旱区荒漠和草地生态系统在生长季(4-10月)能量、水汽通量、净CO₂通量和总初级生产力的日变化呈“单峰型”, 而荒漠生态系统呼吸日变化相对稳定; 草地生态系统白天的潜热通量占净辐射通量的比例明显高于荒漠生态系统; 草地生态系统在5-8月呈现较强的碳汇, 而荒漠生态系统表现为弱碳汇。亚洲中部干旱区草地和荒漠生态系统水汽通量和总初级生产力对降水、净辐射通量或光合有效辐射、饱和水汽压差、气温均表现出明显的敏感性。     

Kinetic equivalence of transmembrane pH and electrical potential differences in ATP synthesis

ATP synthase is the key player of Mitchell's chemiosmotic theory, converting the energy of transmembrane proton flow into the high energy bond between ADP and phosphate. The proton motive force that drives this reaction consists of two components, the pH difference (ΔpH) across the membrane and transmembrane electrical potential (Δψ). The two are considered thermodynamically equivalent, but kinetic equivalence in the actual ATP synthesis is not warranted, and previous experimental results vary. Here, we show that with the thermophilic Bacillus PS3 ATP synthase that lacks an inhibitory domain of the ε subunit, ΔpH imposed by acid-base transition and Δψ produced by valinomycin-mediated K(+) diffusion potential contribute equally to the rate of ATP synthesis within the experimental range examined (ΔpH -0.3 to 2.2, Δψ -30 to 140 mV, pH around the catalytic domain 8.0). Either ΔpH or Δψ alone can drive synthesis, even when the other slightly opposes. Δψ was estimated from the Nernst equation, which appeared valid down to 1 mm K(+) inside the proteoliposomes, due to careful removal of K(+) from the lipid.     

Antioxidant and anticholinesterase investigations of Rumex hastatus D. Don: potential effectiveness in oxidative stress and neurological disorders

Background

Rumex species are traditionally used for the treatment of neurological disorders including headache, migraine, depression, paralysis etc. Several species have been scientifically validated for antioxidant and anticholinestrase potentials. This study aims to investigate Rumex hastatus D. Don crude methanolic extract, subsequent fractions, saponins and flavonoids for acetylcholinestrase, butyrylcholinestrase inhibition and diverse antioxidant activities to validate its folkloric uses in neurological disorders. Rumex hastatus crude methanolic extract (Rh. Cr), subsequent fractions; n-hexane (Rh. Hex), chloroform (Rh. Chf), ethyl acetate (Rh. EtAc), aqueous fraction (Rh. Aq), crude saponins (Rh. Sp) and flavonoids (Rh. Fl) were investigated against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) at various concentrations (125, 250, 500, 1000 μg/mL) using Ellman’s spectrophotometric analysis. Antioxidant potentials of Rh. Sp and Rh. Fl were evaluated using DPPH, H₂O₂ and ABTS free radical scavenging assays at 62.5, 125, 250, 500, 1000 μg/mL.

Results

All the test samples showed concentration dependent cholinesterase inhibition and radicals scavenging activity. The AChE inhibition potential of Rh. Sp and Rh. Fl were most prominent i.e., 81.67 ± 0.88 and 91.62 ± 1.67 at highest concentration with IC₅₀ 135 and 20 μg/mL respectively. All the subsequent fractions exhibited moderate to high AChE inhibition i.e., Rh. Cr, Rh. Hex, Rh. Chf, Rh. EtAc and Rh. Aq showed IC₅₀ 218, 1420, 75, 115 and 1210 μg/mL respectively. Similarly, against BChE various plant extracts i.e., Rh. Sp, Rh. Fl, Rh. Cr, Rh. Hex, Rh. Chf, Rh. EtAc and Rh. Aq resulted IC₅₀ 165, 175, 265, 890, 92, 115 and 220 μg/mL respectively. In DPPH free radical scavenging assay, Rh. Sp and Rh. Fl showed comparable results with the positive control i.e., 63.34 ± 0.98 and 76.93 ± 1.13% scavenging at 1 mg/mL concentration (IC₅₀ 312 and 104 μg/mL) respectively. The percent ABTS radical scavenging potential exhibited by Rh. Sp and Rh. Fl (1000 μg/mL) were 82.58 ± 0.52 and 88.25 ± 0.67 with IC₅₀ 18 and 9 μg/mL respectively. Similarly in H₂O₂ scavenging assay, the Rh. Sp and Rh. Fl exhibited IC₅₀ 175 and 275 μg/mL respectively.

Conclusion

The strong anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities of Rh. Sp, Rh. Fl and various fractions of R. hastatus support the purported ethnomedicinal uses and recommend R. hastatus as a possible remedy for the treatment of AD and neurodegenerative disorders.     

Role of Microorganisms in Emission of Nitrous Oxide and Methane in Pulse Cultivated Soil Under Laboratory Incubation Condition

Soil from a pulse cultivated farmers land of Odisha, India, have been subjected to incubation studies for 40 consecutive days, to establish the impact of various nitrogenous fertilizers and water filled pore space (WFPS) on green house gas emission (N₂O & CH₄). C₂H₂ inhibition technique was followed to have a comprehensive understanding about the individual contribution of nitrifiers and denitrifiers towards the emission of N₂O. Nevertheless, low concentration of C₂H₂ (5 ml: flow rate 0.1 kg/cm²) is hypothesized to partially impede the metabolic pathways of denitrifying bacterial population, thus reducing the overall N₂O emission rate. Different soil parameters of the experimental soil such as moisture, total organic carbon, ammonium content and nitrate–nitrogen contents were measured at regular intervals. Application of external N-sources under different WFPS conditions revealed the diverse role played by the indigenous soil microorganism towards green house gas emission. Isolation of heterotrophic microorganisms (Pseudomonas) from the soil samples, further supported the fact that denitrification might be prevailing during specific conditions thus contributing to N₂O emission. Statistical analysis showed that WFPS was the most influential parameter affecting N₂O formation in soil in absence of an inhibitor like C₂H₂.     

A role for c-FLIPL in the regulation of apoptosis,autophagy, and necroptosis in T lymphocytes

Caspase 8 plays a dual role in the survival of T lymphocytes. Although active caspase 8 mediates apoptosis upon death receptor signaling, the loss of caspase 8 activity leads to receptor-interacting protein (RIP)-1/RIP-3-dependent necrotic cell death (necroptosis) upon TCR activation. The anti-apoptotic protein c-FLIP (cellular caspase 8 (FLICE)-like inhibitory protein) suppresses death receptor-induced caspase 8 activation. Moreover, recent findings suggest that c-FLIP is also involved in inhibiting necroptosis and autophagy. It remains unclear whether c-FLIP protects primary T lymphocytes from necroptosis or regulates the threshold at which autophagy occurs. Here, we used a c-FLIP isoform-specific conditional deletion model to show that c-FLIP_L-deficient T cells underwent RIP-1-dependent necroptosis upon TCR stimulation. Interestingly, although previous studies have only described necroptosis in the absence of caspase 8 activity, we found that pro-apoptotic caspase 8 activity and apoptosis were also enhanced in c-FLIP_L-deficient T lymphocytes. Furthermore, c-FLIP_L-deficient T cells exhibited enhanced autophagy, which served a cytoprotective function. Together, these findings indicate that c-FLIP_L plays an important antinecroptotic role and is a key regulator of apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis in T lymphocytes.     

Antitumor activity of efrapeptins,alone or in combination with 2-deoxyglucose,in breast cancer in vitro and in vivo

Efrapeptins (EF), a family of fungal peptides, inhibit proteasomal enzymatic activities and the in vitro and in vivo growth of HT-29 cells. They are also known inhibitors of F₁F₀-ATPase, a mitochondrial enzyme that functions as an Hsp90 co-chaperone. We have previously shown that treatment of cancer cells with EF results in disruption of the Hsp90:F₁F₀-ATPase complex and inhibition of Hsp90 chaperone activity. The present study examines the effect of EF on breast cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. As a monotherapy, EF inhibited cell proliferation in vitro with an IC₅₀ value ranging from 6 nM to 3.4 μM. Inhibition of Hsp90 chaperone function appeared to be the dominant mechanism of action and the factor determining cellular sensitivity to EF. In vitro inhibition of proteasome became prominent in the absence of adequate levels of Hsp90 and F₁F₀-ATPase as in the case of the relatively EF-resistant MDA-MB-231 cell line. In vivo, EF inhibited MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 xenograft growth with a maximal inhibition of 60% after administration of 0.15 and 0.3 mg/kg EF, respectively. 2-Deoxyglucose (2DG), a known inhibitor of glycolysis, acted synergistically with EF in vitro and antagonistically in vivo. In vitro, the synergistic effect was attributed to a prolonged endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In vivo, the antagonistic effect was ascribed to the downregulation of tumoral and/or stromal F₁F₀-ATPase by 2DG.     

Glycinebetaine and abiotic stress tolerance in plants

The accumulation of osmolytes like glycinebetaine (GB) in cell is known to protect organisms against abiotic stresses via osmoregulation or osmoprotection. Transgenic plants engineered to produce GB accumulate very low concentration of GB, which might not be sufficient for osmoregulation. Therefore, other roles of GB like cellular macromolecule protection and ROS detoxification have been suggested as mechanisms responsible for abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic plants. In addition, GB influences expression of several endogenous genes in transgenic plants. The new insights gained about the mechanism of stress tolerance in GB accumulating transgenic plants are discussed.     

Effects of PM10 in human peripheral blood monocytes and J774 macrophages

Background

Asthma is characterized by type 2 T-helper cell (Th2) inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, airway hyperreactivity, and airway fibrosis. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1 or CCL2) and its receptor, CCR2, have been shown to play important roles in the development of Th2 inflammation. CCR2-deficient mice have been found to have altered inflammatory and physiologic responses in some models of experimental allergic asthma, but the role of CCR2 in contributing to inflammation and airway hyperreactivity appears to vary considerably between models. Furthermore, MCP-1-deficient mice have not previously been studied in models of experimental allergic asthma.

Methods

To test whether MCP-1 and CCR2 are each required for the development of experimental allergic asthma, we applied an Aspergillus antigen-induced model of Th2 cytokine-driven allergic asthma associated with airway fibrosis to mice deficient in either MCP-1 or CCR2. Previous studies with live Aspergillus conidia instilled into the lung revealed that MCP-1 and CCR2 play a role in anti-fungal responses; in contrast, we used a non-viable Aspergillus antigen preparation known to induce a robust eosinophilic inflammatory response.

Results

We found that wild-type C57BL/6 mice developed eosinophilic airway inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, airway hyperreactivity, elevations in serum IgE, and airway fibrosis in response to airway challenge with Aspergillus antigen. Surprisingly, mice deficient in either MCP-1 or CCR2 had responses to Aspergillus antigen similar to those seen in wild-type mice, including production of Th2 cytokines.

Conclusion

We conclude that robust Th2-mediated lung pathology can occur even in the complete absence of MCP-1 or CCR2.     

Cloning,expression and characterization of glucokinase gene involved in the glucose-6- phosphate formation in Staphylococcus aureus

Glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) formation in Staphylococcus aureus is catalysed by glucokinase (glkA) gene under high glucose concentration leading to upregulation of various pathogenic factors; therefore the present study is aimed in the cloning and characterization of glk A gene from S. aureus ATCC12600. The glk A gene was cloned in the Sma I site of pQE 30, sequenced (Accession number: {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JN645812","term_id":"374095279"}}JN645812) and expressed in E. coli DH5α. The recombinant glk A expressed from the resultant glk A 1 clone was purified using nickel metal chelate chromatography, the pure enzyme gave single band in SDS-PAGE with molecular weight of 33kDa. The rglk A showed very high affinity to glucose K_m 5.1±0.06mM with Hill coefficient of 1.66±0.032mM. Analysis of glucokinase sequence of S. aureus showed presence of typical ATP binding site and ROK motif CNCGRSGCIE. Sequentially and phylogenetically S. aureus glk A exhibited low identity with other bacterial glk A and 21% homology with human glucokinase (GCK). Functionally, S. aureus glk A showed higher rate of G-6-P formation compared to human GCK which may have profound role in the pathogenesis.