白蚁消化系统转化和降解木质纤维素酶研究进展

木质纤维素是地球上最丰富的有机聚合物,白蚁是古老但进化最成功的高效木质纤维素降解者之一。了解白蚁降解高度抗性植物聚合物的机制对工业上生物质能源转化和生物仿生设计有重要的借鉴和指导价值。白蚁和其共生微生物产生的木质纤维素酶在其转化利用木质纤维素上发挥着重要作用。本文从来源作用方面对白蚁自身及其肠道原虫、细菌和真菌产生的纤维素酶、木聚糖酶和漆酶等酶研究概况进行了总结,对其存在的问题和前景进行了展望。本综述有助于全面了解白蚁消化系统木质纤维素酶的基因种类、来源、分布、表达以及酶活性和功能。     

白蚁肠道内纤维素酶产生菌的筛选及其酶活性

从黑翅土白蚁(Odontotermes formosanus Shiraki)肠道内筛选具有纤维素降解能力的细菌,并研究其酶活性。结果表明:筛选得到5株菌株,活力较高的菌株CMC-4被鉴定为土白蚁特拉布尔希氏菌Z-4(Trabulsiella odontotermitis ZJSRU-4)。同时对菌株T.odontotermitis ZJSRU-4进行了系统的研究,它具有完整的纤维素酶系统,主要产羧甲基纤维素酶(CMCase)和β-葡萄糖苷酶,滤纸酶的活力较低。在以羧甲基纤维素钠为碳源的培养基中培养36 h,发酵液中CMCase的比酶活达到20.8 U/m L,培养44 h,β-糖苷酶的比酶活达到18.2 U/m L。CMCase和β-葡萄糖苷酶作用的p H分别为6.0和6.5,它们作用的最适温度都为40℃。该菌对纤维质原料具有降解能力,具有潜在的应用价值。     

白蚁-共生微生物系统降解木质纤维素研究进展

开发利用木质纤维素材料能显著增加地球上可再生资源的储备量。白蚁分布广泛,常见于热带和亚热带地区,它们借助细菌、古细菌、真菌等肠道微生物和原生动物协同降解食物中的木质纤维素,在生态系统的碳、氮循环中发挥着十分重要的作用。本文概括了近年来白蚁肠道微生物研究的进展,特别是近年来已被证明的肠道微生物在木质纤维素降解方面的作用,以期为后续研究木质纤维素的降解提供参考信息。     

培菌白蚁菌圃微生物降解木质纤维素的研究进展

白蚁及其共生微生物协同降解植物细胞壁的机理一直被世界各国科学家所关注。培菌白蚁作为高等白蚁,相比低等食木白蚁具有更多样化的食性,其利用外共生系统“菌圃”,对多种植物材料进行处理。本文综述了菌圃微生物降解木质纤维素的研究进展,以期为深入研究菌圃中木质纤维素降解过程及其机制,并挖掘利用菌圃降解木质纤维素的能力及仿生模拟菌圃开发新的生物质利用系统提供参考。培 菌白蚁在其巢内利用由植物材料修建的多孔海绵状结构——“菌圃”来培养共生真菌鸡枞菌Termitomyces spp.,形成了独特的木质纤维素食物降解和消化策略,使木质纤维素在培菌白蚁及其共生微生物协同作用下被逐步降解。幼年工蚁取食菌圃上的共生真菌菌丝组成的小白球和老年工蚁觅得食物并排出粪便堆积到菌圃上成为上层菌圃。这一过程中,被幼年工蚁取食的共生真菌释放木质素降解酶对包裹在植物多糖外部的木质素屏障进行解聚。菌圃微生物(包括共生真菌)对解聚的木质素基团进一步降解,将多糖长链或主链剪切成短链,使菌圃基质自下而上被逐步降解。最后下层的老熟菌圃被老年工蚁取食,其中肠的内源酶系及后肠微生物将这些短链进一步剪切和利用。因此,蚁巢菌圃及其微生物是培菌白蚁高效转化利用木质纤维素的基础。化学层面的研究表明,菌圃能够实现对植物次生物质解毒和植 物纤维化学结构解构。对共生真菌相关酶系的研究显示可能其在菌圃的植物纤维化学结构和植物次生物质的降解中发挥了作用,但不同属共生真菌间其效率和具体功能不尽相同。而菌圃中的细菌是否发挥了作用和哪些细菌类群发挥了作用等仍有待进一步的研究。相比于低等食木白蚁利用其后肠共生微生物降解木质纤维素,培菌白蚁利用菌圃降解木质纤维素具有非厌氧和能处理多种类型食物两大优势,仿生模拟菌圃降解木质纤维素的机制对林地表面枯枝落叶的资源化利用具有重要意义。     

纤维素酶与木质纤维素生物降解转化的研究进展

利用纤维素酶将预处理后的秸秆降解成可发酵性单糖,然后发酵生产所需的液体燃料及化工产品的技术,对于我国解决能源、环境、人口就业等难题有着巨大的积极影响。在木质纤维素生物降解转化工艺中,减少纤维素酶用量及提高酶解效率是降低木质纤维素降解成本的关键。纤维素酶系和木质纤维素酶水解技术的改进需要深入了解纤维素酶系统的组成及其协同作用、纤维素酶的结构与功能以及纤维素酶的生产技术。将就以上几个方面的研究进展进行讨论,并深入探讨了纤维素酶糖化能力的评价方法。     

从白蚁中分离到具有纤维素酶活的贪噬菌

以黄胸散白蚁Reticulitermes flaviceps后肠为材料,分离培养具有降解纤维素能力的微生物,以进一步了解白蚁后肠微生物的种类。通过以羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)为唯一碳源的富集及选择培养基培养、筛选,获得一株具有纤维素酶活的菌株R3063。形态学鉴定、革兰氏染色观察及16S rDNA基因序列分析表明该菌株属于贪噬菌(Variovorax sp.)。目前尚未见贪噬菌具有纤维素酶活的报道。     

白蚁内源性纤维素酶基因资源研究进展北大核心CSCD

能源短缺是人类关注的焦点问题之一,而纤维素是自然界最为丰富的可再生资源。白蚁已进化出了独特而高效的纤维素消化系统,具有丰富的纤维素酶及其基因资源,因而,近年来白蚁内源性纤维素消化体系的重要性被逐渐认识,不断有内源性纤维素酶基因的研究报道。为了进一步推动有害白蚁控制新技术的研发,以及纤维素生物质新能源的应用探索,综述了白蚁内源性纤维素酶基因克隆、表达等研究进展。     

纤维素酶在木质纤维素生物质转化中的应用研究

选育得到纤维素酶高产菌株里氏木霉突变菌株(Trichoderma reesei) 813A,优化了其发酵产酶条件。利用该菌株所产纤维素酶对天然木质纤维素的水解糖化过程进行研究,确定了实验条件下最优的糖化条件(温度50℃, pH 4.5,酶浓度6～8 FPU/mL,底物浓度2%)。以玉米叶和杨树叶为天然纤维素原料,水解糖化率分别达到86.2％和56.0%。通过酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)将糖化液转化为酒精,产乙醇浓度达到 5%～5.8%,转化率为79.4%～92.1%。     

白蚁及共生微生物木质纤维素水解酶的种类

白蚁是热带生态系统重要的木质纤维素降解者。白蚁种类丰富,可分成高等白蚁和低等白蚁,食性也具有各自特点。白蚁自身可以产生纤维素酶,主要是GHF9的内切葡聚糖酶(EG),也有β-葡萄糖苷酶(GB)。低等白蚁共生的原虫中已发现丰富的纤维素酶基因,属于GHF5,7和45。同时还有其他相关功能基因,如木聚糖酶和果胶类物质水解酶。高等白蚁肠道中没有共生原虫。高等培菌白蚁可以利用共生蚁巢伞属真菌促进木质纤维素降解,真菌可以产生纤维素酶,果胶质水解酶类、木聚糖酶,同时还产生可能与木质素分解相关的一种漆酶,但是从分子水平,关于共生真菌纤维素水解酶的研究还较少。白蚁肠道已分离出许多具有木质纤维素降解能力的菌株,最近的研究也发现了大量细菌纤维素酶基因。白蚁-共生系统丰富的木质纤维素水解酶类为发展生物方法开发纤维素乙醇这一思路提供有价值的资源。     

基于转录组和加权基因共表达网络的广叶绣球菌木质纤维素降解特性分析

【目的】分析广叶绣球菌（Sparassis latifolia）在不同木质纤维素诱导条件下基因表达差异,为广叶绣球菌木质纤维素降解关键基因和分子机制研究提供参考。【方法】以松木、杉木、甘蔗渣和天然堆积发酵后的杉木和发酵后的甘蔗渣为碳源,在液体培养条件下培养诱导广叶绣球菌,对其转录组进行测序研究,并对不同木质纤维素诱导样本进行加权基因共表达网络分析（weighted gene co-expression network analysis,WGCNA）。【结果】杉木培养与松木培养比较组差异表达基因最少（20个）,蔗渣培养与松木培养比较组差异表达基因最多（486个）。基因本体（gene ontology,GO）富集分析结果表明,差异表达基因主要涉及氧化还原酶活性、单加氧酶活性和铁离子结合活性等,京都基因和基因组百科全书（Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG）通路富集分析结果表明,差异表达基因主要涉及戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸转换、甲烷代谢和乙醛酸盐和二羧酸盐代谢等通路。发酵甘蔗渣为碳源培养时,纤维素和半纤维素降解相关的糖苷水解酶基因表达量总体上较高,而未发酵的松木、杉木和甘蔗渣为碳源培养时木质素降解或修饰相关的碳水化合物辅助酶基因表达量总体上较高。利用WGCNA共鉴定出10个共表达模块,其中green模块与未发酵蔗渣诱导显著正相关,blue模块与发酵甘蔗渣诱导显著正相关,magenta和turquoise模块与发酵杉木诱导显著正相关。GO富集分析结果表明,turquoise模块内基因显著富集到尿素跨膜转运子活性、甲基转移酶活性和单加酶活性等,blue模块基因显著富集到水解酶活性和β-甘露糖苷酶活性。KEGG通路富集分析结果表明,blue模块内基因显著富集的通路有半乳糖代谢、果糖和甘露糖代谢、苯丙氨酸代谢、精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢等。通过构建互作网络图挖掘到12个核心基因,其可能参与了基质降解及相关基因的表达调控。【结论】不同木质纤维素类型显著影响了广叶绣球菌木质纤维素降解基因的差异表达轮廓,这种差异反映了广叶绣球菌对不同木质纤维素特异的降解策略。     

Cospeciation in the triplex symbiosis of termite gut protists (Pseudotrichonympha spp.), their hosts, and their bacterial endosymbionts

A number of cophylogenetic relationships between two organisms namely a host and a symbiont or parasite have been studied to date; however, organismal interactions in nature usually involve multiple members. Here, we investigated the cospeciation of a triplex symbiotic system comprising a hierarchy of three organisms -- termites of the family Rhinotermitidae, cellulolytic protists of the genus Pseudotrichonympha in the guts of these termites, and intracellular bacterial symbionts of the protists. The molecular phylogeny was inferred based on two mitochondrial genes for the termites and nuclear small-subunit rRNA genes for the protists and their endosymbionts, and these were compared. Although intestinal microorganisms are generally considered to have looser associations with the host than intracellular symbionts, the Pseudotrichonympha protists showed almost complete codivergence with the host termites, probably due to strict transmissions by proctodeal trophallaxis or coprophagy based on the social behaviour of the termites. Except for one case, the endosymbiotic bacteria of the protists formed a monophyletic lineage in the order Bacteroidales, and the branching pattern was almost identical to those of the protists and the termites. However, some non-codivergent evolutionary events were evident. The members of this triplex symbiotic system appear to have cospeciated during their evolution with minor exceptions; the evolutionary relationships were probably established by termite sociality and the complex microbial community in the gut.     

白蚁信息素研究进展

采用信息素防治白蚁这种世界性害虫是当前白蚁研究的一大热点。本文从化学和生物两个方面总结了几十年来国内外白蚁信息素及其类似物研究进展。讨论了影响信息素活性的几个因素。并根据最新的研究情况,对今后的信息素及其类似物的理论研究和应用情况进行了展望。     

Evidence for cocladogenesis between diverse dictyopteran lineages and their intracellular endosymbionts

Bacteria of the genus Blattabacterium are intracellular symbionts that reside in specialized cells of cockroaches and the termite Mastotermes darwiniensis. They appear to be obligate mutualists, and are transmitted vertically in the eggs. Such characteristics are expected to lead to equivalent phylogenies for host and symbiont, and we tested this hypothesis using recently accumulated data on relationships among termites and cockroaches and their Blattabacterium spp. Host and symbiont topologies were found to be highly similar, and various tests indicated that they were not statistically different. A close relationship between endosymbionts from termites and members of the wood-feeding cockroach genus Cryptocercus was found, supporting the hypothesis that the former evolved from subsocial, wood-dwelling cockroaches. The majority of the Blattabacterium spp. sequences appear to have undergone similar rates of evolution since their divergence from a common ancestor, and an estimate of this rate was determined based on early Cretaceous host fossils. The results support the idea that the stem group of modern cockroaches radiated sometime between the late Jurassic and early Cretaceous-not the Carboniferous, as has been suggested on the basis of roach-like fossils from this epoch.     

谈谈白蚁与人类的密切关系

白蚁对人类的危害众所周知 ,白蚁对人类的有益方面 ,人们知之甚少。该文重点论述白蚁对人类有益的方面。白蚁在自然界中 ,是一个名符其实的“清道夫” ,它将林地中的枯枝、落叶等转化为有益的肥料 ,回归自然 ,再被植物吸收 ;白蚁本身可加工成营养丰富的美味佳肴食品 ,也可精制成防病治病的良药和效果明显的保健补品 ;白蚁的附生物 ,如鸡菌更是美味佳肴 ,菌圃和炭棒菌也能精制成治疗多种疾病的良药。     

大家白蚁的分布及其检疫的重要性

近几年,我国口岸动植物检疫部门从选境植物检疫中截获并已定名的有害白蚁计10种,其中大家白蚁是《中华人民共和国进境植物检疫危险性病、虫、杂草名录》中二类危险性害虫。该种家白蚁分市广,适应性强,比其它种类白蚁危害更严重,我国至今没有发现这种家白蚁的自然分布,然而它已多次入侵我国11处地域,其中多数是它的适生地域,对我国、特别是南方的经济建设构成潜在的威胁。本文也对该种白蚁的植物检疫预防措施提出了相应要求。     

榕小蜂基因共表达研究

榕小蜂的雌雄个体之间存在很大表型差异,以至于很难将雌雄个体彼此联系在一起.以对叶榕传粉榕小蜂作为材料,利用"加权基因共表达网络分析"软件(WGCNA),对榕小蜂的基因组和转录组进行分析,结果发现,5个基因共表达模块,分别用蓝色、蓝绿色、棕色、绿色和黄色标识,其中2个模块偏爱在雌蜂中表达,3个模块偏爱在蛹中表达.基因本体(GO)分析发现在蓝绿色和黄色表达模块中发现3个功能富集的基因集合.在蓝绿色基因表达模块中发现2个基因集合,分别与细胞周期和核苷酸结合活性有关;在黄色基因表达模块中发现1个基因结合,与细胞分化有关,尤其是与神经发育有关.     

Termites and Chinese agricultural system: applications and advances in integrated termite management and chemical control

Termites are eusocial arthropod decomposers,and improve soil fertility,crop yield,and also are used by humans for their ben efits across the world.However,some species of termites are becoming a threat to the farming community as they are directly and indirectly causing major losses to the agricultural system.It is estimated that termites cost the global economy more than 40 billion USD annually,and considerable research has been done on their management.In this review,we present the available information related to sustainable and integrated termite management practices(ITM).Furthermore,we insist that the better management of this menace can be possible through:(i)improving traditional methods to keep termites away from crops;(ii)improving agricultural practices to maintain plants with more vigor and less susceptible to termite attack;and(iii)integration of available techniques to reduce termite infestation in crops and surroundings.The application of an effective combination of traditional practices with recently developed approaches is the best option for agricultural growers.Moreover,keeping in mind the beneficial nature of this pest,more innovative efforts for its management,particularly using rapidly emerging technology(e.g.,RNA interference),are needed.     

白蚁纤维素粉饵料成型技术研究

为研究白蚁饵料成型工艺,比较了9种胶黏剂对白蚁纤维素饵料成型效果、耐水性能以及对白蚁取食的影响。结果表明:20%、40%剂量糊精;50%、100%剂量三聚氰胺甲醛树脂,10%、20%、40%田菁胶、卡拉胶、壳聚糖、明胶;10%、50%、100%聚乙烯醇、硅酸钠对微晶纤维素的成型效果较好,经上述剂量胶黏剂处理后,纤维素饵块的邵氏硬度(HD)极显著高于对照。耐水性能试验至第30天时,50%聚乙烯醇、100%聚乙烯醇、100%三聚氰胺甲醛树脂处理的纤维素饵块的溃散程度指数分别为1.33、1.00、2.00,其余饵块的溃散程度指数均达3级。生测结果显示,在7 d的室内强迫取食试验中,白蚁对50%聚乙烯醇、100%聚乙烯醇、100%三聚氰胺甲醛树脂处理的块状纤维素饵料的取食率均极显著低于对照,说明饵块中添加的上述胶黏剂对白蚁的取食具有一定的影响。综上,50%聚乙烯醇、100%聚乙烯醇、100%三聚氰胺甲醛树脂适用于白蚁纤维素饵料成型,但若想获得白蚁喜食的饵块仍需对配方做进一步的优化。     

Cospeciation of termite gut flagellates and their bacterial endosymbionts: Trichonympha species and 'Candidatus Endomicrobium trichonymphae'

Symbiotic flagellates play a major role in the digestion of lignocellulose in the hindgut of lower termites. Many termite gut flagellates harbour a distinct lineage of bacterial endosymbionts, so-called Endomicrobia, which belong to the candidate phylum Termite Group 1. Using an rRNA-based approach, we investigated the phylogeny of Trichonympha , the predominant flagellates in a wide range of termite species, and of their Endomicrobia symbionts. We found that Trichonympha species constitute three well-supported clusters in the Parabasalia tree. Endomicrobia were detected only in the apical lineage (Cluster I), which comprises flagellates present in the termite families Termopsidae and Rhinotermitidae, but apparently absent in the basal lineages (Clusters II and III) consisting of flagellates from other termite families and from the wood-feeding cockroach, Cryptocercus punctulatus . The endosymbionts of Cluster I form a monophyletic group distinct from many other lineages of Endomicrobia and seem to have cospeciated with their flagellate host. The distribution pattern of the symbiotic pairs among different termite species indicates that cospeciation of flagellates and endosymbionts is not simply the result of a spatial separation of the flagellate lineages in different termite species, but that Endomicrobia are inherited among Trichonympha species by vertical transmission. We suggest extending the previously proposed candidatus name ' Endomicrobium trichonymphae ' to all Endomicrobia symbionts of Trichonympha species, and estimate that the acquisition by an ancestor of Trichonympha Cluster I must have occurred about 40–70 million years ago, long after the flagellates entered the termites.     

Co-expression analysis provides important module and pathways of human dilated cardiomyopathy

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a heart disease that injured greatly to the people wordwide. Systemic co-expression analysis for this cancer is still limited, although massive clinic experiments and gene profiling analyses had been well performed previously. Here, using the public RNA-Seq data “GSE116250” and gene annotation of Ensembl database, we built the co-expression modules for DCM by Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis, and investigated the function enrichment and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of co-expression genes of each module by Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery and Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins database, respectively. First, 5,000 genes in the 37 samples were screened and 11 co-expression modules were conducted. The number of genes for each module ranged from 77 to 936, with a mean of 455. Second, interaction relationships of hub-genes between pairwise modules showed great differences, suggesting relatively high-scale independence of the modules. Third, functional enrichments of the co-expression modules exhibited great differences. We found that genes in module 3 were significantly enriched in the pathways of focal adhesion and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. This module was inferred as the key module involved in DCM. In addition, PPI analysis revealed that the genes HSP90AA1, CTNNB1, MAPK1, GART, and PPP2CA owned the largest number of adjacency genes, unveiling that they may function importantly during the occurrence of DCM. Focal adhesion and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis play important roles in human DCM.