外源植物激素对小白菜硒、镉富集及生理特性的影响

增强作物对土壤硒的富集能力对于提高土壤硒的利用效率,优化富硒作物的生产具有重要意义。采用盆栽方法,设置对照组(CK)、50μmol·L^-1茉莉酸(JA50)、100μmol·L^-1茉莉酸(JA100)、50μmol·L^-1水杨酸(SA50)、100μmol·L^-1水杨酸(SA100)等处理组,分析不同处理小白菜硒含量、镉含量、生物量、叶绿素荧光参数、丙二醛含量和抗氧化酶活性的变化,探究外源植物激素在增强小白菜硒富集能力上的应用潜力。结果表明：与CK相比,激素处理组小白菜地上部硒含量提高54.7%～229.1%,根部硒含量提高175.0%～276.8%,同时茉莉酸处理组地上部硒含量和硒积累量显著高于水杨酸处理组;与CK相比,植物激素处理显著降低小白菜地上部镉含量26.3%～63.2%、镉积累量38.5%～72.1%,且茉莉酸处理组地上部镉含量和镉积累量明显低于水杨酸处理组;此外,激素处理组的F_v′/F_m′、Φ_PSⅡ和q_P     

湖南省耕地土壤硒空间分布及其影响因素

为合理开展富硒(Se)土壤资源利用与富硒农产品开发，进行了湖南省耕地土壤硒含量的空间分布特征及其影响因素等研究。结果表明：湖南省耕地土壤硒平均含量为0.56 mg·kg^-1,是全国土壤硒元素背景值(0.29 mg·kg^-1)的1.93倍；湘西南区土壤硒平均含量最高、湘北洞庭湖区平均含量最低；湘西南区变异系数最大，离散程度高，分布不均匀；湘南区变异系数最小，离散程度低，分布相对均匀；全省富硒耕地面积224.96万hm²,占耕地面积的60.7%;水田富硒面积为185.63万hm²,占全省耕地面积的50.1%;旱地富硒面积为39.33万hm²,占全省耕地面积的10.6%。成土母质发育的土壤硒含量大小顺序为：板页岩风化物>石灰岩风化物>第四纪红色黏土>砂岩风化物>花岗岩风化物>河湖冲(沉)积物>紫色砂页岩风化物；不同类型土壤硒含量大小顺序为：黄棕壤>黄壤>红壤>石灰(岩)土>水稻土>潮土>紫色土；当pH<5....     

不同富硒土壤对烤烟生长及硒吸收转运的影响

以烤烟品种‘云烟87’为材料,采用盆栽试验研究安徽池州烟区不同全硒含量土壤(0.30、0.45、1.00、1.75mg·kg-1)对烤烟生长发育以及硒吸收和转运的影响。结果显示:(1)土壤硒含量≤1.00mg·kg-1时能够促进烤烟生长,而土壤硒含量≥1.75mg·kg-1则抑制烤烟的生长。(2)土壤硒含量的增加能够显著提高烤烟根系、茎秆、叶片的硒含量,烟株各部位的硒含量呈现根系叶片茎秆的特点,且根系硒含量是叶片的2~3倍,叶片硒含量则是茎秆的3~4倍。(3)土壤硒含量由0.30mg·kg-1增加至1.75mg·kg-1时,烟株对硒的吸收系数由1.08显著降低至0.36,次级转运系数则由2.84显著升高至4.03,即土壤硒含量增加降低了根系吸收硒的效率,但却增加了硒在叶中的转运和相对累积量。(4)烤烟整株硒的富集量在土壤硒含量为1.00mg·kg-1时达到最大,每株达到72μg。研究表明,在安徽池州烟区的富硒土壤(0.45~1.00 mg·kg-1)上能够生产出富硒(0.15~0.23 mg·kg-1)烟叶,不需要额外添加外源硒,既可以减少生产成本,也能够避免造成水土污染。     

硒肥对马铃薯硒素吸收、转化及产量、品质的影响

通过设对照(CK)、保水缓释硒肥(W)、生物炭基硒肥(C)、硒酸钠硒肥(S)4个处理来研究不同硒肥对马铃薯(品种为早大白)硒素吸收、转化及产量、品质的影响。结果表明:各处理马铃薯各器官硒含量在生育期内总体上呈下降趋势,马铃薯各器官的硒含量呈现:苗期根茎叶片;成熟期叶片茎块茎的特点;随着硒肥用量的增加,W处理下的总硒、无机硒、有机硒含量呈增大趋势,产量、有机硒转化率、粗蛋白、还原糖和Vc呈先升高后降低的趋势;C处理和S处理下,马铃薯以上各指标均呈先升高后降低的趋势,在低施硒量(0.126 kg/hm2)时,3种硒肥显著降低了马铃薯块茎淀粉含量,之后随着施硒量的增加淀粉含量变化不显著;与对照相比,3种硒肥在适宜施硒量(0.379 kg/hm2)时,马铃薯产量提高了4.87%—5.44%,粗蛋白含量增加了12.18%—20.03%,还原糖提高了6.45%—12.90%,Vc含量提高-0.54%—3.11%,有机硒转化率增加13.00%—15.10%,淀粉含量增加了-0.73%—1.12%;综合考虑3种硒肥对马铃薯含硒量、产量、品质的影响,W处理最佳,C处理次之,S处理最差。     

水稻对天然富硒土壤硒的吸收及转运

以杂交晚稻“皖稻205”为试验材料,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了不同硒含量（0.5、1.0、1.5 mg·kg^-1）土壤对水稻产量、硒的吸收、转运和分配的影响.结果表明： 土壤硒含量≤1.5 mg·kg^-1对水稻产量无明显影响;水稻根系、茎叶和籽粒中的硒含量均随着土壤硒含量增加而增加,并呈现根系＞茎叶＞籽粒的特点,籽粒各组成部分的硒含量呈现米糠＞精米＞稻壳的特点;水稻根系能从富硒土壤中富集硒,根系硒的吸收系数达1.86,而硒向籽粒的转运和积累则相对恒定,转运系数为0.53～0.59;土壤硒含量为0.5～1.0 mg·kg^-1所产的富硒大米（0.15～0.20 mg Se·kg^-1）,可满足人体60～80 μg·d^-1硒的需要量,而土壤硒含量≥1.5 mg·kg^-1所产大米硒含量达到0.319 mg·kg^-1,超出粮食硒含量安全标准.综合产量和籽粒硒含量的表现,在富硒土壤（0.5～1.0 mg·kg^-1）上直接生产富硒大米,而不需要添加外源硒,既降低了生产成本,又避免了可能造成的水土污染.     

硒镉处理对萝卜硒镉吸收的影响及其交互作用

采用盆栽试验的方法,研究不同含量的硒、镉单一和复合作用对萝卜生长及其对硒、镉吸收的影响。结果表明:适量的硒(2.5~5.0 mg·kg-1)可以促进萝卜的生长,表现为萝卜发芽率提高43%、叶片SPAD值提高22%、生物量增加50%;镉单一污染时,镉显著抑制萝卜的生长(P0.05);土壤中硒的浓度低于1.5 mg·kg-1时对镉含量5.0 mg·kg-1具有拮抗作用,同时可以促进萝卜的生长;萝卜中硒的浓度随着土壤中硒的添加量的增加而增加,对硒的富集效果明显,且地下部分对硒的吸收能力大于地上部分;土壤中硒浓度5.0 mg·kg-1时,5.0 mg·kg-1镉的存在不影响萝卜对硒的吸收;当土壤中硒的浓度为5.0~10.0 mg·kg-1时,镉的存在虽然影响萝卜对硒的吸收,但萝卜中硒的含量仍处于稳定积累状态;而当土壤中硒浓度≥10.0 mg·kg-1时,镉的存在会抑制萝卜对硒的吸收,且这种作用表现为地上部分强于地下部分;硒能显著降低萝卜对镉的吸收,且这种作用表现为地下部分强于地上部分。因此,在轻度镉污染的土壤中种植富硒萝卜,既能生产营养安全的富硒食品,又可实现污染农田的再利用。     

地表覆盖对茶园土壤水分、养分变化及茶树生长的影响

以山东青岛2年生茶园为对象,设置对照(CK)、覆盖秸秆(T1)、覆盖地膜(T2)和覆盖秸秆+地膜( T3 )4个处理,分析了不同覆盖模式对茶园土壤水分和养分以及茶树生长的影响.结果表明:地表覆盖可以保持茶园土壤水分,提高水分利用效率,其中T1、T3处理的茶树生长水分利用效率比CK提高43％ ～48％,产量水分利用效率提高7％ ～ 13％;T1和T3处理土壤有机质、碱解氮、硝态氮、铵态氮的含量显著增加,提高了土壤肥力;叶片硝酸还原酶活性增强,叶片中硝态氮的含量增加,有效地促进茶树生长,茶叶产量比CK增加12％～13％,使茶树新梢生长高峰提前.从茶树生长、茶叶产量、水分和养分利用率、环境安全和经济效益等因素考虑,覆盖秸秆是幼龄茶园地表覆盖的有效方式.     

有机无机缓释复合肥对土壤微生物量碳、氮和群落结构的影响

研究缓释复合肥不同用量对土壤微生物量碳、氮和群落结构多样性的影响,在农业生产上广泛应用缓释复合肥有着重要意义。试验采用室内长期恒温培养和磷脂脂肪酸法,以化肥和普通复合肥适量施用养分量为对比,研究缓释复合肥适量、高量和超高量施肥水平对土壤微生物PLFA含量的影响规律。结果表明,SRF1、SRF2、SRF3(缓释复合肥适量、高量和超高量)较CK(不施肥)和CF1(化肥适量)显著增加土壤微生物量碳,且较CK、CF1和CCF1(普通复合肥适量)显著增加土壤微生物量氮。土壤微生物量碳、氮随着缓释复合肥施肥水平的增加而增加,但没有随着施肥水平的倍量增加而倍量增加,且SRF2和SRF3无显著差异。缓释复合肥(SRF1、SRF2和SRF3)较CK、CF1和CCF1增加土壤PLFA的种类和含量,且总PLFA含量增加7.4%—26.7%、17.6%—38.7%和12.8%—33.0%,3个施肥水平以SRF2作用效果最好,总PLFA含量最高,分别较SRF1和较SRF3高16.4%和17.9%。土壤细菌、放线菌、革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌PLFA含量以SRF1和SRF2显著高于CF1和CCF1。主成分分析和聚类分析显示施肥处理分布较多PLFA的优势种群,SRF3与SRF1和SRF2的PLFA结构差别较大。综上认为,适量施肥水平以缓释复合肥较化肥和普通复合肥对土壤微生物的作用显著,其中缓释复合肥3个施肥水平以高量施肥水平作用最好。     

氨基酸叶面硒肥对铁皮石斛富硒及多糖含量的影响

研究不同浓度氨基酸叶面硒肥(CK、1200倍液、900倍液和600倍液)对智能温室人工栽培红杆铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale)枝条(即鲜条)富硒、抽芽和多糖含量的影响。结果表明,氨基酸硒肥各浓度处理均极显著提高鲜条硒和多糖含量。鲜条硒含量与氨基酸硒肥浓度呈正相关,且各处理间达极显著差异。鲜条多糖含量在氨基酸硒肥浓度较低(CK、1200、900倍液)时呈正相关,并在氨基酸硒肥900倍液时达最高(35.213 g·kg-1),之后呈递减趋势。氨基酸硒肥稀释达900倍时,90%以上鲜条已抽出3片韧叶,表明氨基酸硒肥明显促进鲜条生长。因此,环保型氨基酸硒肥900倍液是铁皮石斛营养积累前期较适宜浓度。     

贵州乌蒙山区土壤-农作物体系硒-锌分布特征研究

通过1∶50 000土壤环境质量地球化学调查示范,获得了贵州省乌蒙山区金碧镇和锦星乡面积约191.76 km2范围内表层土壤、农作物等介质中元素或指标的高精度分析数据。研究区符合国家土壤环境质量标准的安全土壤占比约99%。土壤中硒、锌等生命健康元素含量丰富,富硒、锌土壤面积占比分别达62%和99%,与区内含煤岩系、碳酸盐岩系成土母质紧密相关。富硒、锌特色农产品有茶叶、油菜、大豆、玉米、大蒜等。在生态环境脆弱的岩溶石山地区,发现并评价绿色富硒、锌土壤及其特色农产品,可为乌蒙山区精准扶贫提供依据和示范效应。因此,全面开展贵州省土壤环境质量地球化学调查,科学准确标定每寸土地,建立土壤与农产品质量大数据信息库对于确保食品原产地安全具有重大现实和历史意义。     

不同微生物菌剂对基质酶活性和番茄产量及品质的影响

以鸡粪配方基质(腐熟鸡粪:腐熟玉米秸秆:河沙体积为3:4:3)和牛粪配方基质(腐熟牛粪:腐熟玉米秸秆:河沙体积为3:4:3)为试材,研究了基质中分别添加地福来、酵素菌、EM菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和农用微生物菌剂对基质酶活性和番茄产量及品质的影响.结果表明: 两种配方基质添加微生物菌剂40和60 d时根际基质的脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均显著提高,番茄植株生长量、果实产量及维生素C含量显著高于对照.鸡粪和牛粪配方基质均以添加地福来效果最好,番茄单株产量分别较各自对照增加14.7%和40.0%,果实维生素C含量分别提高22.2%和39.7%.在不添加微生物菌剂的情况下,鸡粪配方基质栽培的番茄单株产量和果实维生素C含量高于牛粪配方基质;分别添加地福来后,两种基质栽培的番茄单株产量和果实维生素C含量无显著差异.     

Plant availability of soil selenate additions and selenium distribution within wheat and ryegrass

Selenate fertilization is an effective way to secure selenium (Se) nutrition in Se-poor areas but the cycling of the added selenate in the soil-plant system requires further clarification. We examined the Se uptake efficiency of wheat and ryegrass and Se distribution within these plants in two pot experiments. The behaviour of added selenate in a sand soil under wheat was monitored by sequential extractions during a ten-week growing period. In addition, the relationship between Se uptake of ryegrass and the salt extractable and ligand exchangeable Se in a sand and silty clay soil were studied. The added selenate remained mainly salt soluble in the soil throughout the monitoring. Se uptake by wheat comprised 12% of the soluble Se pool in soil and extended over the whole period of growth. In wheat, over 50% of Se accumulated in grains. The Se uptake of ryegrass comprised, on average, 40% of the soil salt soluble Se. In ryegrass, over 80% of the Se accumulated in roots. The distribution pattern of Se in plants can clearly have a major influence on both the Se cycle in soil and the nutritional efficiency of Se fertilization. The simple salt extraction showed fertilization-induced changes in the soluble soil Se pool, whereas the ligand exchangeable Se fraction reflected the difference in the nonlabile Se status between the two soils.     

翻压山黧豆绿肥与氮肥减施对水稻生长及其养分吸收与产量的影响

为探明种植翻压山黧豆绿肥与减施氮肥下的水稻生产潜力,通过3年田间定位试验,设置冬闲+不施肥(NF)、山黧豆绿肥(GM)、冬闲+常规氮肥(100%N,CK)、山黧豆绿肥+80%常规氮肥(GM+80%N)、山黧豆绿肥+70%常规氮肥(GM+70%N)、山黧豆绿肥+60%常规氮肥(GM+60%N)6个处理,研究不同处理对水稻生长、养分吸收及产量的影响。结果表明：(1)与CK相比,翻压山黧豆绿肥并减施氮肥处理均能够显著提升水稻株高、增加水稻分蘖数、提高水稻干物质积累量,其中以GM+70%N施肥处理提升效果最为明显。(2)GM+70%N施肥处理下,不同生育时期水稻株高、有效分蘖数分别较对照常规施肥(100%N)提升了13.32%~ 15.73%和33.98%~59.47%,水稻干物质积累量提高了23.19%~144.18%,且随着生育时期的推进增加速率依次降低。(3)种植翻压山黧豆绿肥并减施氮肥处理下水稻产量均有所提高,其中GM+70%N和GM+80%N处理显著提高,增产分别达13.84%,7.25%,且GM+70%N处理下水稻植株和籽粒养分吸收更为全面。研究发现,种植翻压山黧豆并适量减施氮肥能有效促进水稻生长和养分的吸收积累,显著提高水稻产量,说明翻压山黧豆绿肥可替代稻田30%~40%的氮肥施入量,并可在避免水稻旺长的同时实现水稻高产,是四川水稻种植较好的耕作措施。     

Evaluation of soil biodesinfestation with crop and garden residues in the control of root-knot nematodes populations

Fresh crop and garden residues were applied both under laboratory conditions and in commercial greenhouse in order to asses their effect on soil nematodes populations and soil fertility. In the laboratory experiments, dosages of 5 to 20 g of cabbage residues, chicken manure, cabbage residues+chicken manure, grass+chicken manure, as well as leaves and stems of orange tree, pine tree, oleander, olive tree, palm tree and boxwood were mixed with 500 g soil having root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) and soil moisture was adjusted at field capacity. A control treatment without residues was also included. The mixtures were kept into plastic bags, with four replications, and the bags were incubated for four weeks at 30 degrees C, when nematological and soil fertility analyses were carried out. In general, all these materials significantly (P < 0.05) reduced M. incognita populations and increased saprophagous nematodes, with slight effects on soil fertility except for the K increase with residues application. Tomato plants susceptible to M. incognita were planted in pots with 300 cm3 of the treated soils and kept for five weeks in a growth chamber (24 +/- 1 degrees C, 14 hours light), when root galling indices were evaluated. Most materials applied reduced root galling indices as regards to the control. In the greenhouse experiment, cabbage residues, cabbage residues+chicken manure, grass+chicken manure and grass+cabbage residues were applied to the soil and covered with a polyethylene sheet for 5 weeks. A cabbage residues:chicken manure treatment and a control (not-amended) treatment, without polyethylene, were also included. At the end of the experiment, the nematological analysis showed that all materials successfully controlled M. incognita populations, reaching 86-100% mortality with organic amendments vs. 6% for the control. After the greenhouse biodesinfestation experiment, a tomato crop was grown for one month, when root galling indices were determined. All materials significantly reduced this value from 4.75 in the control to 1.0-2.25 with the organic amendments, except for the cabbage residues+chicken manure treatment without polyethylene (index = 4.0). Our results show that fresh crop and garden residues successfully reduced M. incognita populations and root galling indices when applied with polyethylene covers, having good potential to be considered in integrated management programs.     

长期施肥条件下黑土有机碳、氮组分的分配与富集特征

研究不同管理措施下黑土有机碳、氮组分的变化特征是深刻认识和理解黑土固碳的基础.本文以黑龙江省农业科学院31年的长期定位试验为基础,采用物理分组法对土壤不同粒径颗粒进行分离,分析6种不同施肥处理31年后,黑土表层(0～20 cm)及亚表层(20～40 cm)土壤有机碳、氮在粗砂粒、细砂粒、粉粒及黏粒中的分配与富集特征.结果表明： 长期施用有机肥可显著提高土壤有机碳、全氮在粗砂粒和黏粒中的分配比例.在表层土壤,有机无机配施（NPKM）处理下粗砂粒有机碳和全氮的分配比例比对照分别提高191.3%和179.3%,单施有机肥（M）处理下黏粒组分的有机碳和全氮的分配比例分别提高45%和47%.亚表层土壤施用有机肥处理各粒级有机碳、氮含量的提高比例低于表层土壤.在表层和亚表层的粉粒组分中,贮存的有机碳占总储量的42%～63%和48%～54%,全氮占总储量的34%～59%和41%～47%.表层土壤施用有机肥可显著增加粗砂粒中有机碳、氮的富集系数,其中有机肥配施化肥（NPKM）处理富集系数最高（2.30和1.88）,而黏粒组分的有机碳、氮富集系数对长期施肥无响应.
     

不同有机肥对砂田西瓜产量、品质和养分吸收的影响

探讨不同有机肥对西北砂田西瓜生长、产量、品质和养分吸收利用的影响,为砂田西瓜合理施肥、优质高效生产提供理论依据.本试验以单施化肥为对照,在氮、磷、钾等养分条件下,设置了牛粪、鸡粪、羊粪、猪粪4个处理,测定了西瓜不同生育时期生长指标、产量、品质及养分吸收积累量.结果表明: 施用牛粪、鸡粪和猪粪有机肥较单施化肥可促进西瓜营养生长和氮、钾养分的运转,显著提高西瓜产量和养分的吸收积累量,其中西瓜产量较化肥处理分别显著提高了27.4%、31.6%和30.2%,氮素积累量分别提高了26.3%、39.8%和47.4%,磷素积累量分别提高了49.3%、48.3%和55.9%,钾素积累量分别提高了35.8%、41.6%和51.9%.猪粪处理的西瓜品质最优,中心、边缘可溶性固形物含量较化肥处理分别显著提高了5.5%和11.6%,Vc含量提高了19.9%.羊粪处理各指标与化肥处理间差异不显著,甚至略低于化肥处理.综上,砂田西瓜种植应优先选用猪粪和鸡粪有机肥,避免或减少施用羊粪有机肥.     

Meta-analysis of selenium accumulation and expression of antioxidant enzymes in chicken tissues

A meta-analysis integrating results of 40 selenium (Se) supplementation experiments that originated from 35 different controlled randomized trials was carried out in an attempt to identify significant factors that affect tissue Se accumulation in chicken. Examined factors included: Se source (12 different sources examined), type of chicken (laying hens or broilers), age of birds at the beginning of supplementation, duration of supplementation, year during which the study was conducted, sex of birds, number of chickens per treatment, method of analysis, tissue type, concentration of Se determined and Se added to feed. A correlation analysis was also carried out between tissue Se concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity. Data analysis showed that the factors significantly affecting tissue Se concentration include type of chicken (P=0.006), type of tissue (P<0.001) and the analytical method used (P=0.014). Although Se source was not found to affect tissue Se concentration (overall P>0.05), certain inorganic (sodium selenite), calcium selenite, sodium selenate and organic sources (B-Traxim Se), Se-yeast, Se-malt, Se-enriched cabbage and Se-enriched garlic as well as background Se level from feed ingredients were found to significantly affect tissue Se concentration. The Se accumulation rate (estimated as linear regression coefficient of Se concentrations to Se added to feed) discriminated between the various tissues with highest values estimated in the leg muscle and lowest in blood plasma. Correlation analysis has also shown that tissue Se concentration (pooled data) was correlated to Se added to feed (r=0.529, P<0.01, log values) and to glutathione peroxidase activity (r=0.332, P=0.0478), with the latter not being correlated with Se added to feed. Although significant factors affecting Se concentration were reported in the present study, they do not necessarily indicate the in vivo function of the antioxidant system or the level of accumulated Se as other factors, not examined in the present study, may interact at the level of trace element absorption, distribution and retention.     

Effects of intercropping systems on community composition and diversity of predatory arthropods in vegetable fields

Field trials were carried out on Langqi Island, Fujian, PR China in 2004, to determine the effects of intercropping Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis) with green cabbage (Brassica oleracea), garlic (Allium sativum) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa), on community composition and diversity of predatory arthropods in vegetable fields. Two intercropping plots were designed and used in this study. In plot 1, two ridges of Chinese cabbage were intercropped with one ridge of garlic (CG1), lettuce (CL1) or green cabbage (CB1). In plot 2, the Chinese cabbage was planted in the center (100 cm wide) of the ridge, and under-sown with garlic (CG2), lettuce (CL2) or green cabbage (CB2) on both edges (25 cm wide) of the same ridge. A monoculture plot of the Chinese cabbage (CK) was arranged for comparison with plots 1 and 2. The highest species richness was found in CG1, and the lowest in CK. The highest abundance was found in CL1 (141.67 predators/plot), whereas the lowest was in CB1 (97.67 predators/plot). With the exception of CL1, significantly higher diversity indices were found in intercropping treatments than in CK. The majority of spiders sampled from fields were from families Theridiidae (34.04%) and Lycosidae (30.57%). These findings suggest that Chinese cabbage intercropped with non-cruciferous crops might increase species richness, abundance and diversity of the arthropod community in general and predators in particular.     

Effects of intercropping systems on community composition and diversity of predatory arthropods in vegetable fields

Field trials were carried out on Langqi Island, Fujian, PR China in 2004, to determine the effects of intercropping Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis) with green cabbage (Brassica oleracea), garlic (Allium sativum) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa), on community composition and diversity of predatory arthropods in vegetable fields. Two intercropping plots were designed and used in this study. In plot 1, two ridges of Chinese cabbage were intercropped with one ridge of garlic (CG1), lettuce (CL1) or green cabbage (CB1). In plot 2, the Chinese cabbage was planted in the center (100 cm wide) of the ridge, and under-sown with garlic (CG2), lettuce (CL2) or green cabbage (CB2) on both edges (25 cm wide) of the same ridge. A monoculture plot of the Chinese cabbage (CK) was arranged for comparison with plots 1 and 2. The highest species richness was found in CG1, and the lowest in CK. The highest abundance was found in CL1 (141.67 predators/plot), whereas the lowest was in CB1 (97.67 predators/plot). With the exception of CL1, significantly higher diversity indices were found in intercropping treatments than in CK. The majority of spiders sampled from fields were from families Theridiidae (34.04%) and Lycosidae (30.57%). These findings suggest that Chinese cabbage intercropped with non-cruciferous crops might increase species richness, abundance and diversity of the arthropod community in general and predators in particular.     

长期施肥下黄壤旱地玉米产量及肥料利用率的变化特征

选取贵州黄壤长期定位监测点中对照（CK, 不施肥）、单施全量有机肥（M, 30555 kg·hm^-2）、有机肥与化肥配施（NPKM,年施N 165 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 82.5 kg·hm^-2、K₂O 82.5 kg·hm^-2、有机肥30555 kg·hm^-2）和氮磷钾化肥配施（NPK,年施N 165 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 82.5 kg·hm^-2、K₂O 82.5 kg·hm^-2）4个处理的16年试验数据进行分析,研究了黄壤区长期不同施肥下作物产量及肥料效益的变化趋势,为评价和建立长期施肥模式、促进粮食持续生产提供依据.结果表明：长期施肥条件下玉米产量年际间变化较大,总体呈上升趋势.其中NPKM处理增产效果最好,可增产4075.71 kg·hm^-2,增产率高达139.3%.长期施肥可提高玉米肥料利用率,其中M处理对玉米氮肥和磷肥利用率的提升作用最显著,分别达35.4%和18.8%;而NPK处理在提高玉米钾肥利用率方面作用明显,提高了20%,远高于M处理的87%和NPKM处理的9.2%.可见,长期均衡施肥,尤其是有机肥与化肥配施对提高作物产量和肥料效益具有积极作用.