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1.
Emily E K Kopania Erica L Larson Colin Callahan Sara Keeble Jeffrey M Good 《Molecular biology and evolution》2022,39(2)
Genes involved in spermatogenesis tend to evolve rapidly, but we lack a clear understanding of how protein sequences and patterns of gene expression evolve across this complex developmental process. We used fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to generate expression data for early (meiotic) and late (postmeiotic) cell types across 13 inbred strains of mice (Mus) spanning ∼7 My of evolution. We used these comparative developmental data to investigate the evolution of lineage-specific expression, protein-coding sequences, and expression levels. We found increased lineage specificity and more rapid protein-coding and expression divergence during late spermatogenesis, suggesting that signatures of rapid testis molecular evolution are punctuated across sperm development. Despite strong overall developmental parallels in these components of molecular evolution, protein and expression divergences were only weakly correlated across genes. We detected more rapid protein evolution on the X chromosome relative to the autosomes, whereas X-linked gene expression tended to be relatively more conserved likely reflecting chromosome-specific regulatory constraints. Using allele-specific FACS expression data from crosses between four strains, we found that the relative contributions of different regulatory mechanisms also differed between cell types. Genes showing cis-regulatory changes were more common late in spermatogenesis, and tended to be associated with larger differences in expression levels and greater expression divergence between species. In contrast, genes with trans-acting changes were more common early and tended to be more conserved across species. Our findings advance understanding of gene evolution across spermatogenesis and underscore the fundamental importance of developmental context in molecular evolutionary studies. 相似文献
2.
James Tabery 《Journal of the history of biology》2008,41(4):717-761
This essay examines the origin(s) of genotype–environment interaction, or G × E. “Origin(s)” and not “the origin” because the thesis is that there were actually two distinct concepts of G × E at this beginning: a
biometric concept, or G × EB, and a developmental concept, or G × ED. R. A. Fisher, one of the founders of population genetics and the creator of the statistical analysis of variance, introduced
the biometric concept as he attempted to resolve one of the main problems in the biometric tradition of biology – partitioning
the relative contributions of nature and nurture responsible for variation in a population. Lancelot Hogben, an experimental
embryologist and also a statistician, introduced the developmental concept as he attempted to resolve one of the main problems
in the developmental tradition of biology – determining the role that developmental relationships between genotype and environment
played in the generation of variation. To argue for this thesis, I outline Fisher and Hogben’s separate routes to their respective
concepts of G × E; then these separate interpretations of G × E are drawn on to explicate a debate between Fisher and Hogben
over the importance of G × E, the first installment of a persistent controversy. Finally, Fisher’s G × EB and Hogben’s G × ED are traced beyond their own work into mid-20th century population and developmental genetics, and then into the infamous
IQ Controversy of the 1970s. 相似文献
3.
Indira Devi S Talukdar NC Chandradev Sharma K Jeyaram K Rohinikumar M 《Indian journal of microbiology》2011,51(1):14-21
Development of microbial inoculants from rhizobacterial isolates with potential for plant growth promotion and root disease
suppression require rigorous screening. Fifty-four (54) fluorescent pseudomonads, out of a large collection of rhizobacteria
from broad bean fields of 20 different locations within Imphal valley of Manipur, were initially screened for antifungal activity
against Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani, of diseased roots of broad bean and also three other reference fungal pathogens of plant roots. Fifteen fluorescent pseudomonas
isolates produced inhibition zone (8–29 mm) of the fungal growth in dual plate assay and IAA like substances (24.1–66.7 μg/ml)
and soluble P (12.7–56.80 μg/ml) in broth culture. Among the isolates, RFP 36 caused a marked increase in seed germination,
seedling biomass and control of the root borne pathogens of broad bean. PCR–RAPD analysis of these isolates along with five
MTCC reference fluorescent pseudomonas strains indicated that the RFP-36 belonged to a distinct cluster and the PCR of its
genomic DNA with antibiotic specific primers Phenazine-1-carboxylic acid and 2, 4-diacetyl phloroglucinol suggested possible
occurrence of gene for the potent antibiotics. Overall, the result of the study indicated the potential of the isolate RFP
36 as a microbial inoculant with multiple functions for broad bean. 相似文献
4.
The spikemoss is marked by the unique root-producing pleurogeous rhizophore as well as the lycophytic microphyll. Imaichi
and Kato (Bot Mag Tokyo 102:369–380, 1989; Am J Bot 78:1694–1703, 1991) revealed that the exogenous developmental process in the rhizophore is clearly distinguishable from the developmental process
in the endogenous root, argued that the axial organ could be coordinate with other fundamental organs including the root and
stem, and demonstrated the “rhizophore concept.” In this paper, we report on the expression pattern of the spikemoss Selaginella class 1 KNOX gene, SuKNOX1, in the rhizophore. We show that the SuKNOX1 mRNA is specifically accumulated at the tip of the rhizophore as well as the shoot apical apex, but not in the root tip.
This result supports the “rhizophore concept” at the molecular level. 相似文献
5.
The concept of innateness is a part of folk wisdom but is also used by biologists and cognitive scientists. This concept has
a legitimate role to play in science only if the colloquial usage relates to a coherent body of evidence. We examine many
different candidates for the post of scientific successor of the folk concept of innateness. We argue that none of these candidates
is entirely satisfactory. Some of the candidates are more interesting and useful than others, but the interesting candidates
are not equivalent to each other and the empirical and evidential relations between them are far from clear. Researchers have
treated the various scientific notions that capture some aspect of the folk concept of innateness as equivalent to each other
or at least as tracking properties that are strongly correlated with each other. But whether these correlations exist is an
empirical issue. This empirical issue has not been thoroughly investigated because in the attempt to create a bridge between
the folk view and their theories, researchers have often assumed that the properties must somehow cluster. Rather than making
further attempts to import the folk concept of innateness into the sciences, efforts should now be made to focus on the empirical
questions raised by the debates and pave the way to a better way of studying the development of living organisms. Such empirical
questions must be answered before it can be decided whether a good scientific successor – in the form of a concept that refers
to a collection of biologically significant properties that tend to co-occur – can be identified or whether the concept of
innateness deserves no place in science. 相似文献
6.
The genes belonging to the Paired class exert primary developmental functions. They are characterized by six invariant amino
acid residues in the homeodomain, while the residue at position 50 can be a serine, glutamine or lysine as in the Pax-type,
Q50 Paired-like or the K50 Paired-like homeodomains respectively. Genes in this class emerged early in animal evolution: three distinct Pax genes and
two Q50 Paired-like genes have recently been characterised from cnidarians. Phylogenetic molecular reconstructions taking into account
homeodomain and paired-domain sequences provide some new perspectives on the evolution of the Paired-class genes. Analysis
of 146 Paired-class homeodomains from a wide range of metazoan taxa allowed us to identify 18 families among the three sub-classes
from which the aristaless family displays the least diverged position. Both Pax-type and K50 families branch within the Q50 Paired-like sequences implying that these are the most ancestral. Consequently, most Pax genes arose from a Paired-like ancestor,
via fusion of a Paired-like homebox gene with a gene encoding only a paired domain; the Cnidaria appear to contain genes representing
the ’before’ and ’after’ fusion events.
Received: 16 September 1998 / Accepted: 27 October 1998 相似文献
7.
Olaf R. P. Bininda-Emonds Jonathan E. Jeffery Michael I. Coates Michael K. Richardson 《Theorie in den Biowissenschaften》2002,121(3):297-320
Summary Development involves a series of developmental events, separated by transformations, that follow a particular order or developmental
sequence. The sequence may in turn be arbitrarily subdivided into contiguous segments (developmental stages). We discuss the
properties of developmental sequences. We also examine the differing analytical approaches that have been used to analyse
developmental sequences in an evolutionary context. Ernst Haeckel was a pioneer in this field. His approach was evolutionary
and he introduced the idea of sequence heterochrony (evolutionary changes in the sequence of developmental events). Despite
the availability of detailed developmental data (e.g. Franz Keibel’s ‘Normal Tables’), Haeckel was unable to undertake a quantitative
analysis of developmental data. This is now possible through computer-based analytical techniques such as event-pairing, which
can extract important biological information from developmental sequences by mapping them onto established phylogenies. It
may also yield data that can be used in phylogeny reconstruction, although the inherent ‘non-independence’ of the data may
make this invalid. In future, the methods discussed here may be applied to the analysis of patterns of gene expression in
embryos, or adapted to studying gene order on chromosomes. 相似文献
8.
Hai Wang Hong Ao QiuZhen Pan RongQi Li MengBin Zhao ZhengXing Lian Ning Li ChangXin Wu 《中国科学:生命科学英文版》2007,50(2):178-185
To investigate the effects of different states of donor cells on the development of reconstructed sheep embryos, we designed five treatments of donor cells, including cell passage, cell size, serum starvation, colchicine treatment and gene transfection. Results are as follows: (Ⅰ) Compared with 16-18 passage cells, the morula/blastocyst rate of 5-7 passage cells as donor nuclei was significantly higher (17.3% vs. 4.9%, P<0.05), suggesting the advantage of short-time cultured cells in supporting the development of reconstructed embryos. (Ⅱ) The morula/blastocyst rate of reconstructed embryos derived from medium cells (15-25μm) as donor nuclei was higher than that from large cells (25-33μm) and small cells (8-15μm)( 20.0% vs. 8.0%, 9.7%), indicating that reconstructed embryos from medium cells had a greater potentiality to develop into morula/blastocysts than those from small or large ones. (Ⅲ) The morula/blastocyst rate of reconstructed embryos from donor cells of SS (serum starvation) was lower than that from donor cells of NSS (non-serum starvation), but no significant difference was detected between SS and NSS(11.8% vs. 18.6%, P>0.05). (Ⅳ) Fetal fibroblasts treated with 0.05μmol/L colchicine exhibited a higher morula/blastocyst rate of reconstructed embryos than those treated with 0.10 μmol/L colchicine and untreated ones (27.5% vs. 12.1%, 17.1%), however, no significant difference among the three treatments was detected (P>0.05). (Ⅴ) The morula/blastocyst rate of reconstructed embryos from fetal fibroblasts transfected with GFP gene only was 3.1%, significantly lower than that from non-transgenic cells (3.1% vs. 20.4%, P<0.05). In conclusion, our results demonstrated that fetal fibroblasts of fewer passages, medium size could ensure a higher morula/blastocyst rate of reconstructed embryos. Serum starvation of donor cells might be unnecessary to the development of reconstructed embryos. Donor cells treated with 0.05μmol/L colchicine could facilitate the development of reconstructed embryos. Additionally, as cells transfected with GFP gene were used as donor nuclei, adverse effect on the development of reconstructed embryos was observed. Therefore, the developmental efficiency of reconstructed embryos could be improved if proper treatments to donor cells were used. 相似文献
9.
Development of teeth on the pharyngeal bones of roach Rutilus rutilus and the effect of thyroid hormones on this development are investigated. The addition of exogenous triiodothyronine leads
to accelerated development of the teeth, but the deficit of triiodothyronine (provoked by the addition of thiourea in the
media) stimulates the retardation of this development. Change of developmental rate of the organism leads to change in the
definitive state of the pharyngeal teeth formula. Owing to accelerated development, the number of teeth significantly decreases,
and the formulas 5–5, 5–4, and 4–4 appear instead of the typical formula 6–5 in the control group and in the fish from natural
populations. Retarded development of the organism leads to increased frequency of occurrence of the formula 6–6. The directed
asymmetry in the numbers of pharyngeal teeth with the formula (6–5), most likely, is connected with different types of teeth
development on the left and right pharyngeal bones. 相似文献
10.
11.
Georgy S. Levit 《Theorie in den Biowissenschaften》2007,126(4):131-148
This paper raises the general question of whether there are any national peculiarities that characterize the scientific and
philosophical roots of Russian-language evolutionary developmental biology. The researchers and theories are surveyed which,
with hindsight, have been crucial for the Russian tradition when it comes to general methodological principles and constituting
concepts. Based on published works and archival documents the main concepts of the “founding fathers” of the Russian tradition
with their “Western analogues” are compared. The focus is on A. O. Kowalevsky (1840–1901), I. I. Metschnikov (1945–1916),
A. N. Sewertzoff (1866–1936), I. I. Schmalhausen (1884–1963) and the parallelisms between them and E. Haeckel (1834–1919),
V. Franz (1883–1950), and C. H. Waddington (1905–1977). In addition, the problem of specific influences constituting the Russian-language
context of the Modern Synthesis is addressed. The major thesis of this paper is that the very character of the Russian developmental
biology and its intellectual environment predisposed a strong bias towards environmentalist interpretations and thus anticipated
what we now call “ecological developmental biology”.
This paper is an extended version of my talk delivered to the First and founding meeting of the European Society for Evolutionary Developmental Biology (EDD), 16–19 August (Prague, Czech Republic). I thank Scott Gilbert for inviting me to this meeting
相似文献
Georgy S. LevitEmail: |
12.
Summary A modified encapsulation-dehydration cryopreservation protocol based on the replacement of cold acclimation with high-sucrose
pretreatment was assessed for the long-term storage of Ribes germplasm. Four steps in the procedure were examined for eight genotypes: (1) pregrowth of shoot tips in sucrose-supplemented
solid growth medium for 1 wk; (2) pretreatment of alginate-encapsulated shoot tips in sucrose-supplemented liquid culture
medium for 21 h; (3) evaporative desiccation of encapsulated-dehydrated shoot tips; and (4) exposure to liquid nitrogen (LN).
Differential responses were observed for black currant and gooseberry genotypes. Recovery of growing shoots was high (72–100%)
at all four steps for the five black currants tested. Evaporative desiccation slightly decreased viability for some black
currants and in some cases LN exposure reduced regrowth. In contrast, three gooseberry species had poor recovery from the
initial sucrose culture step (32–67%), indicating sensitivity to osmotic stress, which predisposed these genotypes to poor
survival after LN exposure (12–26%). The effectiveness of the modified protocol for conserving a wider range of Ribes genotypes was further ascertained by screening 22 genotypes derived from nine Ribes species. The procedure was successful for 18 of the 22 genotypes in the gene bank in Scotland. Screening genotype responses
at the time of storage demonstrated regrowth ≥60% for 15 genotypes, and only four genotypes had regrowth of 0–28%. Additional
genotypes were also added to the USDA cryopreserved Ribes collection. 相似文献
13.
Molecular mapping of a rice gene conditioning thermosensitive genic male sterility using AFLP, RFLP and SSR techniques 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
N. V. Dong P. K. Subudhi P. N. Luong V. D. Quang T. D. Quy H. G. Zheng B. Wang H. T. Nguyen 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2000,100(5):727-734
The discovery and application of the thermosensitive genic male sterility (TGMS) system has great potential for revolutionizing
hybrid seed production technology in rice. Use of the TGMS system in two-line breeding is simple, inexpensive, efficient,
and eliminates the limitations associated with the cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility (CMS) system. An F2 population developed from a cross between a TGMS indica mutant, TGMS–VN1, and a fertile indica line, CH1, was used to identify molecular markers linked to the TGMS gene and to subsequently determine its chromosomal location
on the linkage map of rice. Bulk segregant analysis was performed using the AFLP technique. From the survey of 200 AFLP primer
combinations, four AFLP markers (E2/M5–600, E3/M16–400, E5/M12–600, and E5/M12–200) linked to the TGMS gene were identified.
All the markers were linked to the gene in the coupling phase. All except E2/M5–200 were found to be low-copy sequences. However,
the marker E5/M12–600 showed polymorphism in RFLP analysis and was closely linked to the TGMS gene at a distance of 3.3 cM.
This marker was subsequently mapped on chromosome 2 using doubled-haploid mapping populations derived from the crosses IR64×Azucena
and CT9993×IR62666, available at IRRI, Philippines, and Texas Tech University, respectively. Linkage of microsatellite marker
RM27 with the TGMS gene further confirmed its location on chromosome 2. The closest marker, E5/M12–600, was sequenced so that
a PCR marker can be developed for the marker-assisted transfer of this gene to different genetic backgrounds. The new TGMS
gene is tentatively designated as tms4(t).
Received: 13 July 1999 / Accepted: 27 July 1999 相似文献
14.
Conserved synteny––the sharing of at least one orthologous gene by a pair of chromosomes from two species––can, in the strictest
sense, be viewed as sequence conservation between chromosomes of two related species, irrespective of whether coding or non-coding
sequence is examined. The recent sequencing of multiple vertebrate genomes indicates that certain chromosomal segments of
considerable size are conserved in gene order as well as underlying non-coding sequence across all vertebrates. Some of these
segments lost genes or non-coding sequence and/or underwent breakage only in teleost genomes, presumably because evolutionary
pressure acting on these regions to remain intact were relaxed after an additional round of whole genome duplication. Random
reporter insertions into zebrafish chromosomes combined with computational genome-wide analysis indicate that large chromosomal
areas of multiple genes contain long-range regulatory elements, which act on their target genes from several gene distances
away. In addition, computational breakpoint analyses suggest that recurrent evolutionary breaks are found in “fragile regions”
or “hotspots”, outside of the conserved blocks of synteny. These findings cannot be accommodated by the random breakage model
and suggest that this view of genome and chromosomal evolution requires substantial reassessment. 相似文献
15.
Gender-specific associations between MICA-STR and nasopharyngeal carcinoma in a southern Chinese Han population 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Previous studies have identified several HLA-B specificities that are associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in populations of Chinese descent, in particular HLA-B35, -B38, -B46, and -B58. Perhaps except for HLA-B46, other associations cannot be simply accounted for by the linkage disequilibrium between HLA-A and B loci. The human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I chain-related gene A (MICA) maps 46 kb centromeric to HLA-B and is highly polymorphic; it encodes a stress-inducible protein which functions as a ligand for the NKG2D/DAP10 complex to activate natural killer (NK) cells, γδ T cells, and CD8+ T cells. We postulated MICA gene as a susceptibility factor for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, an Epstein–Barr virus-associated malignancy. In this study, 218 unrelated patients newly diagnosed with NPC and 196 randomly selected healthy controls from southern China mainland were analyzed for the short tandem repeat polymorphism of exon 5 of MICA gene (MICA-STR) and MICA gene deletion, using fluorescent polymerase chain reaction-gene scanning (PCR/size-sequencing) and polymerase chain reaction-sequence-specific priming (PCR/SSP) technology. MICA*A9 was present at significantly increased frequency in the patient group (P
C=0.0001002, OR=2.528, 95% CI=1.636–3.907), whereas the frequency of MICA*A5.1 was significantly decreased (P
C=0.006, OR=0.594, 95% CI=0.437–0.806). Gender-based stratification revealed a significant increase of MICA*A9 frequency (P
C=0.000072, OR=3.255, 95% CI=1.855–5.709) and a significant decrease of MICA*A5.1 frequency (P
C=0.000737, OR=0.486, 95% CI=0.337–0.702) in male patients with NPC (N=166), compared with male normal controls (N=120). A significant interaction between MICA*A9 and gender was observed (=41.58, P=0.0001). Statistics also revealed heterogeneity of effects among MICA*A5.1/MICA*A9-bearing phenotypes and a dose-dependent effect of MICA*A5.1 and MICA*A9 on NPC risk in male subgroup. This constitutes the first demonstration of a gender-specific association between MICA-STR polymorphism and NPC, which could largely be attributable to the underlying gender-related mechanisms that modulate MICA gene expression. The results provide strong supporting evidence suggesting that MICA*A9 may be a genetic risk factor for NPC in male individuals in this population. The potential interaction between MICA and other non-HLA host factors and environmental exposures remains to be further studied. 相似文献
16.
S. Kubota H. Yeger B. Perbal M. Takigawa 《Journal of cell communication and signaling》2011,5(1):9-24
Abstracts
Abstracts of the 6th International Workshop on the CCN Family of Genes Held at the Slieve Donnard Hotel, Newcastle, Northern Ireland 20–24 October 2010 相似文献17.
18.
A large amount of genetic information is devoted to brain development. In this study, the cortical development in rats at
eight developmental time points (four embryonic [E15, E16, E18, E20] and four postnatal [P0, P7, P14, P21]) was studied using
a rat brain 10K cDNA microarray. Significant differential expression was observed in 467 of the 9,805 genes represented on
the microarray. Two major Gene Ontology classes—cell differentiation and cell–cell signaling—were found to be important for
cortical development. Genes for ribosomal proteins, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins, and tubulin proteins were up-regulated
in the embryonic stage, coincidently with extensive proliferation of neural precursor cells as the major component of the
cerebral cortex. Genes related to neurogenesis, including neurite regeneration, neuron development, and synaptic transmission,
were more active in adulthood, when the cerebral cortex reached maturity. The many developmentally modulated genes identified
by this approach will facilitate further studies of cortical functions.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
19.
Mingsheng Peng Asma Ziauddin David J. Wolyn 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1997,33(4):263-268
Summary Development of asparagus microspores in cold-treated buds of varying sizes and shed microspores from these buds in in vitro culture were observed cytologically for the G459 genotype. Before cold pretreatment, more than 75% of the microspores in
flower buds of the 1.4–1.6, 1.7–1.9, 2.0–2.2, 2.3–2.5, and 2.6–2.8 mm size classes were at the early-, mid-, late-uninucleate,
early-, and late-binucleate stages, respectively. After 7 d in cold treatment, percentages of microspores at different stages
changed in all flower buds. Most notable was the appearance of binucleate microspores resulting from symmetric rather than
asymmetric division. For flower buds of 1.7–1.9, 2.0–2.2, and 2.3–2.5 mm size classes, 4.9%, 27.2%, and 11.4% of the microspores
had divided symmetrically, respectively. When microspores from buds of each size category were cultured in androgenesis induction
medium, only microspores completing symmetric pollen mitosis I during cold treatment were observed to divide further, and
calluses were only obtained from microspores of flower bud size classes where symmetric divisions were observed after several
days of cold treatment. Significant correlations existed among microspore callus yield, the percentage of late-uninucleate
microspores in vivo before cold treatment, and the frequency of symmetric pollen mitosis I after 7 d of cold treatment. Consequently, asparagus
microspore androgenesis may occur through one developmental pathway, where a symmetric first mitotic division is a prerequisite
for continued development. 相似文献
20.
Kościańska E Kalantidis K Wypijewski K Sadowski J Tabler M 《Plant molecular biology》2005,59(4):647-661
In this study we analyse several aspects of cytoplasmic RNA silencing by agroinfiltration of DNA constructs encoding single-
and double-stranded RNAs derived from a GFP transgene and from the endogenous Virp1 gene. Both types of inductors resulted after 2–4 days in much higher concentration of siRNAs in the agroinfiltrated zone
than normally seen during systemic silencing. More specifically, infiltration of two transgene hairpin constructs resulted
in elevated levels of siRNAs. However, differences between the two constructs were observed: the antisense–sense arrangement
was more effective than the sense–antisense order. For both double-stranded forms, we observed a relative increase of the
24-mer size class of siRNAs. When a comparable hairpin construct of the endogenous Virp1 gene was assayed, the portion of the 24-mer siRNA class remained low as observed for all kinds of single-stranded inducers.
The lack of increase of Virp1-derived 24-mers was independent of the expression level, as demonstrated by agroinfiltration into a transgenic plant that
overexpressed Virp1 and showed the same pattern. Using transducer constructs, we could detect within a week transitive silencing from GFP to GUS sequences in the infiltrated zone and in either direction 5′–3′ and 3′–5′. Conversely, for the endogenous Virp1 gene neither transitive silencing nor the induction of systemic silencing could be observed. These results are discussed
in view of the current models of RNA silencing. 相似文献