香蕉苗期氮素亏缺与补偿对植株生长和根系形态的影响

为探究氮素亏缺及亏缺后补偿供氮对蕉苗生长及其根系形态特征的影响,该研究以主要栽培品种基因组类型(AAA型和ABB型)的香蕉品种为材料,通过石英砂基质培养结合氮素亏缺与补偿处理,分析其株高、叶长、叶宽、新增绿叶数、地上部和根系的鲜重和干物质质量、根长和根表面积及根体积等指标的变化。结果表明：(1)亏缺30 d,香蕉苗呈现明显的缺氮表型症状,株高、叶长、叶宽及新增绿叶数均显著降低,根系干物质积累增加,品种Ⅰ、Ⅱ根系干物质分别提高64.71%、87.50%,根冠比增加,总根表面积分别增加4.38%、11.85%,体积分别增加71.78%、66.55%。(2)亏缺68 d,干物质积累受到明显抑制,品种Ⅰ、Ⅱ全株干物质质量降低33.74%、42.04%,根系干物质质量与常规处理无显著差异,根系形态参数变化趋势与轻度亏缺一致。(3)亏缺后补偿供氮,缺氮症状消失,植株生长指标恢复正常水平;品种Ⅰ、Ⅱ根系干物质质量显著增加51.22%、52.38%,根冠比显著高于常规处理,根系趋向正常形态生长,并且总根体积分别增加61.80%、45.92%;轻度氮素亏缺后适时补偿供氮,缺氮蕉苗可恢复正常生长,根系干物...     

Total soil nitrogen and nitrogen mineralization

Summary The mineralization capacity of 24 different soils was determined from incubation experiments. Relatively rapid mineralization and nitrification was found with soils from cultivated land, and pastures, but soils under natural vegetative covers of conifers and hardwoods were mostly ammonifying. A close relationship could be established between the total nitrogen content of the soil and the amount of mineral nitrogen formed during incubation. Important connections could also be shown between the available nitrogen contents at different times during the incubation period; these suggest that the incubation period can be considerably shortened.     

Uptake of fertilizer nitrogen and soil nitrogen by rice using15N-labelled nitrogen fertilizer

Data from five field experiments using labelled nitrogen fertilizer were used to determine the relative effects of soil nitrogen and fertilizer nitrogen on rice yield. Yield of grain was closely correlated with total aboveground nitrogen uptake (soil+fertilizer), less closely correlated with soil nitrogen uptake and not significantly correlated with fertilizer nitrogen uptake. When yield increase rather than yield was correlated with fertilizer nitrogen uptake, the correlation coefficient was statistically significant.Contribution from the Laboratory for Flooded Soils and Sediments, Agronomy Dept., Louisiana Agri. Exper. Sta., Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, and Univ. of Florida, Agricultural Research and Education Center, Sanford, FL 32771.     

The effect of nitrogen fertilization on the release of soil nitrogen

Summary The effect of fertilizer nitrogen on the available amount of soil nitrogen was investigated in a greenhouse experiment. To 9 different soils, 0, 50, 100 and 200 kg N/ha were applied, resp., as (N¹⁵H₄)₂SO₄ with an atom excess N-15 of 1%.No priming effect could be found for any of the treatments. The available amount of soil N, expressed as A_N value, was not affected by rate of N-fertilizer application.     

Root-induced nitrogen mineralisation: A nitrogen balance model

The possibility is examined that carbon (C) released into the soil from a root could enhance the availability of nitrogen (N) to plants by stimulating microbial activity. Two models are described, both of which assume that C released from roots is used by bacteria to mineralise and immobilise soil organic N and that immobilised N released when bacteria are grazed by bacterial-feeding nematodes or protozoa is taken up by the plant. The first model simulates the individual transformations of C and N and indicates that root-induced N mineralisation could supply only up to 10% of the plant's requirement, even if unrealistically ideal conditions are assumed. The other model is based on evidence that about 40% of immobilised N is subsequently taken up by the plant. A small net gain of N by the plant is shown (i.e. the plant takes up more N than it loses through exudation), although with exudate of up to C:N 33:1 less than 6% of the plant's requirement is supplied by root-induced N mineralisation. It is argued, however, that rhizosphere bacteria do not use plant-derived C to mineralise soil organic N to any great extent and that in reality root-induced N mineralisation is even less important than these models indicate.     

On the importance of quantifying bioavailable nitrogen instead of total nitrogen

Monitored and modeled data provided the basis for the establishment of two nitrogen (N) budgets covering the Kattegat-Belt Sea area in the period 2000–2009: one for total nitrogen (TN) and one for bioavailable nitrogen (N_bio). Our results show a significant difference between the two budgets, and we argue that N_bio is more important than TN for our understanding of the sources causing marine eutrophication. Consequently, an optimal strategy for abatement of eutrophication aims at minimizing N_bio rather than TN. The TN budget shows that advection from the adjacent seas is the dominant source of N to the Kattegat-Belt Sea area. The loadings from land and atmosphere only account for 14 and 9 % of the TN loadings, respectively. However, when the bioavailability of the different N sources is taken into account, the supply from land and atmosphere becomes relatively more important, now accounting for 21 and 16 %, respectively (37 % in total). The ecological relevance of land and atmosphere loadings is most likely even larger since a fraction of the input from the Skagerrak is exported again before it can support primary production. Water action plans have reduced the direct loadings of TN from land and atmosphere by about 35 % since the 1980s. The contributions from land and atmosphere accounted for 47 % of the N_bio loadings in the 1980s. Hence, loadings from land and atmosphere have only decreased by 10 % points since the 1980s: from 47 to 37 %. The largest sink of TN in the study areas is advection to the adjacent seas (71 %) whereas denitrification and burial only accounts for 17 and 11 %, respectively.     

Prediction of nitrogen responses of corn by soil nitrogen mineralization indicators

Soil nitrogen mineralization potential (N min) has to be spatially quantified to enable farmers to vary N fertilizer rates, optimize crop yields, and minimize N transfer from soils to the environment. The study objectives were to assess the spatial variability in soil N min potential based on clay and organic matter (OM) contents and the impact of grouping soils using these criteria on corn grain (Zea mays L.) yield, N uptake response curves to N fertilizer, and soil residual N. Four indicators were used: OM content and three equations involving OM and clay content. The study was conducted on a 15-ha field near Montreal, Quebec, Canada. In the spring 2000, soil samples (n = 150) were collected on a 30- x 30-m grid and six rates of N fertilizer (0 to 250 kg N ha(-1)) were applied. Kriged maps of particle size showed areas of clay, clay loam, and fine sandy loam soils. The N min indicators were spatially structured but soil nitrate (NO3-) was not. The N fertilizer rate to reach maximum grain yield (N max), as estimated by a quadratic model, varied among textural classes and Nmin indicators, and ranged from 159 to 250 kg N ha(-1). The proportion of variability (R2) and the standard error of the estimate (SE) varied among textural groups and N min indicators. The R2 ranged from 0.53 to 0.91 and the SE from 0.13 to 1.62. Corn grain N uptake was significantly affected by N fertilizer and the pattern of response differed with soil texture. For the 50 kg N ha(-1) rate, the apparent N min potential (ANM) was significantly larger in the clay loam (122 kg ha(-1)) than in the fine sandy loam (80 kg ha(-1)) or clay (64 kg ha(-1)) soils. The fall soil residual N was not affected by N fertlizer inputs. Textural classes can be used to predict N max. The N min indicators may also assist the variable rate N fertilizer inputs for corn production.     

红松混交林凋落物氮储量及分解释放对土壤氮的影响

2012年5—10月,采用直接收获法,研究了小兴安岭地区云冷杉红松混交林和枫桦红松混交林两种林型凋落物的未分解层(L层)、半分解层(F层)和腐殖质层(H层)以及土壤表层(S层)氮储量及凋落物分解释放对土壤氮影响。结果表明:研究期间两种林型凋落物现存量变化范围分别为19.43~27.25和21.25~24.28 t·hm-2,氮储量变化范围分别为287.21~418.22和274.81~351.21 kg·hm-2,各层氮含量大小次序均为LFHS;云冷杉红松混交林各层凋落物现存量及其氮储存量5月和9月达到峰值,每月氮储量从L~H层均增加,凋落物分解释放氮在F和H层易富集,输入到土壤中较少;枫桦红松混交林各层凋落物现存量及其氮储量5月和10月达到峰值,每月氮储量从L~H层均减少,氮在凋落物各层中均易迁移,输入到土壤中的氮比云冷杉红松混交林多;两种林型L、F、H层凋落物现存量以及H层氮含量与S层氮含量之间,L和F层凋落物现存量与H层氮含量之间均呈显著正相关。     

添加氮素对沙质草地土壤氮素有效性的影响

通过氮素添加(20g.m-2.a-1)试验,研究了科尔沁沙地东南部沙质草地生态系统土壤氮矿化及有效氮的季节变化。对2006年生长季的观测发现,添加氮素显著提高了沙质草地生长季土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、矿质氮的含量以及9月1日至10月15日的净氮矿化速率与硝化速率;添加氮素导致土壤有效氮的季节变异增大,净氮矿化(1.29～11.60mg.kg-1.30d-1)与硝化(-4.15～11.20mg.kg-1.30d-1)速率随时间呈上升趋势,铵态氮含量逐渐降低,硝态氮与矿质氮(6.49～20.66mg.kg-1)含量的变化呈"V"型,最小值出现在生物量生长高峰期的7月中旬。该沙质草地土壤氮的有效性较低,施氮肥可明显提高土壤供氮能力。     

模拟氮沉降对杂草生长和氮吸收的影响

以杂草早熟禾、黑麦草、野燕麦、天蓝苜蓿、白车轴草、北美车前、婆婆纳、无芒稗、牛筋草和刺苋为试验材料,以4.0g·m^-2·yr^-1的N输入为模拟氮沉降浓度,研究了不同杂草功能类群对模拟氮沉降的响应.结果表明,模拟氮沉降处理下,杂草的生物量(总生物量、地上部分生物量、根生物量)呈增加趋势,但不同功能类群对氮增加的响应明显不同,C₄禾本科、C₃豆科及C₃禾本科植物的生物量受到氮沉降的显著促进,但C₃非禾本科和C₄非禾本科植物的生物量则受氮沉降的影响不显著;不同功能类群的根冠比、植株含氮及植株吸收氮的总量对模拟氮沉降的响应无明显规律,但物种间差异显著.氮沉降提高野燕麦和北美车前的生物量的根冠比,但对其他生物种类没有显著影响.没有发现氮沉降对植物体内的含氮量有显著的影响,但氮沉降却显著地提高了除刺苋、早熟禾及婆婆纳之外的所有杂草物种对N的摄收.由于物种对氮沉降的响应不同,未来氮沉降的增加将加速杂草群落组成的变化.     

氮肥运筹对稻茬冬小麦土壤无机氮时空分布及氮肥利用的影响

以宁麦9号和豫麦34号为材料,研究了氮肥基追比对土壤无机氮时空变化、氮素表观盈亏和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,施用基肥提高了越冬期0-60 cm土层NO3--N和NH4+-N含量,拔节期追肥对孕穗期各土层无机氮含量无显著影响,追施孕穗肥显著提高了开花期0-60 cm土层硝态氮含量和0-20 cm土层铵态氮含量。不施氮处理各生育阶段均表现为氮素亏缺,施氮处理氮素盈亏呈明显的阶段性,播种至孕穗阶段出现氮素盈余,孕穗至成熟阶段出现氮素亏缺;全生育期氮素表观盈余量两品种平均以5∶5处理最低,7∶3处理最高。两品种氮肥农学效率、氮肥表观回收率和产量均随基肥比例的增加呈先增后降的趋势,均以5∶5处理最高。因此,在小麦生产中应适当减少基施氮肥用量,在小麦拔节孕穗期适当增加追肥比例有利于提高产量和氮肥利用效率,并降低土壤氮素损失。     

Responses of ecosystem nitrogen cycle to nitrogen addition: a meta-analysis

? Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) addition may substantially alter the terrestrial N cycle. However, a comprehensive understanding of how the ecosystem N cycle responds to external N input remains elusive. ? Here, we evaluated the central tendencies of the responses of 15 variables associated with the ecosystem N cycle to N addition, using data extracted from 206 peer-reviewed papers. ? Our results showed that the largest changes in the ecosystem N cycle caused by N addition were increases in soil inorganic N leaching (461%), soil NO?? concentration (429%), nitrification (154%), nitrous oxide emission (134%), and denitrification (84%). N addition also substantially increased soil NH?+ concentration (47%), and the N content in belowground (53%) and aboveground (44%) plant pools, leaves (24%), litter (24%) and dissolved organic N (21%). Total N content in the organic horizon (6.1%) and mineral soil (6.2%) slightly increased in response to N addition. However, N addition induced a decrease in microbial biomass N by 5.8%. ? The increases in N effluxes caused by N addition were much greater than those in plant and soil pools except soil NO??, suggesting a leaky terrestrial N system.     

Changing nitrogen source on the yield and nitrogen content of soybeans

Summary Soybean plants were grown in nutrient culture solutions containing 150 ppm of N either as an equal concentration of NH₄ ⁺ or NO₃ ^–, or all NO₃ ^–. At the R2 stage of growth for some plants, the N form was changed to either all NO₃ ^– or all NH₄ ⁺, but at the same total N concentration as before. Highest seed yield was obtained with all NO₃ ^– over the entire growth period, the poorest when the N form was switched from an equal ratio of NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ^– to all NH₄ ⁺ at the R2 stage. Kjeldahl N concentrations in the plant leaves and seed were highest when NH₄ ⁺ was part or all of the N source in the nutrient solution. These results may partially explain why the literature is inconsistent on the effect of added fertilizer N on soybean seed yield, and may pose a problem in using leaf Kjeldahl N concentration to determine plant N sufficiency.     

氮肥形态对冬小麦根际土壤氮素生理群活性及无机氮含量的影响

采用大田盆栽方法研究了硝态氮肥、铵态氮肥、酰胺态氮肥3种氮肥形态对冬小麦品种豫麦50生育中后期(拔节期、开花期、花后14 d、花后28 d)根际土壤氮转化相关微生物活性、酶活性和根际土壤NH+4离子、NO-3离子含量的影响。结果表明:随着生育期的推进,除脲酶外,氨化细菌、硝化细菌、亚硝化细菌、反硝化细菌和蛋白酶活性变化的均为"倒V"型变化特征,以花后14 d活性最强;而脲酶活性在拔节期最强,并且其活性远大于其它微生物及酶。氮肥形态对根际土壤氮素生理群及无机氮的影响不同。酰胺态氮肥促进了根际氨化细菌、反硝化细菌、脲酶、蛋白酶的活性,而硝化细菌、亚硝化细菌在硝态氮肥条件下活性较强。除拔节期外,土壤中NH+4离子在铵态氮肥处理下含量较高,NO-3离子在酰氨态氮肥处理下含量较高。因此,酰胺态氮能够促进小麦根际土壤有机氮的分解,硝态氮肥可以促进土壤中氨的转化,以利于小麦根系的吸收与利用。氮肥形态主要是通过影响土壤中氮素生理类群及酶的活性,从而影响土壤中无机氮的含量。     

氮锌硒肥配合施用对白三叶的固氮作用与氮转移的影响

在湖北省宜昌县百里荒草场山地黄棕壤上配合施用氮锌硒肥,研究其对混播白三叶,混播黑麦草及单播黑麦草的干重及混播白三叶的固氮作用和氮转移的影响,试验结果表明：（1）氮锌硒肥配合施用,混播黑麦草的干重均高于相应处理的单播黑麦草,混播牧草和单播黑麦草重最高的处理都是N46Zn0Se5,其干重辚25．38 g／盆和19．93g/盆。（2）施氮对混播白三叶,混播黑麦草及单播黑麦草的生长有明显的促进作用,施锌,硒对混播白三叶,混播黑麦草及单播黑麦草的生长作用不明显。（3）混播白三叶氮素的主要来源是固氮作用,占全氮产量的57．6000％－77．258％。（4）混播白三叶固定氮的转移量只占混播黑麦草的全氮产量的0．316％－12．251％,通过正交方差分析发现,适量氮肥（N30mg/kg)促进固定氮的转移,高量氮肥（N46mg/kg)抑制固定氮的转移。     

The effect of ammonium nitrogen on fixation of elemental nitrogen inAlnus andMyrica

Summary 1. A substantial formation of nodules occurred on plants ofAlnus glutinosa andMyrica gale grown in water culture with different levels of ammonium nitrogen labelled with N¹⁵ present in the culture solution. The nodules tended to be fewer but larger than on plants in solution free of combined nitrogen.2. The nodules continued to fix atmospheric nitrogen despite the presence of ammonium nitrogen in the rooting medium, though fixation per unit weight of nodule tissues formed was somewhat lower than in nitrogen-free solution. Among other possible reasons this could have been due to a substitution of ammonium nitrogen for elemental nitrogen at the nitrogen-fixing centres of the nodule, but evidently this does not occur to any great extent.3. In Alnus but not in Myrica fixation per plant was considerably enhanced in the presence of a low level of ammonium nitrogen, owing to greater nodule development. At higher ammonium levels, in excess of the plants' requirements, fixation per plant was still of comparable order to that in nitrogen-free solution, but now only represented some 24 to 45 per cent of the total nitrogen accumulated by the plants.4. The results suggest that under field conditions some fixation of atmospheric nitrogen will always be associated with nodules present.     

The carbon bonus of organic nitrogen enhances nitrogen use efficiency of plants

The importance of organic nitrogen (N) for plant nutrition and productivity is increasingly being recognized. Here we show that it is not only the availability in the soil that matters, but also the effects on plant growth. The chemical form of N taken up, whether inorganic (such as nitrate) or organic (such as amino acids), may significantly influence plant shoot and root growth, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). We analysed these effects by synthesizing results from multiple laboratory experiments on small seedlings (Arabidopsis, poplar, pine and spruce) based on a tractable plant growth model. A key point is that the carbon cost of assimilating organic N into proteins is lower than that of inorganic N, mainly because of its carbon content. This carbon bonus makes it more beneficial for plants to take up organic than inorganic N, even when its availability to the roots is much lower – up to 70% lower for Arabidopsis seedlings. At equal growth rate, root:shoot ratio was up to three times higher and nitrogen productivity up to 20% higher for organic than inorganic N, which both are factors that may contribute to higher NUE in crop production.     

Soil nitrogen availability evaluations based on nitrogen mineralization potentials of soils and uptake of labeled and unlabeled nitrogen by plants

Summary Sudangrass [Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf] was grown in a greenhouse pot experiment on 39 soils having a broad range of chemical and physical characteristics. Labelled N as sodium nitrate (9% excess N¹⁵) was applied at rates of 200 and 400 mg of N per pot (2kg of soil). After 6 weeks of growth, total N and N¹⁵ were determined on plant tops and roots and on the cropped soils. Maximum yield differed widely among the soils owing to variations in yield-limiting factors other than N. Despite the diversity of responses to N fertilizer, the experiment provided a meaningful basis for assessing soil nitrogen availability. Amounts of N taken up from soils were similar from pots receiving no fertilizer N and from pots receiving labeled N.Amounts of soil organic N mineralized during cropping plus the mineral N present initially in the soils correlated highly with amounts of soil N taken up by whole plants (tops and roots). Average recovery by whole plants of mineral N formed before and during the cropping period was about 85 per cent, a value corresponding closely to recovery of fertilizer N in this experiment. The similarity in recovery of N provided by soil and fertilizer suggests that mineral N from these sources comprised a common pool that behaved as an entity with respect to mineralization-immobilization relations or other reactions affecting N availability to plants.A-values, the amounts of soil N having an availability equivalent to that of applied fertilizer N, were similar for two levels of applied labeled N and for tops and whole plants. Moreover, A-values were similar to amounts of N mineralized before and during crop growth. This result is particularly significant, since amounts of N mineralized during crop growth were estimated from N mineralization potentials, taking into account the effects of temperature on the mineralization rate constant. Thus, the study provides preliminary evidence that the soil N mineralization potential offers a basis for reliably estimating amounts of soil N mineralized during selected periods of time under specified temperature regimes.