The synthesis of a mannosyl-N-acetylglucosamine-l-asparagine compound: 2-acetamido-N-(l-aspart-4-oyl)-2-deoxy-3-O-α-d-mannopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosylamine

The title compound, used in the synthesis of glycopeptides and as a reference substance in the structural elucidation of glycoproteins, was synthesized by condensation of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-d-mannopyranosyl bromide with 2-acetamido-4,6-O-benzylidene-α-d-glucopyranosyl azide, followed by removal of the benzylidene group to give the disaccharide azide 6 and acetylation. The resulting fully acetylated disaccharide azide 7 was also obtained by treatment of the known 2-acetamido-1,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-3-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-d-mannopyranosyl)-α-d-glucopyranose with hydrogen chloride and then with silver azide. The azide 7 was reduced in presence of platinum oxide (Adams' catalyst), and the resulting amine was condensed with 1-benzyl N-benzyloxycarbonyl-l-aspartate in the presence of N,N′-dicyclocarbodiimide. The removal of the protective group was accomplished by hydrogenolysis and O-deacetylation. In a second route, the disaccharide azide 6 was reduced and then condensed with 1-benzyl N-benzyloxycarbonyl-l-aspartate, and the resulting product hydrogenolyzed.     

Determination of plasma and serum l-lysine using l-lysine ε-oxidase from Marinomonas mediterranea NBRC 103028

This article describes a successful application of l-lysine ε-oxidase (EC 1.4.3.20) for l-lysine determination. l-Lysine ε-oxidase was isolated from culture supernatant of Marinomonas mediterranea NBRC 103028^T and was used for l-lysine determination. Comparison of the characteristics of l-lysine ε-oxidase with l-lysine α-oxidase, a commercial enzyme used for l-lysine determination, suggests that the use of l-lysine ε-oxidase would be more valuable for the determination of l-lysine because of its selectivity and sensitivity, especially in samples with low l-lysine concentration. The enzyme acted only on l-lysine and l-ornithine, to which the relative activity was only 3.4% of that on l-lysine. The value obtained by the colorimetric assay using l-lysine ε-oxidase and horseradish peroxidase was not affected by l-ornithine. The enzyme also shows a higher affinity for l-lysine (K_m = 0.0018 mM). l-Lysine determination using l-lysine ε-oxidase in human plasma and serum was examined. The measured values were close to values determined by instrumental analyses using the precolumn AccQ·Tag Ultra Derivatization Kit. These results suggest that l-lysine ε-oxidase can be used for diagnosis based on plasma l-lysine concentration. This is the first report on the application of l-lysine ε-oxidase.     

猪流感病毒概述

猪流感(Swine influenza,SI)是由甲型流感病毒引起的猪急性呼吸道传染病,不仅给养猪业带来了极大的危害,还严重危害人类健康,因此引起全球公共卫生的关注。猪对哺乳动物流感病毒和禽流感病毒都易感,被认为是二者之间进行基因重配和跨种传播的重要中间宿主,也是产生引起人类流感大流行毒株的重要来源。目前全球猪群中流行的流感病毒以H1N1、H3N2以及H1N2亚型为主,但各地流行的猪流感病毒(Swine influenza viruses,SIVs)谱系或基因节段的来源均有差异。北美地区近期暴发的猪流感三源重配H3N2/H1N2亚型变异株感染人的事件再次提醒我们要密切关注SIV对公共卫生的威胁。因此,监测和研究甲型流感病毒在全球猪群中的流行动态对于大流行应对是非常重要的。     

On the Existence of a Possible A2A-D2-β-Arrestin2 Complex: A2A Agonist Modulation of D2 Agonist-Induced β-Arrestin2 Recruitment

Given that coactivation of adenosine A_2A (A_2AR) and dopamine D₂ (D₂R) receptors results in the coaggregation, cointernalization, and codesensitization of the A_2AR and D₂R and the role of scaffolding protein β-arrestin2 in the desensitization, internalization, and signaling of G-protein-coupled receptors, in this study we explored the ability of the A_2AR agonist CGS21680 in A_2AR-D₂R-coexpressing cells to modulate the D₂R agonist-induced recruitment of β-arrestin2 to the D₂R by means of proximity-based bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET²) and co-trafficking analysis. We found evidence that CGS21680 can increase the maximal BRET² signal between β-arrestin2^RLuc and D_2LR^GFP2 upon D₂R activation, by increasing the potency of the D₂R agonist to exert this action. In addition, this change was associated with an increased formation of cytoplasmic clusters containing β-arrestin2^GFP2 and D_2LR^YFP as seen from the co-trafficking analysis. Furthermore, the A_2AR agonist advanced the time for the increase in Akt phosphorylation obtained with the D₂R agonist. Finally, using a novel bioinformatics approach to predict the protein-protein interface, we have also found that amino acid pro-triplets TNY, LLS, RAF, and VSR may be crucial for the -induced β-arrestin2 recruitment by A_2AR-D₂R heteromers. Taken together, the results indicate that the antagonistic A_2AR-D₂R allosteric receptor-receptor interaction in A_2AR-D₂R heteromers favors β-arrestin2 recruitment to the D_2LR protomer with subsequent cointernalization associated with a reduced time onset of Akt phosphorylation followed by a rapid dephosphorylation. Thus, β-arrestin2 action becomes more rapid and short-lasting and, in this way, mimics G-protein-mediated signaling.     

腺病毒新型别的研究进展

腺病毒是DNA双链病毒,与人类的多种疾病相关。迄今为止,文献报道的人腺病毒已有60多个型别。52～67型腺病毒是基于全基因组测序和生物信息学分析被发现和划分的。与以往传统血清学方法确定的51个血清型在组成方式,致病性等方面都有所不同,这些新型腺病毒大部分是由同亚属的某两个或几个血清型同源重组而成,某些病毒重组后疾病谱发生了改变。虽然重组是病毒进化的一种方式,重组现象普遍存在于新型腺病毒中,但是重组发生的机制尚不清楚,是否对人类具有潜在的危险有待进一步的研究。总之,目前新型腺病毒正逐渐受到关注,本文就新型腺病毒研究的进展展开综述,了解人腺病毒属新型别的研究现状。     

病毒性出血热实验室检测

病毒性出血热是一组临床症状主要表现为发热和出血的急性传染病,病死率高,主要由四个科的RNA病毒引起,包括布尼亚病毒科、黄病毒科、丝状病毒科和沙粒病毒科病毒。该类疾病发病初期的临床症状相似,因此,建立快速、简易的实验室检测方法对及时进行临床诊断救治、开展流行病学调查并最终控制其传播流行具有重要意义。本综述对病毒性出血热的实验室检测方面进行描述,主要内容包括病原学分类及病毒分离、核酸、抗原和抗体检测的相关技术,并结合新型检测方法提出展望。     

白蛉病毒属研究进展

白蛉病毒属病毒是单股负链RNA病毒,隶属布尼亚病毒科,基因组分为L、M和S三个片段,分别编码RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶、包膜糖蛋白和核蛋白。白蛉病毒是虫媒病毒,主要通过节肢动物传播,迄今为止,文献报道的白蛉病毒已有70多种,68个已知病毒种被分为白蛉热病毒组和乌库病毒组,其中某些白蛉热病毒组成员与人类疾病密切相关,而且最近又有新型白蛉病毒出现,本文就白蛉病毒属的分子特征、流行病学、诊断、治疗及新发现的白蛉病毒的概况展开综述。     

新型人类肠道病毒的研究进展

随着人类肠道病毒(Human enteroviruses,HEVs)分子定型方法的广泛应用,越来越多的新型HEVs被发现。自1969年肠道病毒71型(EV71)首次报道后,新型HEVs已在世界范围内引起多次暴发流行,带来了严重的公共卫生问题,特别是自2007年以来在中国大陆发生的EV71所致手足口病的广泛流行,引起国内外学者的高度关注。本文对近些年有关新型HEVs分子分型、进化、流行病学特征、致病性等方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

埃博拉病毒包膜糖蛋白研究进展

埃博拉病毒可引起人类高致命性流行性出血热暴发,至今没有预防和治疗的疫苗和药物。作为埃博拉病毒包膜唯一的表面蛋白,包膜糖蛋白是一种多功能蛋白质,在病毒的吸附和穿入宿主细胞、致病性、下调宿主细胞表面蛋白质表达和增加病毒装配和出芽过程中起着至关重要的作用;同时包膜糖蛋白是保护性免疫的主要目标,是诱导产生中和抗体的最理想抗原。本文就近五年埃博拉病毒包膜糖蛋白的基因结构、致病机制和免疫原性方面的研究进展做简要回顾。     

禽流感病毒样颗粒研究进展

病毒样颗粒(Virus-like particles,VLPs)是指由病毒一个或几个结构蛋白自行组装成不含病毒基因组且不能复制、不具有感染能力的病毒样蛋白颗粒。VLPs因能够模拟天然病毒的构象表位而保持了完整病毒颗粒所具有的免疫原性,可诱导机体产生广泛强大的抗病毒免疫反应,阻止病毒侵入机体,在抗病毒性疾病的预防或治疗性疫苗及诊断试剂的研究开发方面具有巨大的应用前景。本文就禽流感病毒样颗粒相关研究进展进行综述,以期为我国禽流感VLPs的研究提供参考。     

Trichomonasfetus—Induced abortion

$\text{History}$ and $\text{Clinical}$$\text{Signs}$: Herds infected with $\text{Trichomonas}$$\text{fetus}$ have histories of infertility, occasional abortions, and pyometra.$\text{Gross}$$\text{Lesions}$: There are no specific gross lesions in the fetus. The fetuses are usually aborted in the first half of gestation and may or may not be accompanied by the placenta.$\text{Microscopic}$$\text{Lesions}$: There are no specific microscopic lesions.$\text{Cultural}$$\text{Procedures}$: It is ordinarily not necessary to culture $\text{T.}$$\text{fetus}$ in order to demonstrate its presence in placental fluids and/or abomasal contents.$\text{Serologic}$$\text{Procedures}$: There are no suitable seroligic procedures for diagnosing Trichomoniasis.$\text{Special}$$\text{Procedures}$: Wet mounts of abomasal contents and/or placental fluids are examined microscopically for $\text{T.}$$\text{fetus}$.$\text{Preferred}$$\text{Diagnostic}$$\text{Procedures}$: Demonstrate the presence of $\text{T.}$$\text{fetus}$ by microscopic examination of wet mounts of placental fluids and/or abomasal contents.     

H7亚型禽流感病毒概述

自2002年以来,全球报道的人感染H7亚型禽流感病毒病例超过100人,波及荷兰、意大利、加拿大、美国以及英国等国家。人感染H7亚型禽流感病毒的临床表现由结膜炎至轻微的上呼吸道疾病,甚至是肺炎。2013年3月31日,中国报道了上海市和安徽省两地共3例H7N9亚型禽流感病毒(AIVs)感染死亡病例。由于从家禽中分离到的H7亚型流感病毒不断增加,而且H7亚型AIVs感染人所导致的严重的临床症状,因此该亚型流感病毒对人类健康造成严重威胁,所以我们必须提高对H7亚型AIVs的认识,并要加强人群和动物中流感病毒的持续监测以及疫苗和药物的研究,以应对可能由于H7亚型AIVs引起的流感大流行。     

Invivo and invitro studies of 15α-hydroxyprogesterone in the human placenta

Studies were conducted to determine the fate of 15α-hydroxyprogesterone in human placental tissue. Tritiated 15α-hydroxyprogesterone was perfused through normal human placentas $\text{in situ}$ at the time of Cesarean section and incubated with a 10,000x g microsomal supernate of the placenta $\text{in vitro}$. In both systems the substrate, but no additional metabolites were identified. These findings indicate that 15α-hydroxyprogesterone is not metabolized during its passage in the human term placenta, and suggests that because of its fetal origin clinical measurements of 15α-hydroxyprogesterone may provide a valuable index to the status of fetal viability.     

Nucleophilic replacement reactions of sulphonates : Part VII. Selective tosylation of methyl 2-benzamido-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside and a synthesis of methyl 2-benzamido-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-D-ribo-hexopyranoside

Selective tosylation of methyl 2-benzamido-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside at room temperature gave a mixture of the 6-sulphonate and the 3,6- and 4,6-disulphonates in yields of 25, 20, and 12%, respectively. Treatment of the 4-acetate of the 3,6-disulphonate with iodide ion gave the 3,6-di-iodo-D-gluco derivative, with overall retention of configuration involving participation of the 2-benzamido substituent in the substitution of the 3-tosyl group and formation of an intermediary oxazolinium ion. Reduction of the 3,6-di-iodo derivative gave methyl 2-benzamido-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-D-ribo-hexopyranoside. The disulphonates, characterised as their monoacetates, were synthesised from methyl 2-benzamido-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside by unambiguous routes, each of which was superior to selective tosylation.     

A comparison of the substrate specificities of endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases from Streptomyces griseus and Diplococcus pneumoniae

The substrate specificities of the endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases from $\text{Diplococcus pneumoniae}$ and $\text{Streptomyces griseus}$ were compared and found to differ considerably. The enzyme from $\text{D. pneumoniae}$ released Asn-GlcNAc-Fuc-containing glycopeptides from exoglycosidase-treated acidic IgM glycopeptides but was limited in its capacity to hydrolyze ovalbumin glycopeptides larger than Asn(GlcNAc)₂(Man)₅. In contrast, the enzyme from $\text{S. griseus}$ hydrolyzed this and larger neutral oligosaccharides but could not hydrolyze the above fucose-containing IgM glycopeptides. Removal of the fucose residue, however, converted the latter to an active substrate for the $\text{S. griseus}$ enzyme, thus broadening its substrate range to encompass most of those substrates hydrolyzed by the $\text{D. pneumoniae}$ endoglycosidase.