三磷酸肌醇影响钙释放的数学模型研究

此模型主要说明激动剂诱发的Ca^2 振荡实验中Ca^2 释放的若干特征。模型假设内质网（ER）上三磷酸肌醇（IP3）受体／Ca^2 通道是由相互独立的三亚基组成,每个亚基可以结合IP3或促进或报制Ca^2 释放。可看出IP3受体／Ca^2 通道随Ca^2 变化成钟形反应、随IP3的变化呈上升趋势。Ca^2 振荡的频率和振幅与Ca^2 依赖性IP3的最大泵入速率（V6)有很大关系。当Ca^2 振荡时v6变化较敏感时,Ca^2 振荡的振幅与v6有近似的线性关系。扩展的模型可分析IP3对钙依赖不同程度下的情况。     

植物中解密Ca2+信号转导特异性的机制

Ca^2＋信号介导植物对外界信号的刺激反应,并调节多种生理过程。CBL是一种在植物中发现的Ca^2＋结合蛋白,其靶蛋白为CIPK,现对CBL-CIPK信号转导系统及其如何解密Ca^2＋信号转导特异性进行综述。     

Ca^2＋参与NO对蚕豆气孔运动的调控

观察了Ca^2 、Ca^2 的螯合剂和Ca^2 通道抑制剂对NO调控的蚕豆气孔运动的影响。结果表明,NO的供体1～100μmol／L SNP(sodium nitroprusside,硝普纳)可诱导气孔关闭;除去表皮条缓冲液中的Ca^2 后,NO不再影响气孔的运动;Ca^2 的螯合剂EGTA和BAPTA几乎可以完全抑制NO诱导的气孔关闭作用;胞内钙通道抑制剂钌红(rutheniumred)和L型Ca^2 通道阻断剂硝苯吡啶(nifedipine)能够减弱SNP诱导气孔运动的关闭趋势;加入Ca^2 通道抑制剂LaCl3,则外源NO失去其诱导气孔关闭的作用。说明在NO调控的气孔运动中,在NO信号途径的下游可能涉及来自胞内和胞外Ca^2 的参与,并且胞外Ca^2 更为重要。     

水稻非花粉型细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系花药发育过程中Ca2+的分布变化

钙在高等植物中被称为第二信使,与植物的有性生殖有关。为了研究水稻（Oryza sativa L.）花药中钙的定位与花粉败育的关系,利用焦锑酸钾沉淀法研究了非花粉型细胞质雄性不育系G37A及其保持系G37B花药的发育过程及其细胞中Ca^2＋ 的分布变化。研究发现,在2个材料间花药中钙的分布存在大量差异。G37B的可育花药在花粉母细胞时期及二分体时期,很少看到有Ca^2＋的沉积;而在单核花粉时期,Ca^2＋沉积急速地增加,主要定位在绒毡层细胞、花粉外壁外层及乌氏体的表面;随后花药壁上沉积的Ca^2＋减少而花粉的外壁外层仍然有很多Ca^2＋沉积物。相反,G37A的不育花药在花粉母细胞时期和二分体时期有大量的Ca^2＋沉积在小孢子母细胞和花药壁,中间层和绒毡层特别多。在二分体时期之后,不育花药的Ca^2＋沉积减少,特别是绒毡层内切向质膜附近的Ca^2＋几乎消失。但是同时期的可育花药中,有大量的Ca^2＋沉积在绒毡层。不育花药的Ca^2＋沉积在开花几天后消失。根据研究结果推测在不育花药发育早期中更多的钙离子与花粉败育有一定的关系。     

血管平滑肌收缩的Ca^2＋信号调节机制

血管平滑肌细胞内Ca^2＋的浓度（[Ca^2＋]i）的变化及胞内收缩蛋白对Ca^2＋的敏感性是影响血管紧张的主要因素。研究表明细胞内Ca^2＋浓度的变化在血管平滑肌细胞的激活中发挥重要作用。在静息状态,细胞内的Ca^2＋浓度主要受膜电位的调节,同时,[Ca^2＋]i也可反馈调节膜电位。在平滑肌细胞内存在多种[Ca^2＋]i调节机制。本文概述了这些机制在调节血管平滑肌紧张中的作用,主要包括：[Ca^2＋]i在血管平滑肌收缩中的作用;环二磷酸腺苷（cADPR）在调节Ca^2＋释放中的作用;cADPR介导的肉桂碱受体的激活在调节平滑肌紧张度中的作用;血管平滑肌细胞的Ca^2＋闪烁和细胞膜Ca^2＋敏感性钾通道的激活;[Ca^2＋]i与膜电位之间的相互作用等。     

淹水玉米幼苗根尖分生细胞内Ca2+超微细胞化学定位

采用焦锑酸钾沉淀法,对遭受淹水胁迫的玉米幼苗初生根根尖分生细胞内钙离子分布变化情况进行了电镜细胞化学观察。在正常状态下,根尖分生细胞内Ca^2＋沉淀颗粒的分布较少．主要位于细胞核和细胞质中。在淹水1h后,根尖分生细胞内呈现有大量Ca^2＋沉淀颗粒分布,细胞核和细胞质中分布的Ca^2＋沉淀颗粒密度,远大于正常细胞。随着淹水时间的延长,根尖分生细胞的细胞核和细胞质中分布的Ca^2＋沉淀颗粒呈现不断增多的趋势,而液泡中分布的Ca^2＋沉淀颗粒则逐步明显减少。根据实验结果本文对受淹根尖分生细胞的死亡与Ca^2＋分布变化的关系进行了研究。     

pH改变对心肌细胞内Ca2+浓度和细胞长度的影响

目的：探讨细胞内pH(pHi)改变对心肌细胞内Ca^2 浓度（[Ca^2 ]i)和细胞长度的影响。方法：心肌细胞内分别灌注20mmol/L丙酸钠和15mmol/L NH4Cl ,建立细胞内酸碱中毒模型。荧光指示剂indo-1和SNARF－1载入大鼠心肌细胞内,用荧光显微镜同时测定心肌[Ca^2 ]i、pHi和细胞长度。结果：细胞内酸中毒早期,收缩期和舒张期[Ca^2 ]i轻度增加,细胞缩短（CS）降低,细胞长度增加,心肌纤维对Ca^2 的敏感性和CS／[Ca^2 ]i降低（P＜0．01）;碱中毒时,收缩期和舒张期[Ca^2 ]i均较对照组降低,CS增加,细胞长度变短,心肌纤维对Ca^2 的敏感性和CS／[Ca^2 ]i增加（P＜0．01）。结论：酸中毒早期[Ca^2 ]i和细胞长度增加,碱中毒时[Ca^2 ]i和细胞长度降低。酸、碱中毒对Ca^2＋敏感性的影响并非线性关系,即单位pHi变化时酸中毒对敏感性的影响较碱中毒小。     

大黄素影响巨噬细胞升高[Ca2+]i 和释放TNF-α的作用特征

为了研究大黄素（emodin)对正常的和细菌脂多糖（LPS）刺激的大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞（PMφ）释放肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF－α）和升高[Ca^2 ]i的影响,应用L929细胞系和MTT法检测TNF－α量,同时用激光共焦扫描显微术检测单细胞[Ca^2 ]i变化动力学。结果显示大黄素能轻度促进正常PMφ释放TNF－α,并发现大黄素诱发PMφ[Ca^2 ]i变化呈振荡波模式。大黄紫显著抑制LPS刺激PMφ过度释放TNF－α和升高[Ca^2 ]i,10^-5mol/L大黄素抑制了10mg/L LPS刺激的TNF－α峰值的50％和[Ca^2 ]i峰值的68％。LPS诱发MPφ[Ca^2 ]i变化呈现高幅值的“平台期”,大黄素使之转变为低幅值的波动变化。以上结果说明,大黄素对PMφ释放TNF－α和升高[Ca^2 ]i表现出的双向调节作用之间有一定的相关性,大黄素对LPS诱发的[Ca^2 ]i升高的调制,可能是抑制LPS刺激PMφ释放TNF－α的信号传导通路中的重要环节。     

PTSD样行为异常大鼠杏仁核Ca^2＋/CaM的改变

目的观察创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）样行为异常大鼠杏仁核细胞内Ca^2＋信号及Ca M（钙调蛋白）表达变化,有望揭示PTSD的部分发病机制。方法成年健康雄性Wistar大鼠60只,随机分为连续单一刺激（single prolonged stress,SPS）模型的12h、1d、4d、7d、14d组及正常对照组,采用荧光探针标记法、免疫组化、Western blott等方法,检测PTSD样行为异常大鼠杏仁核神经元游离Ca^2＋含量和钙调蛋白（Ca M）的表达变化。结果SPS刺激后大鼠杏仁核神经元游离Ca^2＋浓度（nmol/L）于12h内升高,24h增至顶峰,4d开始下降,14d恢复正常。CaM的表达于SPS刺激后4d表达最多,之后渐趋下降。结论杏仁核Ca^2＋信号调控与Ca M表达变化,可能与PTSD样大鼠恐惧增强的发病机制相关。     

Ca^2＋预处理对热胁迫下辣椒叶肉细胞中Ca^2＋—ATP酶活性的影响

在常温下生长的辣椒（Capsicum annuum L.）叶肉细胞中Ca^2 －ATP酶主要分布于质膜、液泡膜上,叶绿体的基质和基粒片层上也有少量分布;在40℃下热胁迫不同的时间,酶活性逐渐下降,直到叶绿体超微结构解体。同样条件下,经过Ca^2 预处理后,分布在上述细胞器膜或片层上的酶活性大大提高,表明Ca^2 预处理对该活性具有激活作用;Ca^2 预处理对热胁迫下的超微结构的完整性具有一定的保护作用,并且能使Ca^2 －ATP酶在热胁迫下维持较高活性。结果表明,Ca^2 预处理增强辣椒幼苗的抗热性,可能与其稳定细胞膜、从而使Ca^2 －ATP酶在热迫下保护较高活性有一定关系。     

Calcium signaling in non-excitable cells: Ca2+ release and influx are independent events linked to two plasma membrane Ca2+ entry channels

The regulatory mechanism of Ca2+ influx into the cytosol from the extracellular space in non-excitable cells is not clear. The "capacitative calcium entry" (CCE) hypothesis suggested that Ca2+ influx is triggered by the IP(3)-mediated emptying of the intracellular Ca2+ stores. However, there is no clear evidence for CCE and its mechanism remains elusive. In the present work, we have provided the reported evidences to show that inhibition of IP(3)-dependent Ca2+ release does not affect Ca2+ influx, and the experimental protocols used to demonstrate CCE can stimulate Ca2+ influx by means other than emptying of the Ca2+ stores. In addition, we have presented the reports showing that IP(3)-mediated Ca2+ release is linked to a Ca2+ entry from the extracellular space, which does not increase cytosolic [Ca2+] prior to Ca2+ release. Based on these and other reports, we have provided a model of Ca2+ signaling in non-excitable cells, in which IP(3)-mediated emptying of the intracellular Ca2+ store triggers entry of Ca2+ directly into the store, through a plasma membrane TRPC channel. Thus, emptying and direct refilling of the Ca2+ stores are repeated in the presence of IP(3), giving rise to the transient phase of oscillatory Ca2+ release. Direct Ca2+ entry into the store is regulated by its filling status in a negative and positive manner through a Ca2+ -binding protein and Stim1/Orai complex, respectively. The sustained phase of Ca2+ influx is triggered by diacylglycerol (DAG) through the activation of another TRPC channel, independent of Ca2+ release. The plasma membrane IP(3) receptor (IP(3)R) plays an essential role in Ca2+ influx, by interacting with the DAG-activated TRPC, without the requirement of binding to IP(3).     

Phosphoinositide metabolism at fertilization of sea urchin eggs measured with a GFP-probe

Fertilization elicits a dramatic, transient rise in Ca2+ within the egg which is an essential component of egg activation and consequent initiation of development. In the sea urchin egg, three distinct Ca2+ stores have been identified which could, either individually or in combination, initiate Ca2+ release at fertilization. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) production by phospholipase C (PLC) has been suggested as the singular signal in initiating the Ca2+ transient. Other studies indicate that Ca2+ stores gated by cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose (cADPR) or nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) are also necessary. We have examined the temporal relationship between the Ca2+ rise and IP3 production at fertilization in vivo within individual eggs using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) coupled to a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain that can detect changes in IP3. Translocation of the probe occurred after the Ca2+ rise was initiated. Earlier, and possibly smaller, IP3 changes could not be excluded due to limitations in probe sensitivity. High IP3 levels are maintained during the decline in cytoplasmic Ca2+, suggesting that later IP3 metabolism might not be related to regulation of Ca2+, but may function to modulate other PIP2 regulated events such as actin polymerization or reflect other novel phosphoinositide signaling pathways.     

心肌细胞核Ca2+库特点及其调节的离体研究

研究核外Ca~(2+)浓度对核Ca~(2+)的影响,及细胞核Ca~(2+)摄取和释放的关系,以探讨核Ca~(2+)转运的调节机制。采用差速离心和密度梯度离心法分离纯化心肌细胞核,以Fluo-4/AM荧光指示剂负载心肌细胞核,应用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜和荧光分光光度计进行观察和测定。结果显示,分离纯化的成年大鼠心肌细胞核内自由[Ca~(2+)]随着核外[Ca~(2+)]的增加而逐渐增加,孵育液[Ca~(2+)]为1000 nmol/L达高峰,但二者增加的程度并不一致,之后随核外[Ca~(2+)]浓度的增加而呈降低趋势。ATP和100—600nmol/L的核外游离Ca~(2+),使心肌细胞核显示核被膜腔Ca~(2+)荧光,ATP和1000nmol/L的核外游离Ca~(2+)则进一步引起核浆内的Ca~(2+)荧光强度升高。荧光染色观察可见IP_3受体染色主要位于核内膜,而钙泵和ryanodine受体染色主要位于核外膜。IP_3和Ryancodine使核Ca~(2+)短暂升高1.68倍和1.93倍(P<0.001),而钙泵抑制剂Thapsigargin和IP_3受体抑制剂Heparin则分别使核Ca~(2+)降低64%和35.6%(p<0.05)。ryanodine使IP_3升高的核Ca~(2+)显著回落至正常水平以下(p<0.001)。Thapsigargin不能阻断IP_3和Ryanodine所致的核Ca~(2+)释放增加(p<0.05),但事先采用钙泵抑制剂Thapsigargin预处理心肌细胞核,则能显著的阻断IP_3和Ryanodine所致的核Ca~(2+)升高作用(Ca~(2+)释放作用)(p<0.05)。结果提示大鼠心肌细胞核可能也是细胞内的钙库之一,心肌细胞核上存在Ca~(2+)-ATPase、ryanodine受体和IP_3受体等Ca~(2+)转运系统,可能参与核Ca~(2+)摄取和释放的调节。     

Calcium sensing receptor regulates cardiomyocyte function through nuclear calcium

Nuclear Ca2+ plays a pivotal role in the regulation of gene expression. IP3 (inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate) is an important regulator of nuclear Ca2+. We hypothesized that the CaR (calcium sensing receptor) stimulates nuclear Ca2+ release through IICR (IP3-induced calcium release) from perinuclear stores. Spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations and the spark frequency of nuclear Ca2+ were measured simultaneously in NRVMs (neonatal rat ventricular myocytes) using confocal imaging. CaR-induced nuclear Ca2+ release through IICR was abolished by inhibition of CaR and IP3Rs (IP3 receptors). However, no effect on the inhibition of RyRs (ryanodine receptors) was detected. The results suggest that CaR specifically modulates nuclear Ca2+ signalling through the IP3R pathway. Interestingly, nuclear Ca2+ was released from perinuclear stores by CaR activator-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through the Ca2+-dependent phosphatase CaN (calcineurin)/NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells) pathway. We have also demonstrated that the activation of the CaR increased the NRVM protein content, enlarged cell size and stimulated CaN expression and NFAT nuclear translocation in NRVMs. Thus, CaR enhances the nuclear Ca2+ transient in NRVMs by increasing fractional Ca2+ release from perinuclear stores, which is involved in cardiac hypertrophy through the CaN/NFAT pathway.     

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (type 1) phosphorylation and modulation by Cdc2

Calcium (Ca2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) controls numerous cellular functions including proliferation, and is regulated in part by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs). IP3Rs are ubiquitously expressed intracellular Ca2+-release channels found in many cell types. Although IP3R-mediated Ca2+ release has been implicated in cellular proliferation, the biochemical pathways that modulate intracellular Ca2+ release during cell cycle progression are not known. Sequence analysis of IP3R1 reveals the presence of two putative phosphorylation sites for cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks). In the present study, we show that cdc2/CyB, a critical regulator of eukaryotic cell cycle progression, phosphorylates IP3R1 in vitro and in vivo at both Ser(421) and Thr(799) and that this phosphorylation increases IP3 binding. Taken together, these results indicate that IP3R1 may be a specific target for cdc2/CyB during cell cycle progression.     

钙离子振荡对肝糖磷酸化酶激活的随机效应研究

在复杂生化系统的研究过程中,仿真与建模变得越来越重要.对于参与分子数量比较大的生化系统,通常可以采用常微分方程来解决这一问题.对于分子数量比较小的系统,离散粒子基础上的随机模拟方法更精确.然而目前还没有明确的理论方法来确定,对于实际问题用哪种方法能得到更合理的结果.因此需要在一个普遍研究的体系中,通过Ca~(2+)振荡传导信号来研究从随机行为到确定行为的过渡过程.本文以肝细胞中Ca~(2+)振荡对肝糖磷酸化酶激活随机效应为例,讨论了利用随机微分方程来解决分子数量比较小的生化系统的仿真与建模问题,利用细胞内Ca~(2+)有关的Li-Rinzel随机模型,研究了在磷酸化酶降解肝糖的磷酸化-去磷酸化作用循环过程中,三磷酸肌醇受体通道(IP_3R)释放Ca~(2+)的调控作用.结果表明,肝糖磷酸化酶的激活率随受体通道IP_3R的总数增大而减弱,而且三磷酸肌醇浓度比较小时出现相干共振.     

Uncoupled IP3 receptor can function as a Ca2+-leak channel: cell biological and pathological consequences

Ca(2+) release via intracellular release channels, IP(3)Rs (inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors) and RyRs (ryanodine receptors), is perhaps the most ubiquitous and versatile cellular signalling mechanism, and is involved in a vast number of cellular processes. In addition to this classical release pathway there is limited, but yet persistent, information about less well-defined Ca(2+)-leak pathways that may play an important role in the control of the Ca(2+) load of the endo(sarco)plasmic reticulum. The mechanisms responsible for this 'basal' leak are not known, but recent data suggest that both IP(3)Rs and RyRs may also operate as Ca(2+)-leak channels, particularly in pathological conditions. Proteolytic cleavage or biochemical modification (such as hyperphosphorylation or nitrosylation), for example, occurring during conditions of cell stress or apoptosis, can functionally uncouple the cytoplasmic control domains from the channel domain of the receptor. Highly significant information has been obtained from studies of malfunctioning channels in various disorders; for example, RyRs in cardiac malfunction or genetic muscle diseases and IP(3)Rs in neurodegenerative diseases. In this review we aim to summarize the existing information about functionally uncoupled IP(3)R and RyR channels, and to discuss the concept that those channels can participate in Ca(2+)-leak pathways.     

质膜钙离子ATP酶

钙离子(Ca2+)是重要的第二信使,通过与效应蛋白的结合和解离,以及在不同细胞器之间的穿梭运动而精确调控细胞活动,参与多种重要生命过程。细胞内具有精确调节Ca2+时空分布的调控系统。在静息状态下,细胞内的游离Ca2+浓度约为100 nmol/L;而当细胞受到信号刺激后,胞内的Ca2+浓度可上升至1000 nmol/L甚至更高。细胞中存在多种跨膜运送Ca2+的膜蛋白,以精确调节Ca2+浓度的时空动态变化,其中,细胞质膜上的多种Ca2+通道(包括电压门控通道、受体门控通道、储存控制通道等),以及内质网/肌质网和线粒体等胞内"钙库"膜上的雷诺丁受体、三磷酸肌醇受体等膜蛋白复合物,均可提升胞内Ca2+浓度,而细胞质膜上的钠钙交换体、质膜Ca2+-ATP酶、"钙库"膜上的内质网Ca2+-ATP酶、线粒体Ca2+单向转运体等,可将Ca2+浓度降低至静息态水平。质膜钙ATP酶是向细胞外运送Ca2+的关键膜蛋白,本文将对其结构、功能及其酶活性的调控机制做一简要综述。     

GTP and Ca2+ Modulate the Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate-Dependent Ca2+ Release in Streptolysin O-Permeabilized Bovine Adrenal Chromaffin Cells

The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-induced Ca2+ release was studied using streptolysin O-permeabilized bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. The IP3-induced Ca2+ release was followed by Ca2+ reuptake into intracellular compartments. The IP3-induced Ca2+ release diminished after sequential applications of the same amount of IP3. Addition of 20 microM GTP fully restored the sensitivity to IP3. Guanosine 5'-O-(3-thio)triphosphate (GTP gamma S) could not replace GTP but prevented the action of GTP. The effects of GTP and GTP gamma S were reversible. Neither GTP nor GTP gamma S induced release of Ca2+ in the absence of IP3. The amount of Ca2+ whose release was induced by IP3 depended on the free Ca2+ concentration of the medium. At 0.3 microM free Ca2+, a half-maximal Ca2+ no Ca2+ release was observed with 0.1 microM IP3; at this Ca2+ concentration, higher concentrations of IP3 (0.25 microM) were required to evoke Ca2+ release. At 8 microM free Ca2+, even 0.25 microM IP3 failed to induce release of Ca2+ from the store. The IP3-induced Ca2+ release at constant low (0.2 microM) free Ca2+ concentrations correlated directly with the amount of stored Ca2+. depending on the filling state of the intracellular compartment, 1 mol of IP3 induced release of between 5 and 30 mol of Ca2+.