柴达木山羊群体遗传结构及系统地位的研究

采用简单随机抽样法对柴达木山羊群体进行了遗传检测,从毛色、外型特征、体尺、血液蛋白与DNA多态性等5个方面进行了群体遗传结构分析,并探索了其系统地位.结果表明:(1)毛色和形态特征的平均表型异质度分别为0.3419、0.5207;(2)血液蛋白在6个基因座上具有多态性,平均基因座杂合度为0.2584;(3)DNA-RAPD标记表现丰富的多样性,基因多样度为0.4085～0.5318.通过对柴达木山羊与国内其他山羊的系统聚类,初步探索了该山羊群体的形成及所属,这些都表明柴达木山羊是一个比较古老的未经较高强度选育的地方山羊品种,其基因资源是我国山羊遗传资源中宝贵的一部分.     

群体遗传不平衡条件下的结构基因遗传共适应特性

本研究以柴达木山羊、柴达木绒山羊和辽宁绒山羊三个群体共147只山羊为材料,利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（PAGE）技术检测了5种血液蛋白质（酶）基因座的遗传多态性,并进行了结构基因遗传共适应的研究,结果发现：45个基因座组合中有10个基因座组合处于遗传不平衡状态,并且这些遗传不平衡皆单纯由遗传共适应差异造成;除辽宁绒山羊Tf-PA-3组合的遗传不平衡包含非等位基因间的遗传共适应差异外,其他基因座组合的遗传不平衡皆由等位基因间的共适应差异,即单基因座的遗传不平衡造成;LAP-EsD组合的共适应差异在群体间有遗传传递现象。 Abstract:With the technology of PAGE,the genetic polymorphism of blood protein and enzyme was investigated,and genetic co-adaptability among structural genes was studied in three goat populations(147 goats) including Chaidamu goat(CS),Chaidamu Cashmere goat(CRS) and Liaoning Cashmere goat(LRS) in Qinghai Province,China.The results were showed that the genetic disequilibrium of 10 locus combinations was found among 45 locus combinations in the three goat populations,and these genetic disequilibria were caused only by the difference of genetic co-adaptability among genes,because there didn′t exist the linkage disequilibrium among non-allelic genes.The genetic disequilibrium including the difference of genetic co-adaptability between non-allelic genes was only found at Tf-PA-3 locus combinations in LRS population,the other ones were all caused by the genetic disequilibrium at a single locus.The difference of genetic co-adaptability of LAP-EsD locus combinations could be messaged among different populations.     

山羊经济性状标记辅助选择的遗传效应分析 Genetic Effect of the Marker Assisted Selection on Economic Traits of Goats

本研究以辽宁绒山羊、柴达木绒山羊和柴达木山羊3个群体共147只山羊为研究对象，运用PAGE和RAPD技术对山羊的体重、绒产量和绒细度3个性状进行了与标记基因关系的遗传分析，结果表明：EsD2-2型、LAPBB型和PA-32-2型分别为体重、绒产量和绒细度性状的优势标记基因型；可利用标记辅助预测的方法充分利用多基因座标记基因间的互作效应；在体重上，寻找到有显著选择效应的RAPD条带11个，在绒产量和绒细度上分别为9和6个；在多目标性状选择中，CY0818/A0型和OPW19/C1型为体重和绒产量的双重优势RAPD标记，CY0818/G1型为体重和绒细度的双重优势RAPD标记。Abstract: The genetic relationships between economic traits and genetic markers were studied in 147 goats including Chaidamu goat (CS), Chaidamu Cashmere goat (CRS) and Liaoning Cashmere goat (LRS) in Qinghai province, China. CRS was the population of CS×LRS crossbred. The results showed as follows: the selection reaction of these blood protein polymorphisic loci were great, such as EsD, LAP and PA-3; and EsD2-2, LAPBB and PA-32-2 were the superior marker genotypes on body weight ,Cashmere yield and Cashmere fineness respectively by Least Square method. The interaction between marker genotypes at double loci was found frequently, and their ratio between interaction variance component and genetic variance was higher. With the method of marker assisted prediction( MAP), some interaction effect could be used effectively in the crossbreed population. On the aspect of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), the number of the superior RAPD marker bands were 11 on body weight trait, 9 and 6 RAPD marker bands on Cashmere yield and Cashmere fineness. For multi-goal traits, CY0818/A0 type and OPW19/C1 type were superior RAPD markers of body weight and Cashmere yield, CY0818/G1 type was superior one of body weight and Cashmere fineness.     

波尔山羊杂交后代及其亲本随机扩增多态DNA研究

利用随机扩增多态DNA技术研究了波尔山羊、唐山奶山羊、青龙本地山羊以及波尔山羊与这两个山羊群体杂交后代共计128个山羊个体的随机扩增多态DNA。结果表明：（1）总群体平均遗传多样性指数（Hsp）为0.6974,群体遗传分化指数为0.9706,山羊群体间平均遗传距离指数（0.1314～0.2052）明显大于群体内的相应值（0.0582～0.1440）,上述结果说明,所研究山羊群体不仅具有较为丰富的遗传多样性,而且其核基因组遗传变异主要存在于群体间。（2）山羊群体间的分子聚类关系与各群体间的亲缘关系基本一致。 Abstract:The random amplified polymorphic DNA（RAPD）of 128 individuals was studied,which were from Boer goat, Tangshan dairy goat,Qinglong native goat and their hybrids crossbred with Boer goat.The average index of genetic polymorphism for whole population（Hsp）and the index of genetic differentiation were 0.6974 and 0.9706,respectively.The average index of genetic distance between populations（0.1314～0.2052）was significantly higher than that within populations（0.0582～0.1440）.All of these indicated that the genetic polymorphism was not only abundant,but also the genetic variation was mainly existed between goat populations.The molecular dendrogram among goat populations was in accord with their genetic relationship.     

山羊经济性状标记辅助选择的遗传效应分析

本研究以辽宁绒山羊、柴达木绒山羊和柴达木山羊3个群体共147只山羊为研究对象,运用PAGE和RAPD技术对山羊的体重、绒产量和绒细度3个性状进行了与标记基因关系的遗传分析,结果表明：EsD2-2型、LAPBB型和PA-32-2型分别为体重、绒产量和绒细度性状的优势标记基因型;可利用标记辅助预测的方法充分利用多基因座标记基因间的互作效应;在体重上,寻找到有显著选择效应的RAPD条带11个,在绒产量和绒细度上分别为9和6个;在多目标性状选择中,CY0818/A0型和OPW19/C1型为体重和绒产量的双重优势RAPD标记,CY0818/G1型为体重和绒细度的双重优势RAPD标记。Abstract: The genetic relationships between economic traits and genetic markers were studied in 147 goats including Chaidamu goat (CS), Chaidamu Cashmere goat (CRS) and Liaoning Cashmere goat (LRS) in Qinghai province, China. CRS was the population of CS×LRS crossbred. The results showed as follows: the selection reaction of these blood protein polymorphisic loci were great, such as EsD, LAP and PA-3; and EsD2-2, LAPBB and PA-32-2 were the superior marker genotypes on body weight ,Cashmere yield and Cashmere fineness respectively by Least Square method. The interaction between marker genotypes at double loci was found frequently, and their ratio between interaction variance component and genetic variance was higher. With the method of marker assisted prediction( MAP), some interaction effect could be used effectively in the crossbreed population. On the aspect of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), the number of the superior RAPD marker bands were 11 on body weight trait, 9 and 6 RAPD marker bands on Cashmere yield and Cashmere fineness. For multi-goal traits, CY0818/A0 type and OPW19/C1 type were superior RAPD markers of body weight and Cashmere yield, CY0818/G1 type was superior one of body weight and Cashmere fineness.     

Analysis of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among red jungle fowls and Chinese domestic fowls

Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among 568 individuals of two red jungle fowl subspe- cies (Gallus gallus spadiceus in China and Gallus gallus gallus in Thailand) and 14 Chinese domestic chicken breeds were evaluated with 29 microstaellite loci, the genetic variability within population and genetic differentiation among population were estimated, and then genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships were analyzed among red jungle fowls and Chinese domestic fowls. A total of 286 alleles were detected in 16 population with 29 microsatellite markers and the average number of the alleles observed in 29 microsatellite loci was 9.86±6.36. The overall expected heterozygosity of all population was 0.6708±0.0251, and the number of population deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium per locus ranged from 0 to 7. In the whole population, the average of genetic differentiation among population, measured as FST value, was 16.7% (P<0.001), and all loci contributed significantly (P<0.001) to this differentiation. It can also be seen that the deficit of heterozygotes was very high (0.015) (P<0.01). Reynolds' distance values varied between 0.036 (Xiaoshan chicken-Luyuan chicken pair) and 0.330 (G. gallus gallus-Gushi chicken pair). The Nm value ranged from 0.533 (between G. gallus gallus and Gushi chicken) to 5.833 (between Xiaoshan chicken and Luyuan chicken). An unrooted consensus tree was constructed using the neighbour-joining method and the Reynolds' genetic distance. The heavy-body sized chicken breeds, Luyuan chicken, Xiaoshan chicken, Beijing Fatty chicken, Henan Game chicken, Huainan Partridge and Langshan chicken formed one branch, and it had a close genetic relationship between Xiaoshan chicken-Luyuan chicken pair and Chahua chicken-Tibetan chicken pair. Chahua chicken and Tibetan chicken had closer genetic relationship with these two subspecies of red jungle fowl than other domestic chicken breeds. G. gallus spadiceus showed closer phylogenetic relationship with Chinese domestic chicken breeds than G. gallus gallus. All 29 microstaellite loci in this study showed high levels of polymorphism and significant genetic differentiation was observed among two subspecies of red jungle fowl and 14 Chinese domestic chicken breeds. The evolutional dendrogram is as follows: evolutional breeds→primitive breeds (Chahua chicken and Tibetan)→red jungle fowl in China (G. gallus spadiceus)→red jungle fowl in Thailand (G. gallus gallus). The results supported the theory that the domestic fowls might originate from different subspecies of red jungle fowl and Chinese domestic fowls had independent origin.     

云南红豆杉天然群体内同工酶遗传变异的研究

采用水平淀粉凝胶电泳技术,对分布于金沙江流域的云南红豆杉天然群体的10种酶系统同工酶的遗传变异进行了研究。在谱带遗传分析的基础上确定了15个酶基因座及其等位基因。其中有14个酶基因座属多态,只有一个单态基因座（ME－3）。14个多态基因座中,4个基因座遗传变异小,对该天然群体的遗传变异贡献不大,其余10个基因座遗传变异丰富,对该天然群体的遗传变异贡献大。该天然群体具有明显丰富的遗传变异性,多态基因座比率P=0.933,等位基因平均数A=2.90,平均期望杂合度He=0.290。紫杉醇含量与群体遗传变异有着密切的关系。 Abstract：Genetic variation of ten isoenzymes was studied within population of Taxus yun nanensis Cheng et L. K. Fu in the Jinsha River Valley using the method of hor izo ntal starch gel electrophoresis.On the basis of banding analysis,eight enzyme sy stems , presumablly coded by fifteen isoenzyme loci and their alleles were score d , and fourteen were polymorphic with only one monomorphic locus（ME－3）. Amon g them , four polymorphic loci with inevident genetic variation made little cont ribution to genetic variation of this population and other ten polymorphic loci with evident genetic variation made great contribution to genetic variation of this population . Isoenzyme data indicated high level of genetic variability in this population with P=0.933,A=2.90,He=0.290 . The taxol content had close r elation to genetic variation of population.     

藏鸡群体遗传多样性研究

藏鸡的体型外貌和生活习性与红色原鸡非常相似,是具有自己独特群体遗传特性的高原地方鸡种。为了有效保护并合理利用这一遗传资源,我们采用多重PCR与半自动荧光标记微卫星聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳相结合的方法检测了20个微卫星基因座的多态性,并随机抽取藏鸡群体中部分个体进行个体体形特征与生产性能的统计。结果表明藏鸡群体的20个微卫星基因座的多态等位基因数为4~10个,平均值为7.25个/基因座,多态信息含量（CPI）和杂合度（H）平均值分别为0.67、0.74。大染色体较小染色体的微卫星标记多态性程度要高。藏鸡群体的微卫星基因座多态性丰富,也解释了生产性能不均,外貌表现迥异的群体遗传特性。 Abstract: Morphological traits and living habit of Tibetan chicken, which is an aboriginal chicken breed on plateau with its own characteristic populational genetic features, are in great common with the Red Jungle Fowl, the assumed ancestry of domestic chicken. To fully exploit this chicken resource, Multiplex PCR with semi-automated polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) using fluorescently labeled microsatellite primers was used to detect the polymorphism at 20 microsatellite loci. At the same time, we randomly test the individual morphology and performance. It showed that numbers of polymorphic alleles were 4-10, with mean value 7.25 per locus. Polymorphism Information Content (CPI) and Heterozygosity (H) had mean values 0.67 and 0.74, respectively. Macrochromosomes had relatively higher polymorphism than microchromosomes(P>0.05). In all, high polymorphisms at microsatellite loci related to the uneven production performance and morphological discrepancy of population genetic characteristics in Tibetan chicken.     

波尔山羊及其杂交改良后代群体遗传结构与亲缘关系研究

利用RAPD标记和POPGENE、PHYLIP及SPSS等统计分析软件,研究了波尔山羊及其杂交改良后代群体的遗传结构及遗传亲缘关系。结果表明,波尔山羊与其杂交改良后代间特别是高代杂种间具有相似的多态基因座百分率、等位基因数和基因多样性。随着级进杂交改良代数的递增,高代杂种之间以及与改良亲本之间的群体遗传结构的差异逐渐缩小,群体间的基因分化降低,基因流动和遗传相似度增加,遗传距离缩小,高代杂种与波尔山羊间具有更近的遗传亲缘关系。 Abstract:The genetic structure and relationship of Boer goat and its upgrading offspring to Tangshan Diary goat were studied using the RAPD marker and some statistical program,such as POPGENE,PHYLIP and SPSS.The results indicated that there were the similar percentage of polymorphic loci,observed and effective number of alleles,gene diversity between Boer goat and its upgrading offspring,especially higher upgrading offspring.With the increasing of upgrading,the difference of population structure decreased as well as the genetic distance and differentiation among higher upgrading offspring and their improving parental,but gene flow and genetic identity increased.There was a close genetic relationship between higher upgrading offspring and Boer goat.     

日本落叶松群体的叶绿体SSR分析

利用叶绿体微卫星（cpSSR）分子标记对日本国内的7个日本落叶松（Larix kaempferi）群体遗传结构进行了研究。11对cpSSR引物中筛选出的3对多态性引物,共产生10个长度不同片段,在197个样品中组合出现10个不同的单倍型（haplotype）。各群体的单倍型差异较大。cpSSR基因座揭示了日本落叶松的遗传变异：平均等位基因数A=3.33,平均有效等位基因数NE=1.20,基因多样度HE=0.17,群体间变异占总群体变异的5.37%,遗传变异主要来自于群体内个体间。Abstract: Genetic structure of seven populations in Larix kaempferi in Japan was studied by use of cpSSR markers. Ten different length fragments in and ten different kinds of haplotypes were reduced in 197 samples based on 3 pairs of polymorphic primers screened from 11 pairs of primers. There were significant variant haplotypes among the populations. The genetic variation in the populations of Larix kaempferi was detected by using cpSSR with the number of average loci A=3.33, the number of average efficient loci NE=1.20, gene diversity HE=0.17 and 5.37% variation from different populations. The genetic variation was mainly from individuals in population.