转基因棉花对棉铃虫天敌寄生率的影响

采用分期接虫、分期回收法研究常规棉与转基因棉花品种 (系 )上棉铃虫寄生性天敌在不同棉花品种上的寄生作用。结果表明 ,无论是第 2代棉铃虫发生期间还是第 3 ,4代棉铃虫发生期间 ,无论是棉铃虫卵期还是幼虫期 ,转基因棉花品种 (系 )的棉铃虫卵、幼虫寄生率均显著低于常规棉花品种上的寄生率。棉铃虫卵期寄生蜂主要是拟澳洲赤眼蜂 ,幼虫寄生蜂为棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂等。由此看出转基因棉对棉铃虫寄生性天敌存在非亲和性。     

转Bt基因棉和转Bt+CpTI双价基因棉对棉田主要害虫及其天敌种群动态的 影响

2002年4～10月,在北京西北旺中国农科院实验园区系统研究了单价转基因棉GK321（CryIAc）和双价转基因棉SGK321CryIAc+CpTI）对棉田主要害虫及其天敌种群动态的影响。试验设三种处理：单价转基因棉田（单价棉田）、双价转基因棉田（双价棉田）和常规对照棉(石远321)田（常规棉田）。在棉花的整个生育期系统调查棉田主要害虫及其天敌的种群数量。结果表明,单、双价棉田棉铃虫的发生数量都显著低于常规棉田;双价棉抗虫性在棉铃虫第2代发生期和单价棉无差异,但第3代发生期双价棉田内棉铃虫幼虫百株累计量比单价棉田减少了36.6%,抗虫性明显优于单价转基因棉。两种转基因棉田内非靶标害虫的发生量明显高于对照棉田的发生量,每种非靶标害虫在双价棉田和单价棉田发生数量多少因种类而异。双价棉田和单价棉田相比,棉蚜、棉叶蝉和棉粉虱的累计发生数量分别减少了33.0%、50.6%和22.7%,前两种差异极显著,后一种差异不显著;棉蓟马和绿盲蝽分别增加了208.9%和18.4%,前者差异显著,后者差异不显著。大多数天敌（包括捕食性和寄生性）在转基因棉田内发生数量显著低于常规棉田的发生数量。双价棉田内的龟纹瓢虫、棉蚜茧蜂和卵形异绒螨比单价棉田分别减少30.4%、42.8%和46.8%,差异均显著;草蛉卵和蜘蛛比单价棉田分别减少20.0%和27.4%,但差异不显著;双价棉田内的中华草蛉和小花蝽分别比单价棉田增加了27.0%和8.9%,前者差异显著,后者差异不显著。所以,单、双价转基因棉相比,对不同天敌的影响差异较大。     

Bt毒素在转基因棉花与土壤系统中的分布

研究了转Bt基因棉花与土壤系统中Bt毒素的分布.结果表明,两种转Bt基因棉花地上部(叶片、茎秆)的毒素表达量(103.5～134.1 ng·g^-1)显著高于地下部分(根系)(44.7～21.2 ng·g^-1),土壤中Bt毒素总量可通过转基因棉花地上部分秸秆的处理得到控制;Bt毒素在转Bt基因棉花根系分泌物中的含量极低,如果控制Bt毒素的其它导入来源,将显著降低转Bt基因作物释放中因Bt毒素导入而引发的对土壤生态系统的扰动.     

转基因抗虫棉种植面积变化对花生田棉铃虫种群影响

【目的】棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)是花生田主要害虫之一。转基因抗虫棉全面推广后,棉铃虫种群(包括棉田、花生田、玉米田)得到有效控制。近年,随着转基因抗虫棉种植面积逐年下降,花生田棉铃虫种群呈现逐年上升趋势。【方法】本文通过调查山东省花生主产区(非棉区)龙口、招远、莱阳、文登四个县级市花生田棉铃虫成虫、卵量、幼虫量等的发生情况,分析了棉铃虫发生面积及种群数量15年(2000—2014年)的变化规律,并重点分析了主要影响因素。【结果】结果表明:花生棉铃虫发生面积受棉花种植面积影响较大,二者呈显著负相关性;花生田棉铃虫累计诱蛾量总体呈下降趋势,但与棉花种植面积相关性不显著;棉铃虫卵量、虫量与抗虫棉种植面积呈显著负相关性。【结论】所以,转基因抗虫棉种植面积减少是导致花生田棉铃虫种群数量上升的主要因素。另外,近年玉米田棉铃虫发生面积也呈逐年上升趋势,与抗虫棉种植面积呈显著负相关。所以,随转基因抗虫棉种植面积的下降,若不采取有效措施,棉铃虫种群可能会出现大发生趋势。     

新疆棉区转Bt基因棉对棉铃虫生物学的影响

棉铃虫Helicoverpaarmigera高龄幼虫取食转Bt基因棉花组织后 ,化蛹率、羽化率、蛹重、体长均有显著下降 ,在转Bt基因棉花上棉铃虫的取食行为也受到较大的影响 ,表现为取食次数明显减少、吐丝下垂次数明显增加 ;无论是转Bt基因棉花还是常规棉花 ,棉铃虫 3龄幼虫主要分布于繁殖器官上 ,在转Bt基因棉花各繁殖器官上的分布概率为 :花 >棉铃 >棉蕾 ,常规棉花上分布概率为 :棉蕾 >棉铃 >花 ;棉铃虫高龄幼虫取食转Bt基因棉花各组织 ,成虫羽化后产卵量、卵孵化率均有明显下降 ;在较低的棉铃虫虫口密度下 ,转Bt基因棉花对棉铃虫有一定的产卵排趋性。     

Stylet penetration behaviors of the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii on transgenic Bt cotton

Stylet penetration behaviors of cotton aphids Aphis gossypii Glover on a transgenic cotton line "GK-12" expressing Bt toxic protein of Cry1A (Bt cotton) and a non-Bt conventional cotton line "Simian-3" (CK cotton) were recorded with the direct current electrical penetration graph (DC-EPG) technique. Cotton aphids reared on Bt cotton (abbreviated as Bt-aphids) and its parental non-Bt control line (CK-aphids) for more than 20 generations each, were used for recordings on two cotton lines. Among 47 selected parameters reflecting the activities of aphid stylets within plant tissues, there were eight parameters of CK-aphids showing significant differences between the performances of CK-aphids on Bt cotton and CK cotton, while for Bt-aphids, all the parameters were statistically equal between the performances on the two cotton lines. All parameters with significant differences indicated that CK-aphids could penetrate into Bt cotton more easily, but the phloem saps of Bt cotton were not as good as those of regular cotton for CK-aphids. Based on the present results, we concluded that there were some factors in Bt cotton affecting penetration behaviors of CK-aphids, but it just took several generations for CK-aphids to completely adapt Bt cotton, and Bt-aphids could feed on two cotton lines without difficulty.     

转Bt基因抗虫棉棉盲蝽防治指标研究

2005-2006年,采用田间接虫试验的方法,分别研究了江苏沿海棉区棉盲蝽优势种绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽对Bt棉的为害与产量损失。结果表明,Bt棉田的被害株率和产量损失均随着接虫量的加大而增加,其对数相关均达极显著水平,直线相关也达显著至极显著水平;Bt棉田棉盲蝽的防治可以若虫数量与被害株率两项指标来把握,2种盲蝽混合种群第2、3、4代虫量推广防治指标分别为百株有2、3龄若虫5头、10头和20头上下;或被害株率依次为3%、8%和15%左右。     

Amino acid composition and level affect Bt protein concentration in Bt cotton

Low insect resistance has been widely observed in Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic cotton. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of amino acid compositions and their concentration on the Bt toxin content in Bt cotton to gain a better physiological understanding of the observed phenomenon. In the 2010 study, the leaf amino acid composition, contents, and Bt protein concentrations were investigated under high temperature (36?°C) and low temperature(18?°C) at both square and boll stage respectively. In 2011, the leaves were sprayed with ethionone sulfoximine (MSO), aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) or combination of MSO and AOA at the two developing stages, and the leaf amino acid composition and Bt protein concentrations were investigated. In 2012, 17 amino acid compositions were used to spray cotton plants at the same two stages, and the Bt protein concentration were measured. In comparison to the control, more amino acids changed and greater concentration changes had been observed under the extreme temperatures at boll stage compared to that at square stage, which were conformity to the changes of the leaf Bt protein concentration. More amino acids reduced and greater reduction was noted with the application of MSO, AOA or combined MSO and AOA at boll period than that at square period, which resulted in the reduction of the leaf Bt toxin concentration. The external uses of Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid, Glycine, Proline, Tyrosine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Histidine and Arginin enhanced the leaf Bt toxin level significantly at boll stage. However, only Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid, Proline, Methionine, Arginin could increase Bt protein concentration markedly at square period and the bolstered extent were low. Therefore, it was concluded that cotton amino acid composition and concentration was more sensitive to external factors at boll stage. In addition, there are close relationship between leaf Bt toxin content and Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid, Glycine, Proline, Tyrosine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Histidine and Arginin and their concentrations.     

高温和湿度对转Bt基因棉叶片Bt蛋白表达的影响

以来源于美国的转Bt基因棉DP410B(常规种)和岱杂1号(杂交种)以及来源于中国的转Bt基因棉泗抗1号(常规种)和泗抗3号(杂交种)为材料,研究高温(37℃)条件下,大气湿度(50％、70％、90％)变化对Bt蛋白表达的影响.结果表明:高温条件下,盛蕾期,温湿度对4个供试品种Bt蛋白表达均无显著影响;盛花期,与对照(温度25 ～ 30℃,湿度60％ ～70％)相比,常规种在50％湿度时叶片Bt蛋白含量显著降低2.6％ ～3.0％;盛铃期,DP410B、泗抗1号和泗抗3号的Bt蛋白含量在50％湿度处理下比对照显著降低3.3％ ～5.8％.4个转Bt基因棉品种中,DP410B和岱杂1号的Bt蛋白含量最高,而泗抗1号最低.     

转Bt基因抗虫棉与常规棉中几种同工酶的比较——转基因植物安全性评价生理指标初探

经基因改造的转基因抗虫棉在我国已开始进入大规模商业化应用,对此进行安全性评价是一个十分重要的生态学问题。本文比较了抗虫棉和常规棉中过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、酯酶等几种重要同工酶的酶活和酶谱的差异,发现在一定生长期中,抗虫棉的可溶性过氧化物酶活性显著高于常规棉,酯酶的酶活和酶谱在两种棉花中也存在着差异。认为这些差异可能影响抗虫棉的次生代谢,进而导致一些综合的生态学效应,提出植物生理上的改变也是转基因植物安全性评价研究的重要内容。     

Helicoverpa armigera baseline susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins and resistance management for Bt cotton in India

Transgenic cotton that produces insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), often referred to as Bt cotton, is widely grown in many countries. Bt cotton with a single cry1A gene and stacked also with cry2A gene has provided satisfactory protection against the damage by the lepidopteran bollworms, especially the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) which is considered as a key pest. The baseline susceptibility of the larvae of H. armigera to Cry1Ac and other toxins carried out in many countries has provided a basis for monitoring resistance. There is no evidence of development of field-level resistance in H. armigera leading to the failure of Bt cotton crop anywhere in the world, despite the fact that Bt cotton was grown on the largest ever area of 12.1 million hectares in 2006 and its cumulative cultivation over the last 11 years has surpassed the annual cotton area in the world. Nevertheless, the Bt resistance management has become a necessity to sustain Bt cotton and other transgenic crops in view of potential of the target insects to evolve Cry toxin resistance.     

Comparing the predatory performance of green lacewing on cotton bollworm on conventional and Bt cotton

We compared the survival of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs and larvae on Bt and conventional cotton, in the presence or absence of the generalist predator, green lacewing larvae, Mallada signatus, (Schneider) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). In small arenas, green lacewings consumed a similar number of H. armigera eggs (ave. 15.8 ± 1.3 on conventional, 12.6 ± 1.4 on Bt cotton per predator over 24 h) and larvae (ave. 6.8 ± 0.7 conventional, 6.5 ± 0.8 Bt per predator over 24 h) whether on Bt or conventional cotton leaves. Likewise, similar numbers of eggs were consumed by each lacewing larva searching whole plants of either Bt (ave. 15.5 ± 0.6 of 49 over 24 h) or conventional (ave. 13.6 ± 1.1 of 49 over 24 h). On conventional plants over 72 h, survival of H. armigera larvae was 72.8% and decreased to 37.7% when lacewings were present, giving a net consumption rate of 35.1% (8.6 prey per predator over 72 h). On Bt cotton plants, 13.6% of the H. armigera larvae survived after 72 h and this decreased to 1.7% when lacewings were present. This combination of mortality factors operated synergistically. Helicoverpa armigera larvae moved to fruiting structures on conventional or Bt cotton but failed to survive in the squares (young flower buds) when the impacts of Bt and lacewings were combined. The removal of first to second instar H. armigera larvae from squares of Bt cotton by predators has the potential to reduce immediate pest damage and, perhaps more importantly, remove potentially Bt‐resistant genotypes.     

转Bt基因棉挥发性气味的化学成分及其对棉铃虫的电生理活性

报道了对转Bt基因棉“GK-12”及其常规棉亲本“泗棉3号”挥发性化学物质的分析结果,以及棉铃虫对Bt棉挥发性化学物质的电生理反应,以期为抗虫棉的生态学和安全性评价提供化学生态学的证据。结果表明,在7～8个真叶期,转Bt基因棉的α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯的相对含量比常规棉高许多,倍半萜烯C和一个含量很低的化合物（该化合物对棉铃虫有电生理活性）是常规棉所没有的。转基因Bt棉的挥发性物质中有9个化合物可引起棉铃虫的触角电位反应。