下调细胞P21WAF1/CIP1基因表达可抑制单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型复制

为了揭示细胞P21蛋白在单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型（herpes simplex virus type 2, HSV-2）复制中的作用,通过用HSV-2感染和感染前用特异性小干扰RNA (small interfering RNA,siRNA) 抑制P21基因表达,应用Western 印迹方法检测宿主细胞和病毒蛋白水平,用终点滴定法测定病毒半数组织培养感染量（50% tissue culture infectious dose, TCID50）,以及观察感染细胞的细胞病变效应（cytopathic effect, CPE）等3个方面,揭示细胞P21蛋白水平的变化对病毒复制的影响.结果表明,HSV-2在细胞内复制时可引起P21蛋白水平增高;而用特异性siRNA下调细胞P21基因表达时,可显著地抑制HSV-2 gB蛋白水平,减少培养细胞上清液中病毒TCID50.提示P21蛋白对HSV-2的复制具有重要的作用.     

一种1型单纯疱疹病毒载体系统的建立

1型单纯疱疹病毒(HSV-1)作为溶瘤病毒和病毒载体的研究已有很长的历史.本研究利用细菌人工染色体技术建立了一种HSV-1载体系统.首先,将HSV-1内部反向重复序列(internal inverted repeat sequences,IR)两侧的片段克隆入p KO5获得穿梭质粒p KO5/BN,其电转含p HSVBAC的大肠杆菌后筛选获得删除IR区重组DNA的p HSVΔIR-BAC.p HSVΔIR-BAC转染Vero细胞获得删除IR区的重组病毒HSVΔIR(MH1001).上述p KO5/BN和含p HSVΔIR-BAC的大肠杆菌构成了HSV-1载体系统.利用该系统获得了表达绿色荧光蛋白EGFP的重组病毒HSVΔIR/EGFP(MH1002).MH1001和MH1002在感染的Vero细胞中增殖水平略低于野生型HSV-1,但无显著差异;Western印迹检测表明,重组病毒早期蛋白质ICP0、ICP4、ICP8、ICP22、ICP27在感染细胞中的表达水平下降;免疫荧光及激光共聚焦检测表明,重组病毒与野生型病毒均存在于细胞质中.以上结果表明,删除IR区的重组HSV-1保留了复制能力,能够携载并表达外源基因,建立的HSV-1载体系统可用于构建携载外源基因的复制型重组HSV-1.     

细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶2的功能及其抑制剂的研究

细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶2(cyclin-dependent kinase 2,CDK2)是CDK家族中的重要成员之一。CDK2的表达或功能异常与多种疾病(如肿瘤、病毒复制与感染、免疫缺陷性疾病和雄性不育等)发生机制密切相关。CDK2抑制剂已成为抗肿瘤药物研发中的一个重要靶点。该文对CDK2在细胞周期调控、细胞增殖、细胞分化、细胞凋亡中的作用机制以及CDK2抑制剂的研发进行综述。     

螺旋藻多糖抗单纯疱疹病毒作用的实验研究

在体外进行了钝顶螺旋藻多糖(polysaccharides fromSpirulina platensis,PSP)抗单纯疱疹病毒活性的研究。以不同剂量的PSP分别作用于HSV-1及HSV-2病毒复制周期的各个环节,以病毒半数感染量(TCID50),细胞病变效应(CPE),蚀斑形成单位(PFU),MTT染色细胞保护率(MTT法)作为评价指标,判断PSP的抗病毒效果;FQ-PCR检测PSP抗病毒作用的时效关系。结果表明PSP对Vero细胞毒性极低(TC50为1750μg/mL),对HSV-1及HSV-2均无直接灭活作用,可阻滞HSV-1及HSV-2病毒吸附和抑制感染细胞内病毒的复制,但不影响病毒的释放;FQ-PCR结果显示随着PSP浓度及作用时间的增加,PSP对HSV-1病毒DNA的抑制作用明显增强,具有良好的剂量和时效关系。提示PSP抗HSV-1及HSV-2病毒作用的机制与抑制病毒吸附和感染细胞内病毒的生物合成有关。     

细胞MEK1/2蛋白及其相关通路在单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型（HSV-2）复制中的作用

基于细胞Raf/MEK/ERK信号通路与病毒复制的关系,应用Western印迹检测 p-ERK1/2蛋白的表达、用终点滴定法测定病毒增殖量（TCID_５０）,以及观察感染细胞的细胞病变效应（CPE）等,揭示单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型(HSV-2)复制与 ERK通路的关系. 结果表明,HSV-2的复制可引起细胞ERK通路的活化;用U0126预先抑制ERK通路的活化,或用特异性siRNA敲减MEK1/2基因的表达可显著地抑制病毒复制.提示ERK信号通路以及MEK1/2蛋白对HSV-2的复制具有重要的作用.该研究对进一步阐明细胞ERK通路各激酶蛋白在病毒复制中的作用机制、寻找抗病毒作用靶标等奠定了良好的基础.     

疱疹病毒的致病机理

<正>单纯疱疹病毒:疱疹病毒作为许多种动物重要的病原体,开发疫苗和其它控制方法显得非常迫切。目前,已知至少有7种疱疹病毒感染人,单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型(HSV-1)和Ⅱ型( HSV-2)是最常见的病因。HSV感染引起一种共同的疾病是对病毒抗原表现出免疫病理应答。HSV引起急性感染的致病机理是,病毒除在身体表面的细胞中如朗汉斯细胞或上皮细胞增殖并引起细胞破坏外,还可进入感觉神经末梢,沿神经轴索上行到达受神经支配的神经节,HIy-1通常是沿三叉神经而行。病毒在神经节内可能引起两种结果,其一是病毒发生复制并破坏神经元,另一种结果可能更为普遍,病毒建立起潜伏状态,基因表达受到限制,有利于神经元     

单纯疱疹病毒1型VP16蛋白和VHS蛋白研究进展

单纯疱疹病毒1型(HSV-1)为有包膜的DNA病毒,能引起皮肤性疱疹、角膜炎、脑炎等症状.HSV-1感染细胞后,要么进入裂解性感染阶段,要么进入潜伏感染阶段.受感染的细胞常会启动免疫系统抵抗病毒,而病毒却通过某种机制巧妙地逃避宿主的免疫反应并进入潜伏.进入潜伏感染阶段的病毒又会因机体受某种刺激而被激活进入裂解感染期.在这期间,有两个关键的病毒蛋白一间层蛋白(Viral protein 16,VP16)和内膜蛋白(Virion host shutoff protein,VHS)倍受关注,它们既是HSV-1的结构蛋白,在病毒复制晚期参与病毒颗粒的组装,同时又作为重要的功能蛋白,在病毒感染早期发挥重要的转录调节功能.下面就这两个蛋白相关功能的研究进展作一简要综述:     

HSV-1立即早期蛋白ICP22与VP16共同参与α基因转录调控的初步分析

Ⅰ型单纯疱疹病毒（herpes simplex virus1,HSV-1）在宿主体内形成两种感染模式,不同感染模式的建立与病毒α基因的表达相关.作为病毒α基因表达产物之一的ICP22在病毒复制中发挥了多重作用,但其确切功能尚不清楚.实验利用氯霉素乙酰转移酶（chloram-phenicol acetyl transferase,CAT）报告系统发现ICP22非特异地抑制多种病毒或细胞启动子的转录启动作用,而且该抑制作用不受特定的病毒或细胞启动子上游调控元件影响.进一步的实验发现,HSV病毒蛋白VP16通过结合α4基因启动子上游特定元件解除ICP22对α4基因的转录抑制.这些结果提示,ICP22和VP16可能共同参与α基因的转录调控,从而建立HSV-1裂解性增殖或潜伏性感染.     

065绿色荧光蛋白报告系统用于单纯疱疹病毒感染的快速诊断和定量

单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)是免疫功能低下患者感染和死亡的常见原因之一,因而有必要对当前HSV的诊断方法进行改进.基于对HSV复制过程的了解,可以利用源于病毒启动子的转录来鉴定感染病毒的细胞.据此,已将多种报告基因,如氯霉素乙酰转移酶(CAT)、lacZ及荧光素酶,与控制核糖核苷酸还原酶大亚基的启动子HSV-1的ICP6或HSV-2的ICP10相连,即可在HSV感染后几个小时之内诱导其特异性表达作为检测方法,有些已用于临床.然而,这些方法需要固定细胞、加入底物或制备细胞裂解物,给操作带来不便.本文利用增强绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)报告系统建立一种简便直接的方法,可连续监测活细胞中HSV的感染.EGFP较绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的荧光信号强35倍,可用荧光显微镜和流式细胞仪488nm氩离子激发光进行检测.     

单纯疱疹病毒1型VP16蛋白和VHS蛋白研究进展

单纯疱疹病毒1型(HSV-1)为有包膜的DNA病毒,能引起皮肤性疱疹、角膜炎、脑炎等症状。HSV-1感染细胞后,要么进入裂解性感染阶段,要么进入潜伏感染阶段。受感染的细胞常会启动免疫系统抵抗病毒,而病毒却通过某种机制巧妙地逃避宿主的免疫反应并进入潜伏。进入潜伏感染阶段的病毒又会因机体受某种刺激而被激活进入裂解感染期。在这期间,有两个关键的病毒蛋白一间层蛋白(Viral protein16,VP16)和内膜蛋白(Virion host shutoff protein,VHS)倍受关注,它们既是HSV-1的结构蛋白,在病毒复制晚期参与病毒颗粒的组装,同时又作为重要的功能蛋白…     

Proteomic analysis of cells in the early stages of herpes simplex virus type‐1 infection reveals widespread changes in the host cell proteome

During infection by herpes simplex virus type‐1 (HSV‐1) the host cell undergoes widespread changes in gene expression and morphology in response to viral replication and release. However, relatively little is known about the specific proteome changes that occur during the early stages of HSV‐1 replication prior to the global damaging effects of virion maturation and egress. To investigate pathways that may be activated or utilised during the early stages of HSV‐1 replication, 2‐DE and LC‐MS/MS were used to identify cellular proteome changes at 6 h post infection. Comparative analysis of multiple gels representing whole cell extracts from mock‐ and HSV‐1‐infected HEp‐2 cells revealed a total of 103 protein spot changes. Of these, 63 were up‐regulated and 40 down‐regulated in response to infection. Changes in selected candidate proteins were verified by Western blot analysis and their respective cellular localisations analysed by confocal microscopy. We have identified differential regulation and modification of proteins with key roles in diverse cellular pathways, including DNA replication, chromatin remodelling, mRNA stability and the ER stress response. This work represents the first global comparative analysis of HSV‐1 infected cells and provides an important insight into host cell proteome changes during the early stages of HSV‐1 infection.     

Optimization of colorectal cancer vaccine candidate protein GA733‐Fc expression in a baculovirus–insect cell system

The baculovirus–insect cell expression system has been used to produce functional recombinant proteins. The antigen GA733 is a cell‐surface glycoprotein highly expressed on most human colorectal carcinoma cells. Conditions for the expression of GA733 fused to the human immunoglobulin IgG Fc fragment (GA733‐Fc) were optimized in the baculovirus expression system. Several variable factors were adjusted to optimize expression, including the cell line (Sf9 and High Five), multiplicity of infection (MOI) value (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 3), post‐infection time (48, 72 and 96 h) and harvested sample (cell culture media (CM) or cell lysate (CL)). In addition, two pFastBac Dual vectors carrying the GA733‐Fc gene were constructed to express GA733‐Fc with or without an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention sequence KDEL and used to generate recombinant baculoviruses. Western blot showed that expression depended on the conditions used to express the recombinant proteins. The protein production level and secretion capability differed in each cell line. In Sf9 cells, the highest expression in the CM and CL was obtained with GA733‐Fc at 96 h post‐infection at 0.1 MOI and with GA733‐FcK at 96 h post‐infection at 3 MOI, respectively. In High Five cells, the highest expression in the CM and CL was obtained with GA733‐Fc at 48 h post‐infection at 1 MOI and with GA733‐FcK at 48 h post‐infection at 3 MOI, respectively. These results suggest that the MOI value, post‐infection time and subcellular localization affect expression, and that these conditions can be modified to optimize protein expression in the baculovirus–insect cell system.     

PCR-based method for targeting 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer regions among Vibrio species

Background

Mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV, genus Flavivirus) has emerged as a major threat to global human health in recent decades, and novel strategies to contain the escalating dengue fever pandemic are urgently needed. RNA interference (RNAi) induced by exogenous small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) has shown promise for treatment of flavivirus infections in hosts and prevention of transmission by vectors. However, the impact of RNAi triggered by authentic virus infection on replication of DENV, or any flavivirus, has received little study. The objectives of the current study were threefold: first, to assess the utility of Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells for the study of DENV, second to investigate the impact of multiple enzymes in the RNAi pathway on DENV replication; and third to test for variation in the response of the four serotypes of DENV to modulation of RNAi.

Results

Three strains from each of the four DENV serotypes showed replication in S2 cells following infection at multiplicity of infection (MOI) 0.1 and MOI 10; each strain achieved titers > 4.0 log₁₀pfu/ml five days after infection at MOI 10. The four serotypes did not differ in mean titer. S2 cells infected with DENV-1, 2, 3 or 4 produced siRNAs, indicating that infection triggered an RNAi response. Knockdown of one of the major enzymes in the RNAi pathway, Dicer-2 (Dcr-2), resulted in a 10 to 100-fold enhancement of replication of all twelve strains of DENV in S2 cells. While serotypes did not differ in their average response to Dcr-2 knockdown, strains within serotypes showed significant differences in their sensitivity to Dcr-2 knockdown. Moreover, knockdown of three additional components of the RNAi pathway, Argonaute 2 (Ago-2), Dcr-1 and Ago-1, also resulted in a significant increase in replication of the two DENV strains tested, and the magnitude of this increase was similar to that resulting from Dcr-2 knockdown.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that DENV can replicate in Drosophila S2 cells and that the RNAi pathway plays a role in modulating DENV replication in these cells. S2 cells offer a useful cell culture model for evaluation of the interaction between DENV and the RNAi response.     

Imaging and therapy of malignant pleural mesothelioma using replication-competent herpes simplex viruses

BACKGROUND: Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive cancer that is refractory to current treatment modalities. Oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (HSV) used for gene therapy are genetically engineered, replication-competent viruses that selectively target tumor cells while sparing normal host tissue. The localized nature, the potential accessibility and the relative lack of distant metastasis make MPM a particularly suitable disease for oncolytic viral therapy. METHODS: The infectivity, selective replication, vector spread and cytotoxic ability of three oncolytic HSV: G207, NV1020 and NV1066, were tested against eleven pathological types of MPM cell lines including those that are resistant to radiation therapy, gemcitabine or cisplatin. The therapeutic efficacy and the effect on survival of NV1066 were confirmed in a murine MPM model. RESULTS: All three oncolytic HSV were highly effective against all the MPM cell lines tested. Even at very low concentrations of MOI 0.01 (MOI: multiplicity of viral infection, ratio of viral particles per cancer cell), HSV were highly effective against MPM cells that are resistant to radiation, gemcitabine and cisplatin. NV1066, an oncolytic HSV that expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP), was able to delineate the extent of the disease in a murine model of MPM due to selective infection and expression of GFP in tumor cells. Furthermore, NV1066 was able to reduce the tumor burden and prolong survival even when treatment was at an advanced stage of the disease. CONCLUSION: These findings support the continued investigation of oncolytic HSV as potential therapy for patients with therapy-resistant MPM.     

Explant-induced reactivation of herpes simplex virus occurs in neurons expressing nuclear cdk2 and cdk4

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) establishes productive (lytic) infections in nonneuronal cells and nonproductive (latent) infections in neurons. It has been proposed that HSV establishes latency because quiescent neurons lack cellular factors required for productive infection. It has been further proposed that these putative factors are induced following neuronal stress, as a requirement for HSV reactivation. To date, the identity of these putative cellular factors remains unknown. We have demonstrated that cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) 1, 2, or 7 is required for HSV replication in nonneuronal cells. Interestingly, cdks 1 and 2 are not expressed in quiescent neurons but can be induced in stressed neurons. Thus, cdks may be among the cellular proteins required for HSV reactivation whose neuronal expression is differentially regulated during stress. Herein, we determined that neuronal expression of nuclear cdk2, cdk4, and cyclins E and D2 (which activate cdks 2 and 4, respectively) was induced following explant cultivation, a stressful stimulus that induces HSV reactivation. In contrast, neuronal expression of cdk7 and cytoplasmic cdk4 decreased during explant cultivation, whereas cdk3 was detected in the same small percentage of neurons before and after explant cultivation and cdks 1, 5, and 6 were not detected in neuronal cell bodies. HSV-1 reactivated specifically in neurons expressing nuclear cdk2 and cdk4, and an inhibitor specific for cdk2 inhibited HSV-1 reactivation. We conclude that neuronal levels of cdk2 are among the factors that determine the outcome of HSV infections of neurons.     

Varicella-zoster virus infection of human foreskin fibroblast cells results in atypical cyclin expression and cyclin-dependent kinase activity

In its course of human infection, varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infects rarely dividing cells such as dermal fibroblasts, differentiated keratinocytes, mature T cells, and neurons, none of which are actively synthesizing DNA; however, VZV is able to productively infect them and use their machinery to replicate the viral genome. We hypothesized that VZV alters the intracellular environment to favor viral replication by dysregulating cell cycle proteins and kinases. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclins displayed a highly unusual profile in VZV-infected confluent fibroblasts: total amounts of CDK1, CDK2, cyclin B1, cyclin D3, and cyclin A protein increased, and kinase activities of CDK2, CDK4, and cyclin B1 were strongly and simultaneously induced. Cyclins B1 and D3 increased as early as 24 h after infection, concurrent with VZV protein synthesis. Confocal microscopy indicated that cyclin D3 overexpression was limited to areas of IE62 production, whereas cyclin B1 expression was irregular across the VZV plaque. Downstream substrates of CDKs, including pRb, p107, and GM130, did not show phosphorylation by immunoblotting, and p21 and p27 protein levels were increased following infection. Finally, although the complement of cyclin expression and high CDK activity indicated a progression through the S and G(2) phases of the cell cycle, DNA staining and flow cytometry indicated a possible G(1)/S blockade in infected cells. These data support earlier studies showing that pharmacological CDK inhibitors can inhibit VZV replication in cultured cells.     

Replication kinetics of coxsackievirus A16 in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells

Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16), together with enterovirus type 71 (EV71), is responsible for most cases of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) worldwide. Recent findings suggest that the recombination between CVA16 and EV71, and the co-circulation of these two viruses may have contributed to the increase of HFMD cases in China over the past few years. It is therefore important to further understand the virology, epidemiology, virus-host interactions and host pathogenesis of CVA16. In this study, we describe the viral kinetics of CVA16 in human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells by analyzing the cytopathic effect (CPE), viral RNA replication, viral protein expression, viral RNA package and viral particle secretion in RD cells. We show that CVA16 appears to first attach, uncoat and enter into the host cell after adsorption for 1 h. Later on, CVA16 undergoes rapid replication from 3 to 6 h at MOI 1 and until 9 h at MOI 0.1. At MOI 0.1, CVA16 initiates a secondary infection as the virions were secreted before 9 h p.i. CPE was observed after 12 h p.i., and viral antigen was first detected at 6 h p.i. at MOI 1 and at 9 h p.i. at MOI 0.1. Thus, our study provides important information for further investigation of CVA16 in order to better understand and ultimately control infections with this virus.     

Enhanced mutagenesis of UV-irradiated simian virus 40 occurs in mitomycin C-treated host cells only at a low multiplicity of infection.

Treatment of monkey kidney cells with mitomycin C (MMC) 24 h prior to infection with UV-irradiated simian virus 40 (SV40) enhanced both virus survival and virus mutagenesis. The use of SV40 as a biological probe has been taken as an easy method to analyse SOS response of mammalian cells to the stress caused by DNA damage or inhibition of DNA replication. The mutation assay we used was based on the reversion from a temperature-sensitive phenotype (tsA58 mutant) to a wild-type phenotype. The optimal conditions for producing enhanced survival and mutagenesis in the virus progeny were determined with regard to the multiplicity of infection (MOI). Results showed that the level of enhanced mutagenesis observed for UV-irradiated virus grown in MMC-treated cells was an inverse function of the MOI, while enhanced survival was observed at nearly the same level regardless of the MOI. For the unirradiated virus, almost no increase in the mutation of virus progeny issued from MMC-treated cells was observed, while a small amount of enhanced virus survival was obtained. These results show that enhanced virus mutagenesis and enhanced virus survival can be dissociated under some experimental conditions. Enhanced virus mutagenesis, analogous to the error-prone replication of phages in SOS-induced bacteria, was observed, at least for SV40, only when DNA of both virus and host cells was damaged and when infection occurred with a small number of viral particles. We therefore hypothesize that an error-prone replication mode of UV-damaged templates is observed in induced monkey kidney cells.