水淹胁迫下10个树种某些生理指标的变化及其耐水淹能力的比较

以游离脯氨酸和丙二醛(MDA)含量及相对电导率为指标,比较了水淹条件下10个树种的耐水淹能力。结果表明,水淹胁迫下,不同树种的相对电导率及丙二醛含量均呈上升趋势,而游离脯氨酸含量的变化则有显著差异。根据生理指标的变化可以看出,黄连木(Pistacia chinensis Bunge)和石楠(Photinia serrulata Lindl.)的耐水淹能力较弱,耐水淹时间仅为5至10 d;蓝果树(Nyssa sinensis Oliv.)、薄壳山核桃〔Carya illinoensis(Wangenh.)Koch〕、榉树(Zelkova schneideriana Hand.-Mazz.)和一球悬铃木(Platanus occidentalis L.)具有一定的耐水淹能力,耐水淹时间约为25 d;乌桕〔Sapium sebiferum(L.) Roxb.〕和白蜡(Fraxinus chinensis Roxb.)的耐水淹能力较强,耐水淹时间超过45 d;墨西哥落羽杉(Taxodium macronatum Ten.)和花叶杞柳(Salixintegra‘Hakuro Nishiki’)的耐水淹能力最强,受水淹的60 d内无受害现象。     

不同树种对刺沙棘钉毛蚜的耐害性

在野外自然感染条件下,以新梢卷叶恢复率作为耐虫性指数,分析了20个不同树种对刺沙棘钉毛蚜的抗虫程度及其耐害补偿能力。结果表明:1)除桃树、沙枣和榆树外,其它树种均为刺沙棘钉毛蚜的寄主树种。2)在所有沙棘树种中,沙棘品种和沙棘杂交种最为感虫,而沙棘种和亚种则抗虫性较好。3)不同树种卷叶恢复程度差异较大。在危害高峰期,卷叶率较低的树种,如橙色、棱果沙棘等,在自身耐害补偿功能和自然天敌的影响下,其卷叶可以完全恢复正常,表现出较强的耐害性;而卷叶率高的树种,如优胜、楚伊、乌兰格木等沙棘品种,由于受害程度较重,自身耐害补偿功能力有限,卷叶不能完全恢复正常,恢复率不到50%,表现出较弱的耐害性;苹果和云南沙棘卷叶恢复率分别为55.6%和50%,耐害性居于上述两者之间。     

林下引入耐阴树种功能性状特征及其与生长的关系

植物功能性状之间的协调性揭示了其适应特定生境的主要策略,而植物早期生长与功能性状可能具有很大关联性。为探讨林下引入耐阴树种的根、茎、叶功能性状协调性及其与生长的关系,研究了杉木人工林林下引入5种常绿阔叶树种（洒金叶珊瑚、杨桐、蚊母树、栀子和海桐）的生长率（树高和地径相对增长率）以及27个根茎叶形态、生理性状指标。结果表明：（1）由主成分分析（Principal component analysis,PCA）可知耐阴树种种间根茎功能性状关联更紧密。此外,种间根、茎性状的变异系数均小于叶面积;（2）耐阴树种种间和种内关键性状与生长率网络关联性差异较大。在种间水平上,生长率与大部分叶性状显著正相关,与根茎性状多为显著负相关;在种内水平上,关键性状与生长率关系网更加复杂;（3）树高相对增长率是种间和种内关系网中心性最高的生长率指标。种间中心性最高的性状指标是叶面积;叶、茎生物量占比和根干物质含量是种内中心性最高的性状指标。但只有叶面积与树高相对增长率在种间和种内均显著正相关,因此,叶面积更适合作为指示林下耐阴树种生长率变化的性状。总体上,耐阴树种叶性状对生长率的调控要强于根茎性状,其中引入较大叶面积的常绿阔叶树种可能更有利于杉木纯林的人促更新和高效复层林的构建。     

水淹生境下秋华柳对镉污染土壤的修复能力

以耐水淹和耐重金属的秋华柳(Salix variegata)作为试验材料,从土壤角度出发,探究秋华柳在水淹条件下对镉污染土壤的修复能力。设置无植物和种植秋华柳两个处理组,分别对两组设置两个水分处理组:正常供水组(CK)及土壤水淹组(FL),4个镉浓度处理组:对照组(0 mg/kg)、低浓度(0.5 mg/kg)、中浓度(2 mg/kg)及高浓度(10 mg/kg)。分别于处理后的第30天和第60天对各处理组的土壤和水淹组水样进行取样。试验结果表明:(1)镉处理浓度越高,土壤中镉活性态浓度越高,生物毒性越强。(2)水淹显著降低土壤活性态Cd浓度(P0.05),增大土壤修复难度。(3)种植秋华柳对30d土壤Cd全量及各形态镉浓度均无显著影响(P0.05);对第60天正常供水和水淹组土壤中交换态、碳酸盐结合态的镉浓度以及60d水淹组土壤Cd全量均有显著影响(P0.05)。(4)秋华柳种植显著降低土壤Cd迁移系数,30d正常供水组、水淹组以及60d正常供水组和水淹组平均降幅分别为2.0%、4.12%、9.71%、9.32%。处理时间过短和试验用苗生物量小可能是秋华柳对土壤全量Cd影响不大的主要原因,但秋华柳均显著降低正常供水和水淹组土壤迁移系数且二组降幅差异不大。研究表明:水淹生境下,秋华柳对Cd污染的土壤仍有较好的修复能力。     

广东黑石顶南亚热带森林幼苗的区系和生态研究（英文）

 本文研究了自然林下和深入林内2km新开公路的斜坡(当作特殊的林窗)的幼苗的种类组成、多样性、分布格局和生长。林下幼苗种丰富度(99种)和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(5.43)与所在林分立木种的丰富度(117种)和多样性指数(5.42)相当,而比公路斜坡相近面积上幼苗的相应值(59种,多样性指数4.21)高。林下幼苗的乔木种类占的比例(46％)较公路斜坡幼苗的乔木种类的比例(34％)高,而草本种类占的比例(23%)较后者(32％)低。林下幼苗的木本种类和林分立木的S ф rensen相似系数(0.500)较公路斜坡幼苗木本种类和林分的相似系数(0.171)高得多,林下幼苗的种类组成和公路斜坡幼苗的种类组成的相似性很低(S ф rensen 系数(0.247)。两个生境中大多数优势种群都表现为集群分布。公路斜坡上的幼苗种群似乎集群程度更高。先锋树种的幼苗在公路斜坡较瘦瘠的土壤条件下1～5年生幼苗的平均相对生长率为：0.944～1.555g·g-1·a-1,比在林下耐阴树种幼苗的相对生长率(0.765～1.402)高或相当,但生物量积累较后者慢。在森林中,耐阴树种的幼苗未显出休眠的特性。先锋树种的幼苗有较高比例的叶生物量,而演替后期树种的幼苗则有较高比例的生物量分配给根。     

长期水淹条件下香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus)和空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)的存活及生长响应

人工构建三峡库区消落区植被是控制消落区水土流失、保护消落区生态环境的重要措施,选择能够耐受长时间完全水淹的植物物种是该措施实施的关键.为了验证香根草、菖蒲、空心莲子草能否用于消落区植被的构建,实验模拟消落区的长期完全水淹条件,设置30d、60d、90d、120d、150d和180d等6个完全水淹时间水平,研究了3种植物在完全水淹条件下生长、生物量积累及存活状况.结果发现:(1)3种植物在经受长时间的完全水淹后有较高的存活率,180d全淹处理后,香根草、菖蒲和空心莲子草的存活率分别为87.5%、100%和50%.(2)这3种植物有不同的水下生长能力.全淹条件下,香根草生长缓慢,几乎没有产生新的叶片,总叶长也没有显著变化;菖蒲能够持续产生较对照植株更为细长的叶片,空心莲子草只在水淹初期(30d内)能够快速伸长地上部分的枝条,并迅速产生新叶片,但随水淹时间的延长,总枝条长及总叶片数没有再显著增加.(3)与对照植株相比,全淹处理抑制了3种植物总生物量的增加,但对3种植物的地上、地下部分生物量抑制程度不同.全淹条件下,香根草的地上部分和地下部分生物量与水淹0d水平(水淹处理开始前一天,下同)相比无显著变化,根冠比高于对照植株;菖蒲的地上部分生物量随水淹时间延长而降低,但却高于对照植株,地下部分生物量始终低于水淹0d水平,根冠比低于对照植株;空心莲子草的地上部分生物量与水淹0d水平相比无显著差异,但地下部分生物量与水淹0d水平相比大幅降低,根冠比低于对照植株.结果表明,这3种植物都有很强的水淹耐受能力,可应用于三峡库区消落区植被的构建.同时,发现植物对长期完全水淹的耐受能力很大程度上与植株在水下的生长情况及植株的营养储备水平相关,剧烈的水下生长会消耗大量的营养储备,进而造成植株存活率降低.植株在全淹条件下有限的生长能力及丰富的营养储备可能是耐淹物种的重要特征.     

水淹胁迫下饲料桑苗(Morus alba)叶片形态及部分酶活性的变化

桑树因具有较强的耐水淹特性,近年来成为库区消落带植被恢复的备选树种。为探讨饲料桑适应水淹胁迫的机理,以2年生盆栽饲料桑苗为对象,采取室内模拟水淹的方法,研究不同水淹时间和深度下桑苗叶片形态以及叶片内无氧呼吸酶(PDC、ADH、LDH)、抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性的变化。结果显示:(1)根淹组桑苗在水淹期间叶片受害程度较轻,深淹组桑苗叶片在水淹15 d即出现萎蔫和黄化,至水淹结束后叶片基本全部腐烂、脱落。但深淹组桑苗在水淹75 d后仍能萌发新芽,且浅淹组部分植株恢复生长状况良好。(2)相同水淹时间下,桑苗叶片内无氧呼吸酶和抗氧化酶活性随水淹深度的增加均呈现显著的上升趋势(P0.05)。(3)桑苗叶片SOD酶活性在水淹60 d显著上升,对照组和根淹组在水淹90 d分别降低了3.49%和9.22%,而POD和CAT酶活性在水淹90 d达到最大值,3组处理下2种酶活性分别比水淹30 d增加了8.03%、15.70%、10.23%和12.05%、6.45%、9.15%,差异显著(P0.05)。提高叶片无氧呼吸酶活性、增强3种抗氧化酶相互协调作用是桑苗水淹胁迫下的响应机制。综上,饲料桑苗具有良好的适应水淹胁迫能力,可作为三峡库区消落带植被恢复的备选树种。     

白桦和紫椴树干非结构性碳水化合物的空间变异

以中国东北温带森林两个散孔材树种白桦和紫椴为对象,研究落叶后树干木质部中非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)浓度的空间变异.结果表明: 两种树种的可溶性糖与淀粉的总和(TNC)与可溶性糖浓度均随树干径向深度增加而缓慢下降,淀粉的径向变化不明显,即使在树干径向深处仍存有大量的NSC.两种树种树干的TNC、可溶性糖和淀粉浓度从根颈到胸高降低,之后逐渐升高,最大值出现的高度因树种和TNC组分而异.两种树种树干糖淀粉比值的纵向变化趋势为：白桦随树干升高而增大,紫椴则随之减小.树干NSC储量估算的误差主要来源于NSC浓度的纵向变化,其次是径向变化.喜光树种白桦的树干TNC浓度(1.0%干质量)显著低于耐阴树种紫椴(4.3%干质量),可能与其生活史对策差异有关.采用考虑了树干NSC纵向和径向变化的取样方法,可以有效地降低树木或林分水平上NSC储量估算的不确定性.
     

木芙蓉对淹水胁迫的响应及其耐涝性综合评价

为挖掘木芙蓉(Hibiscus mutabilis)耐涝种质资源,对13个木芙蓉品种水淹15 d后的形态和生理生化指标进行研究,并构建耐涝评价体系.结果表明,水淹胁迫后,木芙蓉品种各性状的变化趋势和幅度均不同,部分性状间的相关性显著(P<0.05).14个指标按贡献率大小归因为形态生长指标、不定根形态指标、膜脂过氧化指...     

NaC1胁迫对4种豆科树种幼苗生长和K+、Na+含量的影响

以合欢、刺槐、国槐和皂英4种豆科树种盆栽实生幼苗为试验材料,研究了NaC1胁迫下4个树种幼苗的生长、耐盐临界浓度和Na+、K+含量的变化,并对其耐盐性进行了比较.结果表明:NaC1胁迫抑制了4个树种幼苗的生长,苗木的干物质积累量减小、根冠比增大,尤其对合欢和皂荚的影响较大;以相对干质量降至对照组50%时的NaC1浓度作为生长临界NaC1浓度(C50)指标,4个树种的耐盐强弱顺序为:刺槐(5.0‰)＞国槐(4.5‰)＞皂荚(3.9‰)＞合欢(3.0‰);随NaC1浓度的增加,各树种幼苗根、茎、叶中Na+含量逐渐增加,K+含量先增加后减小(合欢根除外),而K+/Na+差异较大.相同浓度NaC1胁迫下,幼苗器官的Na+分布为根＞茎＞叶,K+因树种和NaC1浓度不同而各异,以叶片中较多,K+/Na+为叶＞茎＞根.NaC1胁迫下,刺槐的K+含量和K+/Na+较高,地上部分Na+含量较低,幼苗干物质量大,耐盐性较强;而合欢的K+/Na+较小,高浓度NaC1胁迫下地上部分的Na+含量较高,幼苗干物质量小,耐盐性较差.苗木地上部分对K+的积累和根部对Na+的滞留是影响豆科树种耐盐性能的主要因素.     

Nickel tolerance and copper - nickel co - tolerance in Mimulus guttatus from copper mine and serpentine habitats

Previous work on M. guttatus suggested that nickel tolerance in copper mine populations may also be given by the genes for copper tolerance. It has been shown that copper tolerance in M. guttatus is controlled by a single major gene, plus a number of minor genes (or modifiers) which elevate copper tolerance. Crosses between nickel tolerant individuals from three families and non - tolerants showed that nickel tolerance in M. guttatus is heritable. In order to study the effects of the major copper tolerance gene on copper - nickel co - tolerance in M. guttatus, homozygous copper tolerant and non - tolerant lines were screened against nickel. Significant differences occur between these lines for copper, but were not found when analysed for nickel, indicating that copper - nickel tolerance is not governed by the major gene for copper tolerance. To test whether the minor genes for copper have a pleiotropic effect on nickel tolerance, five selection lines derived from three copper mines (Copperopolis, Penn and Quail) in Calaveras county, California, which vary in degree of tolerance to copper, by the presence or absence of minor copper genes, were also screened against nickel. Two out of three of the lines from Copperopolis showed elevated tolerance to nickel, but two further selection lines derived from Penn and Quail copper mines gave no indication of increased nickel tolerance. These results suggest that the minor genes for copper do not give tolerance to nickel. This was confirmed by the screening of modifier lines, in which modifiers for differing degrees of copper tolerance were inserted into a non - tolerant background. Genotypes possessing fewer copper modifiers yielded higher nickel tolerance than those genotypes which have a greater number of modifiers. Thus nickel tolerance in this species is heritable and under the control of different genes to those producing copper tolerance.     

Cloning of heat shock protein genes (hsp70, hsc70 and hsp90) and their expression in response to larval diapause and thermal stress in the wheat blossom midge,Sitodiplosis mosellana

Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin, one of the most important pests of wheat, undergoes obligatory diapause as a larva to survive unfavorable temperature extremes during hot summers and cold winters. To explore the potential roles of heat shock proteins (hsp) in this process, we cloned full-length cDNAs of hsp70, hsc70 and hsp90 from S. mosellana larvae, and examined their expression in response to diapause and short-term temperature stresses. Three hsps included all signature sequences of corresponding protein family and EEVD motifs. They showed high homology to their counterparts in other species, and the phylogenetic analysis of hsp90 was consistent with the known classification of insects. Expression of hsp70 and hsp90 were highly induced by diapause, particularly pronounced during summer and winter. Interestingly, hsp70 was more strongly expressed in summer than in winter whereas hsp90 displayed the opposite pattern. Abundance of hsc70 mRNA was comparable prior to and during diapauses and was highly up-regulated when insects began to enter the stage of post-diapause quiescence. Heat-stressed over-summering larvae (⩾30 °C) or cold-stressed over-wintering larvae (⩽0 °C) could further elevate expression of these three genes, but temperature extremes i.e. as high as 45 °C or as low as −15 °C failed to trigger such expression patterns. Notably, hsp70 was most sensitive to heat stress and hsp90 was most sensitive to cold stress. These results suggested that hsp70 and hsp90 play key roles in diapause maintenance and thermal stress; the former may be more prominent contributor to heat tolerance and the latter for cold tolerance. In contrast, hsc70 most likely is involved in developmental transition from diapause to post-diapause quiescence, and thus may serve as a molecular marker to predict diapause termination.     

IDENTICAL MAJOR GENE LOCI FOR HEAVY METAL TOLERANCES THAT HAVE INDEPENDENTLY EVOLVED IN DIFFERENT LOCAL POPULATIONS AND SUBSPECIES OF SILENE VULGARIS

Heavy metal tolerant Silene vulgaris plants, originating from different metalliferous sites in Germany and one in Ireland, were crossed to each other and to nontolerant plants from a nonmetalliferous site in The Netherlands. Analysis of the crosses suggested that there were two distinct major gene loci for zinc tolerance among a total of five tolerant populations. The tolerance loci for zinc, copper, and cadmium in the Irish plants were shown to be identical with those in the German populations. It is argued that the occurrence of common major genes for tolerance among different geographically isolated populations must have resulted from independent parallel evolution in local nontolerant ancestral populations. Each of the tolerances studied seems to be controlled by only a few specific major genes.     

线虫耐寒性研究进展

对于分布在温带和寒带的线虫,它们只有战胜冬季寒冷的挑战,才能有利于种群的存在与发展。因此,耐寒性是线虫生物学研究中不可忽视的内容。综述了关于线虫在低温胁迫下的耐寒性测定方法、耐寒对策及耐寒机制等方面的研究进展。线虫的耐寒性和昆虫一样,可通过过冷却点和低温存活率两种指标进行评价,但在具体的实验方法上,线虫耐寒性研究有其不同之处。线虫的耐寒对策和耐寒机制具有多样化。耐寒对策主要有耐冻和避冻,二者能共同渗透于线虫的耐寒过程中。耐寒机制包括特殊发育阶段的形成、低温驯化作用、低分子量抗冻物质的聚集、以及高分子量抗冻蛋白和热休克蛋白的产生,等等。此外,还强调应从多个角度研究线虫的耐寒性,如寒冷敏感型线虫的研究、寄生线虫的耐寒对策研究以及交叉胁迫的研究。     

温度和渗透应激对植物乳杆菌稳定性的影响

在植物乳杆菌对数期后期,高温（43—47℃）、低温（15—25℃）及10-30g/L NaCl等应激处理60min均可使植物乳杆菌耐热性和耐酸性得到较大的提高。其中,尤以高温应激45℃应激处理效果最好,细胞耐热残存率和耐酸残存率较对照分别提高124％和56．8％。     

Heterologous production and biochemical characterization of a new highly glucose tolerant GH1 β-glucosidase from Anoxybacillus thermarum

The enzymatic lignocellulosic biomass conversion into value-added products requires the use of enzyme-rich cocktails, including β-glucosidases that hydrolyze cellobiose and cellooligosaccharides to glucose. During hydrolysis occurs accumulation of monomers causing inhibition of some enzymes; thus, glucose/xylose tolerant β-glucosidases could overcome this drawback. The search of new tolerant enzymes showing additional properties, such as high activity, wide-pH range, and thermal stability is very relevant to improve the bioprocess. We describe a novel β-glucosidase GH1 from the thermophilic Anoxybacillus thermarum (BgAt), which stood out by the robustness combination of great glucose/xylose tolerance, thermal stability, and high Vmax. The recombinant his-tagged-BgAt was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, was purified in one step, showed a high glucose/xylose tolerance, and activity stimulation (presence of 0.4 M glucose/1.0 M xylose). The optimal activity was at 65 °C - pH 7.0. BgAt presented an extraordinary temperature stability (48 h – 50 °C), and pH stability (5.5–8.0). The novel enzyme showed outstanding Vmax values compared to other β-glucosidases. Using p-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucopyranoside as substrate the values were Vmax (7614 U/mg), and K_M (0.360 mM). These values suffer a displacement in Vmax to 14,026 U/mg (glucose), 14,886 U/mg (xylose), and K_M 0.877 mM (glucose), and 1.410 mM (xylose).     

Reversal of osmotic stress effects by gibberellic acid in Brassica campestris. Recovery of hypocotyl growth, protein and RNA levels in the presence of GA

Inhibition of hypocotyl growth by water stress and the antagonistic effect of gibberellic acid was studied in Brassica campestris L. cv. Varuna. Water stress alone inhibited increases in length and fresh weight of the hypocotyl. Increasing levels of GA applied simultaneously reversed the effect of water stress. Growth was related directly to water status and inversely to water saturation deficit. However, in severely stressed seedlings GA increased the length of hypocotyls, while fresh weight showed either no change or was even reduced. Thus a distinct 'uncoupling' between increases in length and water status was observed. GA appears to act partially by increasing the water status of the seedlings and partially by sustaining protein and RNA levels.     

Hydroponic screening of poplar for trace element tolerance and accumulation

Using the nutrient film technique, we screened 21 clones of poplar for growth in the presence of a mix of trace elements (TE) and for TE accumulation capacities. Poplar cuttings were exposed for four weeks to a multipollution solution consisting in 10 microM Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb, and 200 microM Zn. Plant biomass and TE accumulation patterns in leaves varied greatly between clones. The highest Cd and Zn concentrations in leaves were detected in P. trichocarpa and P. trichocarpa hybrids, with the clone Skado (P. trichocarpa x P. maximowiczii) accumulating up to 108 mg Cd kg(-1) DW and 1510 mg Zn kg(-1) DW when exposed to a multipollution context. Our data also confirm the importance of pH and multipollution, as these factors greatly affect TE accumulation in above ground biomass. The NFT technique applied here to a large range of poplar clones also revealed the potential of the Rochester, AFO662 and AFO678 poplar clones for use in phytostabilization programs and bioenergy production, where production of less contaminated above ground biomass is suitable.     

免疫耐受的形成机制

免疫系统如何识别“自己”和“非己”,这是免疫学理论的核心问题。由于在胚胎期自身反应性细胞克隆被排斥,即形成对自身抗原的耐受;但对外源性“非己”成分能产生免疫应答予以清除,此即免疫系统识别“自己”和“非己”的机制。近年来研究证实外周成熟淋巴细胞中存在着自身反应性T细胞,但处于功能失活状态;谓之外周耐受。目前已明确免疫耐受的形成涉及多种机制的参与,包括免疫细胞的相互作用、免疫细胞的分子识别、信号传递、基因表达等不同层次的调节。对免疫耐受机理的研究可为阐明免疫应答及免疫调节的机制提供依据,必将推动免疫学基础理论研究的发展。