Chemical Composition and Antioxidant,Antiparasitic, Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Potential of the Algerian Limonium Oleifolium Mill. Essential Oil and Organic Extracts

This work aimed to investigate, for the first time, the chemical composition, antioxidant, antiparasitic, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial activities of the aromatic plant Limonium oleifolium Mill. essential oil (EO) and organic extracts. L. oleifolium aerial parts essential oil was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS, and 46 constituents representing 98.25±1.12 % of the oil were identified. γ-Muurolene (10.81±0.07 %), cis-caryophyllene (7.71±0.06 %), o-cymene (7.07±0.01 %) and α-copaene (5.02±0.05 %) were the essential oil main compounds. The antioxidant activity of L. oleifolium EO and organic extracts (MeOH, CHCl₃, AcOEt, BuOH) was explored using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ABTS, β-carotene/linoleic acid, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and ferric reducing power assays. The results showed that L. oleifolium EO exhibit antioxidant capacity (IC₅₀=17.40±1.32 μg/mL for DPPH assay, IC₅₀=29.82±1.08 μg/mL for β-carotene assay, IC₅₀=25.23±1.01 μg/mL for ABTS assay, IC₅₀=9.11±0.08 μg/mL for CUPRAC assay and IC₅₀=19.41±2.06 mg/mL for reducing power assay). Additionally, the EO showed significant activity against trophozoite form of Acanthamoeba castellanii (IC₅₀=7.48±0.41 μg/mL) and promastigote form of Leishmania amazonensis (IC₅₀=19.36±1.06 μg/mL) and low cytotoxicity on murine macrophages (LC₅₀ 90.23±1.09 μg/mL), as well as good antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These results suggest that L. oleifolium essential oil is a valuable source of bioactive compounds presenting antioxidant, antiparasitic, and antimicrobial activities. Furthermore, it is considered nontoxic.     

Antioxidant activity of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from Stephania rotunda: cepharanthine and fangchinoline

In the present study, we determined the antioxidant activity of cepharanthine and fangchinoline from Stephania rotunda by performing different in vitro antioxidant assays, including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, N,N- dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (DMPD) radical scavenging, superoxide anion (O₂^?–) radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, total antioxidant activity, reducing power, and ferrous ion (Fe²⁺) chelating activities. Cepharanthine and fangchinoline showed 94.6 and 93.3% inhibition on lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion at 30 μg/mL concentration, respectively. On the other hand, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), α-tocopherol, and trolox indicated inhibitions of 83.3, 92.2, 72.4, and 81.3% on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion at the same concentration (30 μg/mL), respectively. According to the results, cepharanthine and fangchinoline have effective antioxidant and radical scavenging activity.     

Antioxidant,Anti-Skin-Aging,Anti-Inflammatory,and Anti-Acetylcholinesterase Activities of Rourea oligophlebia Extracts

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-skin-aging, anti-inflammatory, and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of the hexane (n-hex), AcOEt, BuOH, MeOH, and aqueous extracts from R. oligophlebia roots. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC) were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl₃ colorimetric assays. The antioxidant capacity was examined by reducing power (RP), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), ABTS⋅⁺, and DPPH⋅⁺ radical cation assays. All extracts potentially exhibited antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ values ranging from 2.93 to 5.73 μg/mL for ABTS⋅⁺ and from 5.69 to 7.65 μg/mL for DPPH⋅⁺ except the n-hex extract. The BuOH, MeOH, and aqueous extract possess promising anti-skin-aging activities, as observed by an attenuation of UV-A toxicity on human keratinocytes. We proposed that these anti-skin-aging properties are possibly due to direct scavenging activity against reactive oxygen species and upregulate cellular antioxidant machinery. Moreover, we found that the antioxidant capacity was well correlated with anti-inflammatory capacity against nitric oxide (NO) production in terms of the n-hex, AcOEt, and BuOH extracts with IC₅₀ values from 23.21 to 47.1 μg/mL. In contrast, these activities were found to be poorly correlated with AchE activity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the antioxidant, anti-skin-aging, anti-inflammatory, and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of the extracts of R. oligophlebia roots. These findings indicated that this species could be a potential source of natural antioxidant, anti-aging, and anti-inflammatory agents. Consequently, it may be suggested as a medicinal plant that prevents diseases related to oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.     

Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of the Essential Oil of Athanasia brownii Hochr. (Asteraceae) Endemic to Madagascar

The essential oil obtained from hydrodistillation of flowering aerial parts of Athanasia brownii (Asteraceae) was studied for its chemical composition by GC/FID and GC/MS, and for biological activity, namely, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and chemopreventive potential, by DPPH (=2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (=2,2′‐azinobis[3‐ethylbenzothioline‐6‐sulfonic acid), and FRAP (=ferric reducing antioxidant power), disk diffusion test, and MTT (=3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, respectively. The oil was characterized by a high content of oxygenated sesquiterpenes (71.2%), with selin‐11‐en‐4α‐ol (24.6%), caryophyllene oxide (8.7%), humulene epoxide II (5.1%), and (E)‐nerolidol (4.9%) as the predominant compounds. The oil showed a moderate activity against streptococci as well as radical‐scavenging potential, while the inhibitory effects against human cancer cells examined such as A375 (malignant melanoma) and HCT 116 (colon carcinoma) were significant, with IC₅₀ values of 19.85 and 29.53 μg/ml, respectively.     

Comparison of Differences in Chemical Composition and Related Antioxidant Activity of Snow Lotus from Different Origins

The snow lotus is an endangered traditional Chinese medicinal herb. Saussurea involucrata, Saussurea laniceps, and Saussurea medusa, the three main snow lotus species (five herbs and two S. involucrata cell cultures), were selected for this study. Snow lotus (XLs) was extracted using 75 % (v/v) ethanol. Two reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector methods were developed and validated for the determination of 10 representative components in XLs. The antioxidant efficacy of XLs and their components was investigated using DPPH, ABTS free radical scavenging, and ROS inhibition experiments. The results showed that the IC₅₀ for DPPH scavenging ranged from 0.06–0.29 mg/mL for XLs and from 0.13–0.63 mg/mL for ABTS, and could downregulate ROS to varying degrees. The results of the antioxidant activity showed that rutin, quercetin, and isochlorogenic acid A contributed to the antioxidant capacity of XLs. The high content and activity of the cell cultures indicate that they can serve as an effective alternative to snow lotus, thus providing a theoretical basis for the selection of herbs and cell cultures to fulfil various needs.     

Relationship Between Phenolic Content Determined by LC/MS/MS and Antioxidant Capacity and Enzyme Inhibition of Cyclotrichium niveum L.

Cyclotrichium niveum (Boiss.) Manden & Scheng belonging to the Lamiaceae family, which is an endemic species in the eastern Anatolian region of Turkey, has an important place in terms of ethno-botany. The phytochemical composition of the plant, inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (which hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine), inhibition of paraoxonase for antiatherosclerotic activity (hPON 1) (which detoxifies organophosphates), and antioxidant capacity were all investigated in this study. Phytochemical content was determined by LC/MS/MS, and enzyme inhibition and antioxidant capacity studies were determined by spectrophotometer. Antioxidant capacity of C. niveum extracts (methanol, hexane, and water) was determined by applying ABTS⋅⁺, DPPH⋅, FRAP, and CUPRAC methods. Both the water and the methanol extracts of the C. niveum exhibited significant inhibition on the AChE (IC₅₀ value for methanol and water extract 0.114±0.14 mg/mL (R2:0.997) and 0.178±0.12 mg/mL (R²: 0.994), respectively). In contrast, the methanol and water extracts of the C. niveum did not exhibit the inhibition effect on hPON 1. The highest activity for ABTS⋅⁺ was 66.53 % in the water extract, and DPPH⋅ was 55.03 % in the methanol extract. In the metal-reducing power assay, the absorbance was 0.168±0.04 for FRAP water extract and 0.621±0.01 for CUPRAC methanol extract. According to LC/MS/MS analyses, hydroxybenzoic acid, salicylic acid, syringic acid, acetohydroxamic acid and luteolin determined in the plant extract. As a consequence, C. niveum which has antioxidant, anti-atherogenic and anti-neurodegenerative properties has the potential to be used as a natural medication instead of synthetic drugs used in Alzheimer's patients.     

朱砂根抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶与抗氧化活性研究

对朱砂根抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶与抗氧化活性进行研究.利用96微孔板法筛选α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性;采用DPPH、ABTS和FRAP方法分析抗氧化活性.结果表明,乙酸乙酯部位抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性最高(IC50=39.27 μg/mL),石油醚部位次之(IC50 =56.11 μg/mL),正丁醇部位活性最弱(IC50=62.05μg/mL),但均远大于阳性对照Acarbose(IC50=1081.27 μg/mL);乙酸乙酯部位抗氧化能力最强,正丁醇部位次之.乙酸乙酯部位清除DPPH自由基(IC50=38.55 mg/L)的能力比BHT( IC50=18.71 mg/L)低1/2,清除ABTS自由基的能力(IC50=3.60 mg/L)比BHT(IC50=7.44 mg/L)强,但比BHA(IC50=1.74 mg/L)弱,还原Fe3+的能力(FRAP=512.99 ±6.80 μmoTE/g)为BHT(FRAP=1581.68±97.41μmol TE/g)的1/3.结果显示朱砂根乙酸乙酯部位抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶和抗氧化活性最好.     

Chemical composition,antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil and methanolic extract of Ferulago bernardii Tomk. & M. Pimen of Iran

The aim of the study was to investigate chemical composition, antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities of the essential oil (EO), polar and nonpolar sub-fractions of methanolic extract of Ferulago bernardii. The chemical constituent of the EO was identified by means of GC–MS. The antimicrobial activities of the EO, polar and nonpolar extracts were evaluated by micro-dilution and agar disc diffusion assays. The antioxidant activity was measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity assay. The main components of the EO were α-pinene (35.03%), z-β-ocimene (14.24%) and bornyl acetate (11.64%). Bacillus cereus and Salmonella typhimurium were the most susceptible and resistant to the antibacterial activity of the essential oil and extract, respectively. The free radical scavenging activities of all extracts and the essential oil were in the order: polar > non-polar > EO. Our findings indicate that F. bernardii essential oil and methanolic extract has a potential to be applied as antimicrobial and antioxidant agent.     

LC/MS/MS Phenolic Profile,Antioxidant Capacity,Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) and Glutathione S Transferase (GST) Inhibitory Properties of Ultrasound-Assisted Propolis Extracts

Resinous beehive product propolis has many biological activities. It contains various aromatic substances that have great differences in their chemical composition depending on the natural flora. Thus, chemical characterization and biological properties of propolis samples is an important subject for the pharmaceutical industry. In this study, the propolis samples collected from three cities in Turkey were prepared as methanol (MEP), ethanol (EEP), chloroform (ChlEP), hexane (HxEP), and ethyl acetate (EAEP) extracts using an ultrasonic assisted technique. The antioxidant capacities of the samples were evaluated by free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), cation radical scavenging activity (ABTS), and reducing activity (CUPRAC) and (FRAP). The strongest biological activities were detected in ethanol and methanol extracts. Enzyme inhibition of the propolis samples were determined against the human glutathione S-transferase (GST) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). IC₅₀ values of MEP1, MEP2, and MEP3 samples against the ACE were found as 13.9 μg/mL, 14.8 μg/mL, and 12.8 μg/mL, while against the GST IC₅₀ values of MEP1, MEP2, and MEP3 samples were as 5.92 μg/mL, 9.49 μg/mL, and 5.72 μg/mL. To know the possible causes of the biological test results advanced LC/MS/MS method was applied. trans-ferulic acid, kaempferol, and chrysin were found as the most abundant phenolic compounds in each sample. The propolis extracts obtained using the proper solvent have a good potential to be used in pharmaceuticals to treat the diseases related to oxidative damage, hypertension, and inflammation. Finally, the interactions between chrysin, trans-ferulic acid and kaempferol molecules with ACE and GST receptors were analyzed using molecular docking study. Selected molecules interact with active residues by binding to the active site of the receptors.     

红豆树叶挥发油化学成分及其抗氧化和抑菌活性研究

为探究红豆树叶挥发油的化学组成及其生物活性,本研究首次采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取红豆树叶挥发油,并通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析其化学成分,结合DPPH和ABTS法及抑菌圈法,评价其体外抗氧化和抑菌活性。结果表明,从红豆树叶挥发油中共检测出化合物36个,占挥发油总量的90.50%;挥发油主要成分为1,4-二十烷二烯(25.72%)、1,19-二十烷二烯(10.85%)、2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚(10.14%)、邻苯二甲酸正丁基异丁基酯(9.75%)、(Z,Z)-6,9-二十烷二烯(7.60%)、(E,E)-α-金合欢烯(7.51%)、叶醇(4.74%)和2-异丙烯基-5-甲基-6-庚烯-1-醇(4.04%)。红豆树叶挥发油对DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基清除作用的半数有效量(ED₅₀)分别为0.27、0.14 mg/mL,且抗氧化活性与挥发油浓度呈量效相关。红豆树叶挥发油浓度为7.1 mg/mL时,其对枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、绿脓杆菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)和大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)的抑菌圈分别为11.29、9.88、10.85和11.03 mm。本研究为红豆树叶资源的综合开发利用提供了理论基础。     

凹叶厚朴抑制α-糖苷酶与抗氧化活性研究

首次采用96微孔板法检测贵州和河南产凹叶厚朴抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性;并采用DPPH、ABTS和FRAP三种方法测定其抗氧化活性.贵州产凹叶厚朴乙酸乙酯(IC50 =7.22 μg,/mL)和正丁醇提取部位(IC50=36.59 μg/mL),河南产凹叶厚朴石油醚(IC50=107.04 μg/mL)和乙酸乙酯提取部位(IC50=17.17μg/mL),它们的活性都远高于于阳性对照Acarhose( IC50=1081.27 μg/mL).贵州产凹叶厚朴乙酸乙酯提取部位清除ABTS自由基的能力最强(IC50=8.81 μg/mL),强于阳性对照BHT(IC50=11.94 μg/mL);其次为河南产凹叶厚朴乙酸乙酯提取部位(IC50=12.73 μg/mL).研究结果表明,贵州产凹叶厚朴乙酸乙酯提取部位抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶和抗氧化活性最好.     

Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of Euphorbia dendroides L. (Euphorbiaceae) latex

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterase properties and phytochemical constituents of the latex from Euphorbia dendroides L. (Euphorbiaceae) growing wild in Sicily. Phytochemical analysis revealed that into E. dendroides latex the triterpenoids were the most abundant among the identified compounds. Furthermore, a high content of polyphenols mainly as phenolic acids, was found. The antioxidant and free-radical scavenging properties, by several in vitro assays such as DPPH, TEAC and FRAP, have been evaluated. The results showed that E. dendroides latex has significant antioxidant activity, as measured by DPPH assay (2927.01?±?98.03 µmols of Trolox equivalent (TE)/100g FW). Reactivity towards ABTS radical cation and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values were 7580.95?±?97.65 µmols of TE/100g FW and 4383.13?±?95.30?μmol of TE/100g FW, respectively. The latex exhibited also significant inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity with an IC₅₀ value of 4.46 µg/mL (C.L.?=?2.002–9.947). Furthermore, Brine shrimp (Artemia salina) cytotoxicity bioassay showed that the larvae viability was significantly affected at higher concentrations than those capable to induce significant antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterase effects (LD₅₀ 25 µg/mL). The results suggest that polyphenols and terpenoids can contribute significantly to antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of E. dendroides latex.     

Contribution of phenolic compounds to the antioxidant potential and type II diabetes related enzyme inhibition properties of Pongamia pinnata L. Pierre seeds

The methanolic extract of Pongamia pinnata L. Pierre (locally called as karanja) seed materials, an underutilized food legume collected from India was analyzed for antioxidant and type II diabetes related enzyme inhibition properties. The methanolic extract of raw seeds contained total free phenolic content of 14.85 ± 0.32 g catechin equivalent/100 g extract DM. Encouraging levels of ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP, 1179 mmol Fe[II]/mg extract), inhibition of β-carotene degradation (41.13%) and radical scavenging activity against DPPH (54.64%) and superoxide (54.53%) were exhibited by the raw sample. Further, it also recorded 77.92% of α-amylase and 86.50% of α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition characteristics under in vitro starch digestion bioassay. Sprouting + oil-frying caused a apparent increase on the total free phenolic content and also significant improvement on the antioxidant and free radical scavenging capacity of P. pinnata seeds, while soaking + cooking as well as open-pan roasting treatments showed diminishing effects. Moreover, inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme activities was declined to 24.24 and 45.14%, respectively during sprouting + oil-frying treatment, which are more desirable for the dietary management of type II diabetic patients.     

江西迷迭香精油的成分分析及抗氧化、抑菌活性研究

为了研究江西迷迭香精油的化学成分及抗氧化、抑菌活性,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取迷迭香精油,利用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)对迷迭香精油成分进行分析,通过对DPPH自由基、羟基自由基的清除活性和还原力来研究迷迭香精油的体外抗氧化活性;通过以枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌为供试菌,测定抑菌圈大小和最低抑菌浓度(MIC)来研究迷迭香精油的抑菌活性。实验结果表明,从迷迭香精油中鉴定出40种化学成分,占精油总量的99.46%,其主要化学成分有α-蒎烯(39.05%)和1,8-桉叶素(16.86%),其次是莰烯(4.22%)、D-柠檬烯(3.87%)、龙脑(3.74%)、β-石竹烯(3.11%)等,α-蒎烯的含量高于国内其他产地;迷迭香精油对DPPH、羟基自由基和还原力的半数清除率IC₅₀值分别为76.42、51.40和49.15μL/mL;精油对枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌圈大小分别为14.40±0.66、11.41±0.19、11.70±0.27 mm,最低抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为2.50、10.00、10.00μL/mL,对枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制作用明显强于金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌。结果表明迷迭香精油具有较好的抗氧化、抑菌活性。     

Evaluation of antioxidant activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Melothria maderaspatana in vitro</Emphasis>

In this study, an aqueous extract of leaves from Melothria maderaspatana was tested for in vitro antioxidant activity. Free radical scavenging assays, such as hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion radical and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethyl-enzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, and reducing power assay, were studied. The extract effectively scavenged hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion radicals. It also scavenged DPPH and ABTS radicals. Furthermore, it was found to have reducing power. All concentrations of leaf extract exhibited free radical scavenging and antioxidant power, and the preventive effects were in a dose-dependent manner. The antioxidant activities of the above were compared to standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ascorbic acid, and α-tocopherol. The results obtained in the present study indicate that the M. maderaspatana extract could be considered a potential source of natural antioxidant.     

Synthesis of dimeric phenol derivatives and determination of in vitro antioxidant and radical scavenging activities

In this study, di(2,6-dimethylphenol) (Di-DMP), di(2,6-diisopropylphenol) (Di-DIP, dipropofol) and di(2,6-di-t-butylphenol) (Di-DTP) were synthesized by the reaction of monomeric phenol derivatives with catalytic CuCl(OH). TMEDA and Na₂S₂O₄. Their antioxidant capacity and radical scavenging activity were examined using different in vitro methodologies such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH·) free radical scavenging, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant activity by ferric thiocyanate, total reducing power by potassium ferricyanide reduction method, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging and ferrous ions chelating activities.     

Phytochemical Content,Antidiabetic, Anticholinergic,and Antioxidant Activities of Endemic Lecokia cretica Extracts

The aim of this work was to investigate the enzyme inhibition, antioxidant activity, and phenolic compounds of Lecokia cretica (Lam .) DC. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and α‐glycosidase enzymes were strongly inhibited by the L. cretica extracts. IC₅₀ values for the three enzymes were found as 3.21 mg/mL, 2.1 mg/mL, and 2.07 mg/mL, respectively. Antioxidant activities were examined in both aqueous and ethanol (EtOH) extracts using CUPRAC, FRAP, and DPPH method. Also, the phenolic compounds of the endemic plant were identified and quantified by using HPLC/MS/MS. According to the results, the extracts have remarkable antioxidant activities. The most abundant phenolic acids of L. cretica in EtOH extract were determined as quinic acid (12.76 mg/kg of crude extract), chlorogenic acid (3.39 mg/kg), and malic acid (2.38 mg/kg).     

Crocus cancellatus subsp. damascenus stigmas: chemical profile,and inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase and lipase,key enzymes related to type 2 diabetes and obesity

Spices are appreciated for their medicinal properties besides their use as food adjuncts to enhance the sensory quality of food. In this study, Crocus cancellatus subsp. damascenus was investigated for its antioxidant activities employing different in vitro systems. Stigma extract demonstrated a radical scavenging activity against both 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radicals with IC₅₀ values of 34.6 and 21.6?µg/mL and a good ferric reducing ability (53.9?µM Fe(II)/g). In order to clarify the potential functional properties of this spice, the carbohydrate-hydrolysing enzymes and pancreatic lipase inhibitory properties were investigated. Crocus cancellatus subsp. damascenus extract inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase with IC₅₀ values of 57.1 and 68.6?µg/mL, respectively. The bioactivity was discussed in terms of phytochemicals content. The obtained results may be of interest from a functional point of view or as food additive and to promote the revalorization of this species.     

药用真菌灵芝液体培养过程中的抗氧化活性研究

灵芝Ganoderma lingzhi是一种重要的药用真菌,已被《中国药典》正式收录。本研究主要以菌丝体干重、多糖含量、多酚含量、黄酮含量、抗坏血酸（ascorbic acid,AA）含量、总抗氧化能力（total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC）、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活性、羟自由基清除能力、超氧阴离子清除能力、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基清除能力、2,2′-连氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)[2,2′-azino-bis(3- ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid),ABTS]自由基清除能力、铁离子还原能力（ferric reducing antioxidant power,FRAP）和亚铁离子螯合能力为测定指标,对灵芝液体培养过程中的抗氧化活性进行了评价。结果显示,该菌具有较高的抗氧化活性,体现在液体培养过程中生长代谢旺盛,可分泌大量多糖、多酚、黄酮、AA等物质和SOD等酶类,对羟自由基、超氧阴离子、DPPH自由基及ABTS自由基等的清除效果显著,且具有较强的铁离子还原能力和亚铁离子螯合作用,这也说明该菌的抗氧化活性与其自身的生长状况、次级代谢产物分泌及还原能力等密切相关。此外,一定的环境胁迫压力也可以激发该菌启动自身的抗氧化系统以保护机体免受氧化损伤。     

Honey as an apitherapic product: its inhibitory effect on urease and xanthine oxidase

The aim of this study was to evaluate new natural inhibitor sources for the enzymes urease and xanthine oxidase (XO). Chestnut, oak and polyfloral honey extracts were used to determine inhibition effects of both enzymes. In addition to investigate inhibition, the antioxidant capacities of these honeys were determined using total phenolic content (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and DPPH radical scavenging activity assays. Due to their high phenolic content, chestnut and oak honeys are found to be a powerful source for inhibition of both enzymes. Especially, oak honeys were efficient for urease inhibition with 0.012–0.021?g/mL IC₅₀ values, and also chestnut honeys were powerful for XO inhibition with 0.028–0.039?g/mL IC₅₀ values. Regular daily consumption of these honeys can prevent gastric ulcers deriving from Helicobacter pylori and pathological disorders mediated by reactive oxygen species.