The "school trap": a mechanism promoting large-amplitude out-of-phase population oscillations of small pelagic fish species

Small coastal pelagic marine fishes often form mixed schools containing two or more species. Individuals of a less abundant species, which are entrained in schools that are dominated numerically by a more abundant species, may be adversely impacted. This may help to account for an observed pattern of strong alternations in dominance between sardines and anchovies in a number of regions of the world's oceans.     

Intrusions of the Kuroshio Current in the northern South China Sea affect copepod assemblages of the Luzon Strait

We analyse the influence of the Kuroshio Current on copepod assemblages in the northern South China Sea. The assumption was tested whether predominant current regimes bring marine zooplankton and Copepoda from subtropical and tropical waters to the south of Taiwan. A total of 101 copepod species were identified from 26 families and 48 genera that include Calanoida, Cyclopoida, Harpacticoida and Poecilostomatoida. High copepod abundances in the study area are shown to be caused by both, a year-round Kuroshio Current intrusion and the SW monsoon, prevailing in the South China Sea during summer. Calanus sinicus did not appear in the samples, indicating that there was no cold water mass intrusion in the area during sampling. Both, the intrusion of the Kuroshio Branch Current to the Luzon Strait and the South China Sea circulation may play a more important role in shaping copepod assemblages in the region than hitherto expected. The abundance of copepods was higher above the 50 m isoline than at deeper strata. Species number and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index were higher with increasing depth. Copepod assemblage structure changed with different sampling depth and different sampling areas. Copepod abundance and species richness were higher in the northern South China Sea than in the Kuroshio Current area, and higher at lower latitudes than at higher latitudes. Some indicator species are characteristic for the Kuroshio Current and indicate with others that the study area accomodated water masses from the northern South China Sea as well as from the Kuroshio Current.     

我国生物医药企业发展建议

近年来,国外生物医药产业发展迅速,在发达国家,生物医药产品在药品市场中已占有了重要地位,哺乳动物细胞表达的产品已经占据生物医药的主流地位。相比之下,我国生物医药品种主要采用简单的大肠杆菌、酵母表达技术,技术难度较高的哺乳动物细胞药品与国外差距显著,因此,哺乳动物表达的生物药品将成为国内生物医药企业的重要发展机会。多年来,鉴于我国从发达国家获得生物技术转让少,国内生物医药发展需立足于自主研发,建立高效的研发技术平台,选择合适的开发项目,促进企业的发展。     

Winter spatial distribution of fish larvae assemblages relative to the hydrography of the waters surrounding Taiwan

The aim of this study was to investigate the species composition and distribution of fish larvae in relation to hydrographic conditions in the waters surrounding Taiwan Island (TI) in February 2003. In total, 242 kinds of fish larvae belonging to 127 genera and 75 families were recognized. Among these, 109 taxa were identified to the family or genus level, others to the species level. The 12 predominant types, which constituted 71% of the total fish larvae, were Engraulis japonica, Scomber sp., Diaphus spp., Benthosema pterotum, Carangoides ferdau, Embolichthys mitsukurii, Maurolicus sp., unidentified Myctophidae, Gonostoma gracile, Trichiurus lepturus, unidentified Gobiidae, and Myctophum asperum. The distribution of fish larvae showed a clear association with water masses around TI, with higher abundances and lower species richness northwest of TI where the China Coastal Current prevails, and lower abundances and higher species diversity east of TI where the Kuroshio Current dominates. Cluster analysis distinguished three station groups and four species groups, and the distribution patterns of fish larvae also corresponded to hydrographic conditions. The total abundances of fish larvae and eight of the 12 predominant taxa showed significant and positive correlations with zooplankton abundance, which suggests that food source might be a key factor determining the abundance and distribution of fish larvae during the winter.     

对虾转基因研究的现状和展望

随着生物技术的发展,通过基因工程手段获得对虾新品种成为可能,然而经过十几年努力,目前对虾转基因研究依然处于初级阶段。各国科学家正在加紧研究,争取有所突破。综述了近年来国内外对虾转基因研究的进展以及目前面临的技术和安全问题,同时对未来对虾的转基因技术发展和应用前景进行了讨论 。     

植物小RNA的研究进展

在植物中发现大量内源性的小RNA,它们与真核生物中的内源性的微RNA和外源性的干扰小RNA有类似的性质和功能。本对植物中小RNA分子的分布、作用机制、功能以及信号传导等方面作一概述。     

Bt杀虫剂研究进展

概述了害虫对转苏云金杆菌（Bacillusthuringiensis,简称Bt）抗虫基因植物的行为学反应、Bt毒素基因的鉴定和定位、Bt辅助蛋白、昆虫对Bt毒素的抗性机理、天敌与转Bt基因抗虫植物的协同控害作用、Bt安全性方面的研究现状,提出了今后的研究方向。     

Paleoceanographic history around the Tsugaru Strait between the Japan Sea and the Northwest Pacific Ocean since 30 cal kyr BP

The paleoceanographic history around the Tsugaru Strait since 30.0 cal kyr BP was reconstructed using ecological and biogeographical habitats of diatom species and Q-mode factor analysis of diatom flora in six piston cores. At 30.0-17.5 cal kyr BP, a fall in sea level and the intensification of the Oyashio Current caused erosion of submarine sediments near the shore in the eastern area of the Strait and led to deposition of the third and second sequences of thinly laminated layers (TL3 and TL2) in the Japan Sea. At 17.5-11.5 cal kyr BP, cooling intensified around the Strait, producing an inflow of Oyashio water into the Japan Sea through the Strait. At 15.5-14.5 cal kyr BP, a cold-water mass around the Strait developed from subarctic sea-ice to arctic waters. At 13.0-11.2 cal kyr BP, the Younger Dryas cooling was clearly recorded by the increasing of oceanic cold-water diatom species in the eastern area of the Tsugaru Strait but not in the Japan Sea. At 15.5-13.0 cal kyr BP and 11.25-10.25 cal kyr BP, the warming around the Younger Dryas resulted in the deposition of thinly laminated layers off Shimokita in the eastern area of the Strait. At 9.5 cal kyr BP, the Oyashio Current water intruded into deep depths in the mixed water region off Sanriku. At 9.5-7.0 cal kyr BP, the fluctuation of 1.5-kyr intervals in the strength of the Tsushima Warm Current system in the Japan Sea was initiated.     

中药天麻的研究现状

天麻是我国传统名贵中草药,近年来的研究表明,天麻对中枢神经系统有镇静止痛作用,能增强心肌收缩力,增加冠脉流量,降低外周血压,抗缺血缺氧,并能增强免疫功能．天麻能提高SOD抗氧化酶的活力,消除氧自由基。天麻无任何毒副作用,可反复给药,是一种药理作用广泛的中药材。     

Population genetics of the common long-armed octopus Octopus minor (Sasaki, 1920) (Cephalopoda: Octopoda) in Chinese waters based on microsatellite analysis

Octopus minor (Sasaki, 1920) is a commercially important cephalopod in Chinese waters. To provide a theoretical basis for resource protection and sustainable management, we investigated genetic structure of ten O. minor populations in Chinese waters using microsatellite DNA markers. Eight microsatellite loci revealed high allelic diversity with 11–26 alleles per locus. Observed and expected heterozygosity varied from 0.412 to 0.900 and from 0.337 to 0.845, respectively. The overall F_ST value was 0.198, indicating great genetic differentiation among populations. The F_ST value between Yilan and other populations reached more than 0.3 that may be indicative of subspecies rank. Mantel test showed significant correlations between genetic and geographic distance (R = 0.383, P = 0.004) indicating that genetic differentiation of O. minor conformed to a pattern of isolation-by-distance. Using the Neighbor-joining method, cluster analysis divided nine populations into three groups and divided ten populations into two groups wherein Yilan was distinguished from the other populations. Analysis based on F_ST, D_c values and clustering highlighted the heterogeneity of Yilan and the relative homogeneity between Yilan and Ganyu. The significant population genetic structure of O. minor is related to the combined effects of geographical barriers, current features and life history characteristics.     

军队医院文职人员职业性质及社会地位现状的调查研究

目的:分析军队医院文职人员的社会性质及地位,调查现役干部对文职人员性质地位的认知情况,为开设针对性的教育管理工作提供理论指导。方法:对我院56名现役干部和78名文职人员进行问卷调查,对结果进行汇总研究,分析医院文职人员的现状及干部对其性质地位的认知情况。结果:现役干部对文职人员缺乏足够的理解,存在受阻、延迟和弱化的现象;文职人员本身由于对自身权利义务认识不足以及在情感上难以融入军营,身份认同存在难度。结论:提高对军队文职人员的认识,充分发挥军队文职人员队伍的作用,必须提升文职人员的社会效应,加强教育管理,完善培养机制,多方面提升对军队文职人员的认知。     

Influence of nutrients and currents on the genomic composition of microbes across an upwelling mosaic

Metagenomic data sets were generated from samples collected along a coastal to open ocean transect between Southern California Bight and California Current waters during a seasonal upwelling event, providing an opportunity to examine the impact of episodic pulses of cold nutrient-rich water into surface ocean microbial communities. The data set consists of ∼5.8 million predicted proteins across seven sites, from three different size classes: 0.1–0.8, 0.8–3.0 and 3.0–200.0 μm. Taxonomic and metabolic analyses suggest that sequences from the 0.1–0.8 μm size class correlated with their position along the upwelling mosaic. However, taxonomic profiles of bacteria from the larger size classes (0.8–200 μm) were less constrained by habitat and characterized by an increase in Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Flavobacteria and double-stranded DNA viral sequences. Functional annotation of transmembrane proteins indicate that sites comprised of organisms with small genomes have an enrichment of transporters with substrate specificities for amino acids, iron and cadmium, whereas organisms with larger genomes have a higher percentage of transporters for ammonium and potassium. Eukaryotic-type glutamine synthetase (GS) II proteins were identified and taxonomically classified as viral, most closely related to the GSII in Mimivirus, suggesting that marine Mimivirus-like particles may have played a role in the transfer of GSII gene functions. Additionally, a Planctomycete bloom was sampled from one upwelling site providing a rare opportunity to assess the genomic composition of a marine Planctomycete population. The significant correlations observed between genomic properties, community structure and nutrient availability provide insights into habitat-driven dynamics among oligotrophic versus upwelled marine waters adjoining each other spatially.     

Larval fish variability in response to oceanographic features in a nearshore nursery area

The influence of oceanographic features on ichthyoplankton assemblages in the warm temperate nearshore region of Algoa Bay, South Africa, was assessed. The nearshore ichthyoplankton comprised 88 taxa from 34 families. Samples were collected at six stations between August 2010 and July 2012 using a plankton ring net of 750 mm diameter and 500 µm mesh aperture. The majority of larvae collected were in a preflexion stage, indicating the potential importance of the nearshore for newly hatched larvae. Engraulidae dominated the catch (38·4%), followed by Cynoglossidae (28·1%) and Sparidae (8·4%). Larval fish abundance was highest during austral spring and summer (September to February). Unique patterns in responses of each dominant fish species to oceanographic features in the nearshore indicate the sensitivity of the early developmental stage to environmental variables. Using generalized linear models, ichthyoplankton abundance responded positively to upwelling and when warm water plumes originating from an Agulhas Current meander entered Algoa Bay. Highest abundances of Engraulis encrasicolus and Sardinops sagax were observed during Agulhas Plume intrusions into Algoa Bay. When a mixed and stratified water column persisted in the nearshore region of Algoa Bay, larval fish abundance decreased. The nearshore region of Algoa Bay appears to serve as a favourable environment for the accumulation of ichthyoplankton.     

白细胞介素在骨性关节炎中发病机制中的研究现状

骨性关节炎(OA)是临床上常见的关节疾病之一,严重影响患者的关节功能和生活质量,由多种因素相互作用致病,多发于老年人,但是具体的发病原因尚未明确,因此给临床治疗造成障碍。目前研究认为白细胞介素在OA的发生及发展过程中起主要作用,因此可以将白细胞介素作为治疗OA的靶点,为治疗OA提供新思路。本文主要就不同种类白细胞介素在OA的发病机制中的作用进行综述。     

示波极谱滴定法测定植物中钾含量的研究

示波极谱滴定法测定植物中的钾未见报道,本文用示波极谱滴定法对植物中钾的测定,做了多方面的研究。实验表明以ＨＡｃ－ＮａＡｃ为底液ｐＨ＝５．０的缓冲溶液中,加入过量的标准四苯研究钠（Ｎａ－ＴＰＢ）溶液,然后用标准ＡｆＮＯ３溶液滴定过量的四苯硼钠,利用四苯硼钠示波极谱曲线（ｄＥ／ｄｔ＝ｆ（Ｅ））上有切口,并和Ａｇ＋能定量反应,使切口消失为终点。测定结果满意。该法直观、简便、快速、灵敏、准确、不用加指示剂。溶液混浊、沉淀及有色,均不干扰测定,适用于植物中钾的测定。     

Assay of L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase by high performance liquid chromatography

A method is presented for the assay, by high-performance liquid chromatography, of l-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase. The K_m value of the enzyme for 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) was, by this procedure, 0.16 mm, in good agreement with previous reports. When α-methyldopa was used as substrate, evidence was obtained indicating the formation of, besides α-methyldopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetone, presumably through an internal transamination process.     

Patterns in marine hydrozoan richness and biogeography around southern Africa: implications of life cycle strategy

Aim To examine patterns of marine hydrozoan richness around southern Africa and to test the hypothesis that patterns of biogeography become weaker with increasing dispersal ability. Location The coastline of southern Africa from 21° S, 14° E to 28° S, 33° E, extending from the intertidal zone seawards a distance of 200 nautical miles. Methods Published and unpublished information on the distribution of marine Hydrozoa was entered as presence/absence data onto a gridded coastline of the region. A similarity matrix between the species composition of grid squares was constructed using the Bray–Curtis index and visualized using non-metric multidimensional scaling ordinations. Separate analyses were conducted, and compared, on the three major life cycle groupings: holoplanktic, meroplanktic and benthic. Results Over 450 species of marine Hydrozoa have been reported from the region, and species richness increases eastwards, in a manner at odds with the distribution of sampling effort. There was a significant correlation between the geographic structures of the resemblance matrices generated for the three life cycle groupings. In other words, all three groups showed similar patterns of biogeography around the region, and these were broadly similar to those reported by others. However, there were differences between them that reflect the resolution at which the data were examined. At a level of 40% similarity, there was no biogeographic structure to the holoplanktic fauna, the meroplanktic taxa were simply sub-divided into cool- and warm-temperate/subtropical elements, and in the case of benthic taxa, the cool-water fauna was further split into a southern Namaqua and a depauperate northern Namib component. Even at a resolution of 70% similarity, the holopelagic taxa could be separated only into cool-temperate and warm-temperate/subtropical faunas. Main conclusions Holoplanktic taxa show comparatively less biogeographic structure than meroplanktic taxa, which in turn show less clearly defined biogeographic structure than benthic taxa. It is suggested that this is related to the interaction between oceanography and dispersive-stage duration. The role that the Agulhas Current plays in influencing the Benguela Current fauna is highlighted. This study has implications for conservation planning exercises based on protecting representative biotopes in different biogeographic regions.     

Changes in pelagic Polychaete assemblages along the California current system

The composition, abundance, species richness and structural changes of the planktonic polychaete assemblages were analysed along a latitudinal transect in the California Current System (California, U.S.A. and Baja California, Mexico). The biological (species and abundance) and physical (temperature and salinity) data were analysed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The principal water masses in the survey area were determined. Twenty-four holoplanktonic species belonging to families Alciopidae, Iospilidae, Lopadorhynchidae, Tomopteridae and Typhloscolecidae were identified. Three clear species assemblages were discerned in the PCA results: 1. A `north group' (from Oregon-California border to San Francisco), with relatively high species richness (11) and the highest mean abundance (121 ind. per 500 m<sup>3</sup>) was characterised by Tomopteris septentrionalis, T. planktonis, Plotohelmis tenuis, and Travisiopis lobifera. California Current Water and Subtropical Central Water were present in the area occupied by this assemblage. 2. A `south group' (from off Bahía Magdalena to Cabo San Lucas), with the highest species richness (16), but low mean abundance (37.8 ind. per 500 m³); it included tropical affinity species, such Lopadorhynchus henseni, Tomopteris nationalis, and Travisiopsis dubia. In concordance Surface Equatorial Water was identified in this region. 3. A `transition group' (between the north and south regions) recorded the lowest mean abundance (2.3 ind. per 500 m³) and species richness (9). Only the California Current Water was detected in this area. The spatial pattern of species richness found along of this transect, was at least, partially due to the planktonic productivity distribution in the epipelagic region and the influence of several water masses coming from different directions.     

On the coexistence of three predatory stonefly species in a central Japanese stream

Three large-bodied stonefly species (Paragnetina tinctipennis, Oyamia lugubris, and Kamimuria tibialis) coexist in a central Japanese stream. These species have been classified as predators. Here we study their microhabitat use while focusing on the physical environments, physiological activity, and food resources. We show that Paragnetina uses a niche with faster currents than other species throughout the year. Oyamia has seasonal flexibility in microhabitat preference, physiological activity, and food resources. Kamimuria is a rather stable species, independent of seasonal patterns.