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1.
Starch-gel electrophoretic variants of erythrocyte 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in asian macaques 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
W. Prychodko M. Goodman B. M. Singal M. L. Weiss G. Ishimoto T. Tanaka 《Primates; journal of primatology》1971,12(2):175-182
Five alleles with eight electrophoretic phenotypes of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were found in 1,195 blood samples from fourteen populations of nine macaque species.Macaca fascicularis from Malaya showed the most polymorphism, with three Pgd alleles resulting in five phenotypes.Macaca mulatta, M. speciosa, M. nemestrina, andM. cyclopis had two alleles each (although the last two species showed a high percentage of homozygosity). The remaining four species (M. fuscata, M. radiata, M. maura, andM. nigra) were homozygous for the Pgda allele. The predominance of Pgda was observed in all macaque species, exceptM. speciosa which showed a high (57%) frequency of Pgdd. The distinctive position ofM. speciosa with regard to 6PGD variants parallels observations that indicate that this species carries transferrin and carbonic anhydrase I alleles in different frequencies from those of the other macaque species. Other similarities between the patterns of transferrin and 6PGD variations include a tendency toward homozygosity at the Pgd locus in the insular macaque forms. However, in this case only the Pgda allele is involved, while some variation was found in the transferrin alleles fixed by the founder effect in the insular macaques.This research was supported by NSF grants GF 253, GB 7426, and GB 15060 of the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Science and Systematic Biology Programs. 相似文献
2.
S. C. Antón 《International journal of primatology》1996,17(3):401-427
Primates with diets that require greater occlusal forces to process exhibit anteroposteriorly shorter, vertically deeper faces,
more anteriorly placed masseter attachment areas, and broader, taller mandibular corpora compared to closely related species/populations.
Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)eat different, perhaps mechanically tougher to process, foods than other macaques do. Accordingly, they should exhibit structural
features of the skull related to dissipating great occlusal loads. To test this hypothesis I compared cranial variables amongst
wild-caught, adult female skulls (n = 85) of M. fuscataand three other macaque species (M. mulatta, M. fascicularis,and M. nemestrina)and applied least-squares and reduced-major-axis regression analysis and principal components analysis (PCA) to 17 cranial
variables reflecting facial, vault, and mandibular dimensions. When scaled for size, the Japanese macaque has a vertically
deeper and anteroposteriorly shorter face,a broader but not taller mandibular corpus, and a more anteriorly placed masseter muscle than the other three macaques do.
The first PCA axis isolates variation due to a suite of characters related to mechanical efficiency in dissipating occlusal
loads (vertically deep face and broad corpus) and differentiates the Japanese macaques from the other species. This, coupled
with reported dietary differences among species, suggests that Japanese macaques are selected for dissipating greater occlusal
loads than other macaques are. The presence of a narrow mandible relative to cranial breadth and a hyperrobust mandibular
corpus width suggests that axial torsion is a significant influence in the masticatory regime of M. fuscata.The lack of an increase in corpus height indicates that parasagittal bending is not as significant an influence. Geographic
and climatic influences cannot account for the patterns of variation between M. fuscataand the other macaques. 相似文献
3.
As the serum transferrin polymorphism was observed in several macaque species, we considered it as one of the best markers
for the study of population genetics of Japanese macaques,Macaca fuscata. In this work the genetic variants of transferrin (Tf) of 1,451 blood samples from 37 troops of this species were tested.
The troops showing the variation of Tf were Fukushima, Yugawara T, Ihama, Ryozenyama, Mikata I and II, Takahama, Takahama
(Otomi), Arashiyama A, Minoh A and B, Kohchi, Mihara, Shimane, and Tomogashima. The wild-type allele of this species was Tf
F, and the variant alleles detected in these troops were E, G−, G, and H′. The alleles E, G and H′ were probably identical with those reported in several macaque species byIshimoto (1972), but the identification of allele G− could not be done. 相似文献
4.
Ruliang Pan N. G. Jablonski C. Oxnard L. Freedman 《Primates; journal of primatology》1998,39(4):519-537
As a first step in reviewing the classification of the two stump-tailed macaque species,Macaca arctoides andM. thibetana, as compared with other species of the genusMacaca, 72 linear dental and cranial variables of 11 macaque species were examined by morphometric analyses. The results indicate
that the two stump-tailed species are the largest of the macaques and although rather similar overall, they exhibit significant
differences in the pattern of variation in most of the five skull regions as shown by Principal Components and Canonical Variate
Analyses. Euclidean Distances based on Canonical Variate scores indicate that the females ofM. arctoides andM. thibetana are more widely separated than eight other pairs of macaque species, and that the separations of the respective males are
greater than those of three other pairs of species. These findings are consistent withFooden's classification of the stump-tailed macaques as two separate species (Fooden, 1976;Fooden et al., 1985). The present results suggest, as other researchers have proposed on the basis of external features, biochemistry
and genetics, that the two stump-tailed macaque species andM. assamensis are closely related. The results also tentatively imply associations withM. fuscata andM. sylvanus but these require further study. The findings have implications for the assessment of the various Chinese Pleistocene macaque
fossils. 相似文献
5.
G. Hohmann 《Primates; journal of primatology》1989,30(3):325-345
Field observations and spectrographic analyses of sound recordings of South Indian bonnet macaques revealed a vocal repertoire
of at least 25 basic patterns. The repertoire consists of well separated sound classes and acoustic categories connected by
structural intergradation. Besides structural variations within and between different elements of the repertoire, the vocal
system ofMacaca radiata is characterized by regular combinations of particular basic patterns. These combinations occurred not only between calls
of similar structure and function but also between calls usually emitted in entirely different social contexts. According
to the qualitative analysis, sex-specific asymmetries of the vocal behaviour were less pronounced than age-dependent characteristics.
The comparison of clear call vocalizations ofMacaca radiata andM. fuscata revealed significant species-specific differences on the structural and the behavioural level. Evaluations of the structural
features of alarm calls of various macaque species imply marked differences between members of thefascicularis group andsinica group on one hand and thesilenus group andarctoides group on the other. 相似文献
6.
Jean J. Burton 《Primates; journal of primatology》1977,18(2):359-366
A short observation of a free ranging Japanese macaque troop at her feeding place provides some evidence about the absence
of spontaneous instrumental cooperative behavior in a food getting situation. The experimental situation was designed to test
the posibility inMacaca fuscata of collaborative action (removing of heavy baited stones) and sharing of reward. Out of approximately 100 situations only
26 were of social interest. Sixteen in a tolerant fashion and 10 in aggressive one.
Of special interest is that the tolerant cases are almost all the fact of individuals from same affiliative groups and/or
from same age’s class (juveniles). Conversely the aggressive cases occur between individuals from different affiliative groups.
This is to be related with the social organisation ofMacaca fuscata troop. If the environmental pressure was powerful enough to associate some individuals on the same job this was likely to
happen between already acquainted (through grooming for example) individuals.
相似文献
7.
Kawamoto Y 《Primates; journal of primatology》2005,46(3):203-206
A macaque population produced by the hybridization of native Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) and introduced Taiwanese macaques (M. cyclopis) in Wakayama Prefecture was shown to possess three DNA haplotypes of the natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1). Based on genotyping and comparison with M. fuscata populations, it was revealed that the introduced M. cyclopis population was polymorphic for the NRAMP1 locus. Extensive crossbreeding of the introduced species with the native species was confirmed using this genetic marker and the proportion of M. cyclopis genes was 57.4%. Results of statistical tests suggested non-random mating in the hybrid population. 相似文献
8.
X. Domingo-Roura T. Lpez-Girldez M. Shinohara O. Takenaka 《American journal of primatology》1997,43(4):357-360
We describe seven polymorphic microsatellites isolated from a Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) genomic library selected for (GT)n content. The primer sets amplified from four to 11 different alleles in a sample of 14 Japanese macaques from nine different sites along the central and southern distribution of the species. These heterologous primers also detected variability in four other cercopithecine species. Am. J. Primatol. 43:357–360, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
9.
Kyoko Moriyama 《Primates; journal of primatology》1983,24(1):94-108
When the functional differentiation of 83 kinds of limb and trunk muscles ofMacaca fuscata was investigated on the basis of the activities of two glycolytic enzymes [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aldolase] and
one oxidative enzyme [succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)], the forelimb rather than the hindlimb muscles proved have higher oxidative
activities. These results indicated that, inMacaca fuscata, the forelimb muscles have a higher resistance to fatigue, and that the hindlimb muscles have a higher tetanic tension on
the basis of the relationships between enzymatic activities and functional properties of the muscle fiber types. These findings
were interpreted in relation to the fact thatMacaca fuscata is a quadrupedal primate with arboreal habits, as compared with nonprimate terrestrial quadrupeds. The two-joint muscles
and the superficial muscles contract more rapidly than do the other muscles in the hindlimb, thereby suggesting that both
types of muscles readily adapt to quick movement. 相似文献
10.
Yuzuru Hamada 《Primates; journal of primatology》1984,25(4):485-506
A method based on the Fourier analysis is proposed, which describes and analyzes the contour morphology of carpal bones by
separating morphology into factors of shape and size. Here, “size” refers to the average diameter of the contour. The “shape”
is expressed byshape factors which are derived from the Fourier series and the “shape” of a monkey is expressed by ashape index which is calculated fromshape factors. The age change in the morphology of the lunate and capitate ofMacaca fuscata fuscata was analyzed by this method. The development of “shape” approximately completes by 3 years of age, whereas increase in “size”
begins its spurt at that age as do body weight and anterior trunk length. By applying this method to other macaque species,
it was found thatM. mulatta, M. f. yakui andM. cyclopis exhibit similar patterns of growth and development of carpal bones to those ofM. f. fuscata. Patterns found inM. fascicularis differ in that its bones develop faster than in the other macaques with respect to the “shape,” but remain small with respect
to the “size.” 相似文献
11.
Daris R. Swindler 《Primates; journal of primatology》1995,36(4):583-589
Recently,Yoshikawa andDeguchi (1992) reported an unusually high frequency (40%) of two-rooted maxillary canines inMacaca fuscata females and a complete absence of this trait in males. In the present study, canine root development and morphology was examined
using cephalographs taken on 50 male and 50 femaleMacaca nemestrina, and 20 male and 20 femalePapio cynocephalus for comparison with the Japanese macaque. The results showed no double-rooted canines present in either species in the upper
or lower canines. This supports the general rule that, among primates, canines possess a single-root. It was further suggested
that the two-rooted canines inM. fuscata may be the result of the founder effect, i.e. that the genes for this trait may have been carried by the initial populations
when they arrived on the islands sometime during the middle to late Pleistocene. 相似文献
12.
Jack Fooden 《Primates; journal of primatology》1971,12(3-4):305-311
Penial morphology was studied in six preserved specimens of the Japanese macaque,Macaca fuscata. Structure of the glans penis and baculum inM. fuscata is essentially similar to that in the rhesus macaque,M. mulatta. With age the skin of the penis inM. fuscata apparently becomes progressively more darkly and extensively pigmented, and the baculum becomes progressively longer. One immature specimen examined, with penial skin unpigmented and baculum cartilaginous, appears to be abnormally retarded in penial development. Penial morphology suggests that the allopatric speciesM. fuscata, M. mulatta, M. cyclopis, andM. fascicularis constitute a closely interrelated group. Contrary to a previous report, there is no evidence that penial morphology inM. fuscata is transitional to that inM. radiata andM. sinica. InM. fuscata, M. mulatta, andM. fascicularis, latitudinal variation of body size and relative tail length conforms toBergmann's rule andAllen's rule; external proportions in three specimens ofM. cyclopis only partly conform to this pattern. 相似文献
13.
Kenji Hayasaka Yoshi Kawamoto Takasyoshi Shotake Ken Nozawa 《Primates; journal of primatology》1987,28(4):507-516
The genetic variations of 35 individuals of the Shimokita A1 troop of mainland Japanese macaques,Macaca fuscata fuscata, which live at the northern end of the habitat of the species, were investigated using 33 electrophoretically detectable
blood protein loci. Among the loci examined, six were polymorphic. The average heterozygosity per individual was calculated
as 0.0442. This was the highest value among all troops of Japanese macaques so far investigated. The mainland macaques of
the Shimokita A1 troop were more differentiated genetically from other mainland macaque troops than were Yaku macaques, the
subspeciesM. f. yakui. 相似文献
14.
Two macaque fossil teeth from the Japanese Pleistocene 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
Two fossil teeth of the Pleistocene macaque of Japan are stated to be those ofMacaca cf.fuscata. One of them is a lower canine tooth found in the Shiriya mine in northern Japan. It has been thought that the fossil assemblage of the Shiriya mine is of the late Pleistocene. The canine concerned is not distinguishable from the lower right one of the living female Japanese monkey. The other is a lower molar taken from the Ando quarry in western Japan. The fossil assemblage from the Ando quarry or from sites neighbouring the quarry indicates that the age of the molar can be traced back to the middle Pleistocene. The molar concerned has a somewhat buccolingually depressed crown as compared with that of the living Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata). 相似文献
15.
Kikuchi Y 《Primates; journal of primatology》2004,45(2):129-134
I conducted quantitative analyses of the cross-sectional shape of the distal radial shaft in three species of macaques, which differ in locomotor behavior: semi-terrestrial Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), arboreal long tailed macaques (M. fascicularis), and relatively terrestrial rhesus macaques (M. mulatta). I took CT scans of the distal radial shafts of a total of 180 specimens at the level of the inferior radio-ulnar articulation. From each CT image, the periosteal outline of the radius was traced automatically by a digital imaging technique. I determined five points (landmarks) on the outline by developing a standardized morphometric technique. Bone surface lengths were measured by using these landmarks and their soft tissue correlates were investigated. The results of this study were as follows: (1) Semi-terrestrial M. fuscata has features that are approximately intermediate between those of the other two species. M. fuscata has a relatively small groove for M. abductor pollicis longus and a large groove for Mm. extensor carpi radialis longus et brevis. These characters resemble those of M. fascicularis. On the other hand, the ulnar notch of M. fuscata is relatively large, a character which is similar to that of M. mulatta. Moreover, compared to the other two macaques, the surface of the flexor muscles of M. fuscata is intermediate in size. (2) The more terrestrial M. mulatta has a relatively large groove for M. abductor pollicis longus and a small groove for Mm. extensor carpi radialis longus et brevis. Moreover, M. mulatta has a relatively large ulnar notch and a small surface for the flexor muscles. (3) The arboreal M. fascicularis has similar features to those of M. fuscata for the first and second relative size index. However, in the ulnar notch, M. fascicularis has a peculiar character and the surface for the flexor muscles is relatively large compared to those of the other two species. These results can be interpreted in terms of positional habits and presumed functional demands. A form-functional study by Lemelin and Schmitt also corroborates the interpretations of the present study. Thus, the distal region of the forearm strongly reflects muscular development and joint resultant force, and is an important region for investigating locomotor adaptations in primates. The present study reveals the possibility of using this type of morphometric analysis for reconstructing the positional behavior of fossil primates. 相似文献
16.
Tanaka I 《Primates; journal of primatology》2004,45(3):205-206
A nulliparous pregnant Japanese macaque, Macaca fuscata, suckled her 1-year-old sister 44 days before her own parturition. Other Japanese macaque yearlings did not hold the nipples of this nulliparous female in their mouths. Although this non-offspring nursing before first parturition did not improve the rate of milk secretion, the nulliparous female may have improved her indirect fitness and her suckling behavior. 相似文献
17.
The tryptic peptides comprising the aminoethylated β-hemoglobin chain of Macaca nemestrina were isolated by paper electrophoresis and chromatography. The results of stains for specific amino acids, comparison of peptide maps with those produced by aminoethlated β chains from human hemoglobin A, and amino acid analyses of all peptides in the macaque β chain support the conclusion that the primary structure of the β chain of M. nemestrina is identical to that of the corresponding chains of M. fuscata fuscata and M. fascicularis. The apparent evolutionary conservatism of macaque β chains is discussed in relation to the wide degree of structural variation previously observed among the α-hemoglobin chains of several species of Macaca. 相似文献
18.
Hagiwara K Tsuge Y Asakawa M Kabaya H Okamoto M Miyasho T Taniyama H Ishihara C de la Torre JC Ikuta K 《Primates; journal of primatology》2008,49(1):57-64
We have examined the seroprevalence of BDV in wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) in the peninsula (Chiba prefecture), Japan. Serum samples from macaques were examined by the ELISA, Western blot and immunofluorescence
assays to detect the presence of serum antibodies that react specifically to BDV antigens. Among 49 investigated individuals,
6 (12.2%) showed positive reaction to BDV antigens. RT-PCR studies detected BDV sequences in brain tissue of one case among
four seropositive cases examined. Sequence analysis revealed a high degree of genetic conservation between BDV sequences derived
from Japanese macaques and those documented for other animal species. Nevertheless, phylogenetic analysis revealed unique
differences between macaque and other species derived BDV sequences. 相似文献
19.
Masaki Tomonaga 《Primates; journal of primatology》1994,35(2):155-165
Five laboratory-raised Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) were presented various types of photographs of Japanese and rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in upright, horizontal, and inverted orientations in a sensory-reinforcement experiment. The ratio of the duration of potential
viewing time for the photographs which the subjects controlled to the interval between subject-controlled presentations of
them (the D/I score) was used as a measure of preference for the photographs. When inverted photographs were presented, the
D/I scores were lower than for upright photographs. The difference in D/I scores between photographs of the two species, which
indicated discriminability between them, also diminished when the photographs were inverted. The results obtained suggest
an inversion effect in face perception in macaque monkeys. 相似文献
20.
Vertical climbing is widely accepted to have played an important role in the origins of both primate locomotion and of human
bipedalism. Yet, only a few researchers have compared climbing mechanics in quadrupedal primates that vary in their degree
of arboreality. It is assumed that primates using vertical climbing with a relatively high frequency will have morphological
and behavioral specializations that facilitate efficient climbing mechanics. We test this assumption by examining whether
time spent habitually engaged in climbing influences locomotor parameters such as footfall sequence, peak forces, and joint
excursions during vertical climbing. Previous studies have shown that during climbing, the pronograde and semiterrestrial
Macaca fuscata differs in these parameters compared to the more arboreal and highly specialized, antipronograde Ateles geoffroyi. Here, we examine whether a fully arboreal, quadrupedal primate that does not regularly arm-swing will exhibit gait and force
distribution patterns intermediate between those of Macaca fuscata and Ateles geoffroyi. We collected footfall sequence, limb peak vertical forces, and 3D hindlimb excursion data for Macaca fascicularis during climbing on a stationary pole instrumented with a force transducer. Results show that footfall sequences are similar
between macaque species, whereas peak force distributions and hindlimb excursions for Macaca fascicularis are intermediate between values reported for M. fuscata and Ateles geoffroyi. These results support the notion that time spent climbing is reflected in climbing mechanics, even though morphology may
not provide for efficient mechanics, and highlight the important role of arboreal locomotor activity in determining the pathways
of primate locomotor evolution. 相似文献