中国菊科植物一新归化属--黄菊属

报道了在河北和天津发现的菊科一新记录属和一新记录种,即黄菊属Flaveria Juss.及二齿黄菊F. bidentis (L.) Kuntze,并提供墨线图.黄菊属与万寿菊属Tagetes L.和天人菊属Gaillardia Fouger.近缘,它们的共同特征是花序托无托片;不同点在于黄菊属叶对生或交互对生,常基部连合,头状花序在枝顶聚集成平顶形的伞房状或近球形的复合花序,花黄色,舌状花1(-2),冠毛缺.     

Insect and wind pollination inUrginea maritima (Liliaceae)

Three co-existing pollination mechanisms are found inUrginea maritima: insect-, wind-, and self-pollination. The flowers exhibit a typical insect-pollination syndrome; they offer abundant exposed nectar as well as pollen. Out of the many different visitors only a few could be regarded as pollinators:Apis mellifera, Polistes gallicus, andVespa orientalis. Wind pollination also occurs and generally is responsible for self-pollination.It is argued that the development of extra wind-pollination accompanied by partial self-incompatibility is an adaptation to increase pollination in an unfavourable season (August–September), when insects are scarce.     

New complexes of La(III), Ce(III), Pr(III), Nd(III), Sm(III), Eu(III) and Gd(III) ions with morin

New solid complex compounds of La(III), Ce(III), Pr(III), Nd(III), Sm(III), Eu(III) and Gd(III) ions with morin were synthesized. The molecular formula of the complexes is Ln(C₁₅H₉O₇)₃ · nH₂O, where Ln is the cation of lanthanide and n = 6 for La(III), Sm(III), Gd(III) or n = 8 for Ce(III), Pr(III), Nd(III) and Eu(III). Thermogravimetric studies and the values of dehydration enthalpy indicate that water occurring in the compounds is not present in the inner coordination sphere of the complex. The structure of the complexes was determined on the basis of UV-visible, IR, MS, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR analyses. It was found that in binding the lanthanide ions the following groups of morin take part: 3OH and 4CO in the case of complexes of La, Pr, Nd, Sm and Eu, or 5OH and 4CO in the case of complexes of Ce and Gd. The complexes are five- and six-membered chelate compounds.     

Studies in the embryology ofSenecioneae (Compositae)

Anthers are tetrasporangiate inEmilia sonchifolia andNotonia grandiflora and bisporangiate inGynura nitida. The male archesporium consists of a single row of 6–8 hypodermal cells. Development of anther walls is according to the Dicotyledonous type. The tapetum corresponds to the periplasmodial type. Both tetrahedral and isobilateral pollen tetrads are produced. The pollen grains at the time of anther dehiscence are three-celled inG. nitida andE. sonchifolia;N. grandiflora is male sterile. All the three species have Polygonum type embryo sacs with variable antipodal cells. InG. nitida andE. sonchifolia fertilization is porogamous, endosperm development is of the cellular type, and embryo development closely follows that ofSenecio vulgaris (Souèges 1920a, b).     

Studies in the embryology ofHeliantheae (Compositae)

The embryology ofLagascea mollis, Zinnia angustifolia andGalinsoga parviflora has been studied. The anther archesporium is hypodermal and consists of a single row of 6–8 cells, there are two layers below the epidermis of the anther and a periplasmodial tapetum. Ripe pollen grains are tricolpate and 3-celled. The ovary contains a single ovule, but in a few cases ofGalinsoga parviflora two ovules have been found. The female archesporium is unicellular, but sometimes more than one archesporial cell occurs inLagascea mollis andZinnia angustifolia. The embryo sac development is of the Polygonum type, the synergids are hooked, antipodal cells show great variation. The endosperm development is cellular inGalinsoga parviflora and peripheral layer persists in the mature seed. The embryo development conforms to the Senecio variation of the Asterad type. The pericarp structure and cmbryological features support the disputed systematic position ofLagascea withinHeliantheae. Part of a Ph.D. thesis, accepted at Andhra University.     

Insect-induced wind pollination of the palm Chamaedorea pinnatifrons and pollination in the related Wendlandiella sp.

In Peruvian Amazonia pollination ecology of two palms, Chamaedorea pinnatifrons (Jacq.) Oerst. and Wendlandiella sp. was studied from October 1988 to January 1990. Both palms are dioecious understory species that form locally dense populations.In C. pinnatifrons both sexes flower synchronously during the dry season. Prior to anthesis, the pendulous male inflorescence is inhabited by numerous thrips (Thysanoptera) and Ptiliidae (Coleoptera). Staminate flowers open by a small basal slit between the petals. At anthesis pollen is shed and the movements of the insects inside the flowers trigger pollen release in small clouds. Thus, the powdery pollen becomes airborne and finally air currents act as a vector, carrying pollen to the inconspicuous female plants, which usually are not visited by insects. The term insect induced wind pollination is suggested for this pollination mode. Wendlandiella flowers during four months in the dry season. Male and female plants were not visited by insects. The dry condition of the pollen indicates that anemophily is the pollination mode in Wendlandiella. Fructification is rare but the plants show intense vegetative propagation.The significance of anemophily in the tropical lowland rain forest is discussed.     

Predicting the pathway to wind pollination: heritabilities and genetic correlations of inflorescence traits associated with wind pollination in Schiedea salicaria (Caryophyllaceae)

The transition from biotic to abiotic pollination was investigated using Schiedea, a genus exhibiting a remarkable diversity of inflorescence architecture associated with pollination biology. Heritabilities and genetic correlations of inflorescence traits were estimated in gynodioecious Schiedea salicaria (Caryophyllaceae), a species that has likely undergone a recent transition to wind-pollination. Using a partial diallel crossing design, significant narrow-sense heritabilities were detected for inflorescence condensation (h2 = 0.56 to 0.68 in the two sexes) and other traits related to the extent of wind pollination in Schiedea species. Heritabilities were generally higher in hermaphrodites than in females. Strong genetic correlations may constrain the evolution of some inflorescence traits that facilitate wind pollination, such as simultaneous shortening of inflorescence length and elongation of the subtending internode. The presence of significant narrow-sense heritabilities for traits associated with wind pollination suggests, however, that selection for more effective wind pollination in the windy, pollinator-limited environments where S. salicaria grows could lead to the evolution of the highly condensed inflorescences characteristic of other wind-pollinated species of Schiedea.     

地胆草属药用植物研究进展

菊科地胆草属植物被广泛用于多个国家或地区的传统医药中,该属中的地胆草(Elephantopus scaber)具有清热、凉血、利湿的功效;我国多个民族也用来治疗感冒、肾炎、肝炎以及虫蛇咬伤等多种伤病。该属植物含有多种化学成分,按结构类型主要有倍半萜烯内酯、三萜、甾体、黄酮等化合物。现代药理研究证明该属药用植物粗提物及单体具有抗菌消炎、抗病毒、抗原虫以及抗肿瘤等多种生物活性。本文系统综述了该属药用植物传统知识、化学成分及生物活性的研究进展,可为该属植物的进一步开发利用提供参考。     

Transition from wind pollination to insect pollination in sedges: experimental evidence and functional traits

Transitions from wind pollination to insect pollination were pivotal to the radiation of land plants, yet only a handful are known and the trait shifts required are poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that a transition to insect pollination took place in the ancestrally wind-pollinated sedges (Cyperaceae) and that floral traits modified during this transition have functional significance. We paired putatively insect-pollinated Cyperus obtusiflorus and Cyperus sphaerocephalus with related, co-flowering, co-occurring wind-pollinated species, and compared pairs in terms of pollination mode and functional roles of floral traits. Experimentally excluding insects reduced seed set by 56-89% in putatively insect-pollinated species but not in intermingled wind-pollinated species. The pollen of putatively insect-pollinated species was less motile in a wind tunnel than that of wind-pollinated species. Bees, beetles and flies preferred inflorescences, and color-matched white or yellow models, of putatively insect-pollinated species over inflorescences, or color-matched brown models, of wind-pollinated species. Floral scents of putatively insect-pollinated species were chemically consistent with those of other insect-pollinated plants, and attracted pollinators; wind-pollinated species were unscented. These results show that a transition from wind pollination to insect pollination occurred in sedges and shed new light on the function of traits involved in this important transition.     

Saussurea chabyoungsanica Im (Compositae), a new species from Mt. Chabyoung-san, Korea

A new species, theSaussurea chabyoungsanica Im, is described from Mt. Chabyoung-san, Kangwon Province, Korea. The new species has long elliptic leaves with short petioles and a compact corymb which consists of many slender tubular heads and tiny pedicels. These characteristics are not seen in any otherSausurea species in Korea, Japan, and northeast China (Manchuria).Saussurea chabyoungsanica is an endemic species of Korea.     

Preparation, characterization and pH-metric measurements of 4-hydroxysalicylidenechitosan Schiff-base complexes of Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Ru(III), Rh(III), Pd(II) and Au(III)

The 4-hydroxysalicylidenechitosan Schiff-base (2CS-Hdhba) was prepared by the condensation of 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde with chitosan, and its metal complexes, [M(2CS-dhba)Cl₂(H₂O)₂] (M(III) = Fe, Ru, Rh), [M′(2CS-dhba)(AcO)(H₂O)₂] (M′(II) = Co, Ni, Cu, Zn), [Pd(2CS-dhba)Cl(H₂O)] and [Au(2CS-dhba)Cl₂], are reported. These complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, by spectral data (FTIR, solid-phase ¹³C NMR, UV–vis and ESR spectroscopy), by morphological observations (SEM and XRD), and by magnetic and thermal measurements. The Schiff base (2CS-Hdhba) behaves as a bidentate chelate with a single negative charge. The azomethine nitrogen and the deprotonated 2-hydroxy centres with the pendant glucosamine hydroxy functionality play no role in coordination. The dissociation constants of 2CS-Hdhba and the stability constants of some of its metal complexes have been determined pH-metrically.     

Interactions of spin-labeled calmodulin with trifluoperazine and phosphodiesterase in the presence of Ca(II), Cd(II), La(III), Tb(III), and Lu(III)

Bovine calmodulin analogues, spin-labeled at methionine and tyrosine residues, have been utilized in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies designed to investigate calmodulin interactions with the antipsychotic drug trifluoperazine and the calmodulin-binding protein 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. Trifluoperazine titrations of spin-labeled calmodulin analogues were carried out in the presence of Ca(II), Cd(II), and Tb(III). Similar experiments were performed with the phosphodiesterase in the presence of Ca(II), Cd(II), La(III), Tb(III), and Lu(III). EPR signals from the methionine-directed probe proved to be more sensitive to the binding of target molecules than signals from the tyrosine-directed probe, perhaps indicating that the spin-labeled methionine is at a site close to the target molecule binding site. While the binding of TFP, as monitored by EPR spectral changes in the methionine spin-labeled calmodulin, was in evidence with Ca(II), Cd(II), and all the lanthanides examined, no binding of phosphodiesterase to calmodulin could be detected in the presence of the lanthanide ions, perhaps due to inactivation of the phosphodiesterase by lanthanide ion binding. The abilities of the spin-labeled calmodulins to activate phosphodiesterase were also investigated. The spin-labeled tyrosine calmodulin was able to activate phosphodiesterase as well as native calmodulin, while a lower degree of activation was found when the spin-labeled methionine analogue was used.     

Population biology of Senecio integrifolius (Compositae), a rare plant in Sweden

In a study of natural populations of Senecio integrifolius in southern Sweden (1979–1983) seeds were found to disperse from mid-June to late July and most of them germinated in autumn. No soil seed bank was observed. On a heavily grazed site few seeds were produced but the percentage of estimated germination was high (c. 75%). In two moderately grazed habitats 8–10% of the estimated number of seeds produced in permanent plots germinated. In a lightly grazed habitat many seeds were produced but only a small percentage germinated (1.4%). In field experiments the average germination was 50–53% when newly harvested seeds were sown where the vegetation had been removed, and 20–33% when sown in undisturbed vegetation at a moderately grazed site. Germination was much lower in a lightly grazed habitat (3–12%). Survival of seedlings was much higher in heavily and moderately grazed habitats than in lightly grazed habitats. Mortality tended to be higher during the growing season (mid-April to early November) than during the winter, and increased markedly during a drought period in the summer of 1982. The half-life of plants established in 1980 varied from 39.3 years at the most intensively grazed site to 7.2 at the lightly grazed site. The number of flowering stems varied between years mainly according to weather. Few plants in the permanent plots flowered every year, the flowering being most frequent at heavily grazed sites. It is concluded that heavy grazing by cattle after seed dispersal is the appropriate management for maintaining S. integrifolius in Sweden.     

Insect and wind pollination of an alpine biennial Aconitum gymnandrum (Ranunculaceae)

Wind pollination can provide reproductive insurance for animal‐pollinated dioecious plants in the absence of available pollinators, but combinations of insect and wind pollination (ambophily) have rarely been studied in hermaphrodite herbs. We examined the stable occurrence of insect pollination and wind pollination over 4 years in a population of a biennial Aconitum species (A. gymnandrum) with actinomorphic and degenerate sepals. The total frequency of visits of two bumblebee species showed no distinct fluctuations in the studied population among the 4 years. However, seed production of netted flowers after emasculation indicated wind pollination had occurred. The seed number of bagged flowers with one visit by bumblebees was significantly less than that of netted flowers after one visit, or in control flowers. Both seed number and fruit set of netted flowers were significantly lower than in control flowers. These results suggest that wind pollination provides supplementary pollen to unvisited and/or once‐visited flowers, but accounts for only a small amount of seed production compared to bumblebee pollination in natural conditions. Such a combination of insect and wind pollination might play an important role in maintaining sexual reproduction of this biennial herb, allowing it to persist in arid habitats on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau, especially during Quaternary glacial periods when pollinator populations oscillated extensively.     

Comparative acute toxicity of gallium(III), antimony(III), indium(III), cadmium(II), and copper(II) on freshwater swamp shrimp (Macrobrachium nipponense)

Background

Acute toxicity testing were carried out the freshwater swamp shrimp, Macrobrachium nipponense, as the model animal for the semiconductor applied metals (gallium, antimony, indium, cadmium, and copper) to evaluate if the species is an suitable experimental animal of pollution in aquatic ecosystem.

Results

The static renewal test method of acute lethal concentrations determination was used, and water temperature was maintained at 24.0 ± 0.5°C. Data of individual metal obtained from acute toxicity tests were determined using probit analysis method. The median lethal concentration (96-h LC₅₀) of gallium, antimony, indium, cadmium, and copper for M. nipponense were estimated as 2.7742, 1.9626, 6.8938, 0.0539, and 0.0313 mg/L, respectively.

Conclusions

Comparing the toxicity tolerance of M. nipponense with other species which exposed to these metals, it is obviously that the M. nipponense is more sensitive than that of various other aquatic animals.     

Synthesis and photoluminescent properties of series ternary lanthanide (Eu(III), Sm(III), Nd(III), Er(III), Yb(III)) complexes containing 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-butanedionate and carbazole-functionalized ligand

A series of new ternary lanthanide complexes Ln(TFNB)₃L (where Ln = Eu, Sm, Nd, Er, Yb, TFNB = 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-butanedionate, L = 1-(4-carbazolylphenyl)-2-pyridinyl benzimidazole) have been synthesised. The photoluminescence properties and TGA of them are described in detail. The trifluorinated ligand TFNB displays excellent antenna effect to sensitize the Ln(III) ions to emit characteristic spectra. The carbazole-containing ligand L is testified to be an outstanding synergistic ligand. The luminescence properties investigated and the quantum efficiency measured in dichloromethane solution of Eu(TFNB)₃L and Sm(TFNB)₃L show that the carbazole moiety is good at absorbing energy to sensitize the metal-centered emitting states and can make the complexes more rigid, provide efficient shielding of the Ln(III) core towards external quenching compared with the reference complexes of Eu(TFNB)₃(Pybm) and Sm(TFNB)₃(Pybm) (Pybm = 2-(2-pyridine)-benzimidazole) which have no carbazole unit. The quantum efficiency of Eu(TFNB)₃L in air-equilibrated CH₂Cl₂ solution is calculated to be 14.8% by using air-equilibrated aqueous [Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺·2Cl⁻ solution as reference sample (Φ_std = 2.8%).