Ketopantoic acid reductase of Pseudomonas maltophilia 845. Purification, characterization, and role in pantothenate biosynthesis

Ketopantoic acid reductase (EC 1.1.1.169), an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of D-(-)-pantoic acid from ketopantoic acid, was purified 6,000-fold to apparent homogeneity with a 35% overall recovery from Pseudomonas maltophilia 845 and then crystallized. The relative molecular mass of the native enzyme, as estimated by the sedimentation equilibrium method, is 87,000 +/- 5,000, and the subunit molecular mass is 30,500. The enzyme shows high specificity for ketopantoic acid as a substrate (Km = 400 microM, Vm = 1,310 units/mg of protein) and NADPH as a coenzyme (Km = 31.8 microM). Only 2-keto-3-hydroxyisovalerate (Km = 8.55 mM, Vm = 35.8 units/mg) was reduced among a variety of other carbonyl compounds tested. The reaction is reversible (Km for D-(-)-pantoic acid = 52.1 mM), although the reaction equilibrium greatly favors the direction of D-(-)-pantoic acid formation. That the enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of D-(-)-pantoic acid necessary for the biosynthesis of pantothenic acid in P. maltophilia 845 is indicated by the observations that only this enzyme is missing in D-(-)-pantoate (or pantothenate)-requiring mutants derived from P. maltophilia 845 among several enzymes (i.e. ketopantoyl lactone reductase (EC 1.1.1.168) and acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase (EC 1.1.1.86], which may be concerned in the formation of D-(-)-pantoic acid, assayed, whereas it is present in substantial amounts in the parent strain and in spontaneous revertants of the mutants.     

Cloning and overexpression of ketopantoic acid reductase gene from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and its application to stereospecific production of D-pantoic acid

Ketopantoic acid (KPA) reductase catalyzes the stereospecific reduction of ketopantoic acid to d-pantoic acid. Based on the N-terminal amino acid sequence of KPA reductase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 845, the KPA reductase gene was cloned from S. maltophilia NBRC14161 and sequenced. This gene contains an open reading frame of 777 bp encoding 258 amino acid residues, and the deduced amino acid sequence showed high similarity to the SDR superfamily proteins. An expression vector, pETSmKPR, containing the full KPA reductase gene was constructed and introduced into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) to overexpress the enzyme. Bioreduction of KPA using E. coli transformant cells coexpressing KPA reductase together with cofactor regeneration enzyme gene was also performed. The conversion yield of KPA to d-pantoic acid reached over 88% with a substrate concentration up to 1.17 M.     

Biochemical characterization of a dihydromethanopterin reductase involved in tetrahydromethanopterin biosynthesis in Methylobacterium extorquens AM1

During growth on one-carbon (C1) compounds, the aerobic alpha-proteobacterium Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 synthesizes the tetrahydromethanopterin (H4MPT) derivative dephospho-H4MPT as a C1 carrier in addition to tetrahydrofolate. The enzymes involved in dephospho-H4MPT biosynthesis have not been identified in bacteria. In archaea, the final step in the proposed pathway of H4MPT biosynthesis is the reduction of dihydromethanopterin (H2MPT) to H4MPT, a reaction analogous to the reaction of the bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. A gene encoding a dihydrofolate reductase homolog has previously been reported for M. extorquens and assigned as the putative H2MPT reductase gene (dmrA). In the present work, we describe the biochemical characterization of H2MPT reductase (DmrA), which is encoded by dmrA. The gene was expressed with a six-histidine tag in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant protein was purified by nickel affinity chromatography and gel filtration. Purified DmrA catalyzed the NAD(P)H-dependent reduction of H2MPT with a specific activity of 2.8 micromol of NADPH oxidized per min per mg of protein at 30 degrees C and pH 5.3. Dihydrofolate was not a substrate for DmrA at the physiological pH of 6.8. While the existence of an H2MPT reductase has been proposed previously, this is the first biochemical evidence for such an enzyme in any organism, including archaea. Curiously, no DmrA homologs have been identified in the genomes of known methanogenic archaea, suggesting that bacteria and archaea produce two evolutionarily distinct forms of dihydromethanopterin reductase. This may be a consequence of different electron donors, NAD(P)H versus reduced F420, used, respectively, in bacteria and methanogenic archaea.     

Functional characterization of D-galacturonic acid reductase, a key enzyme of the ascorbate biosynthesis pathway, from Euglena gracilis

D-Galacturonic acid reductase, a key enzyme in ascorbate biosynthesis, was purified to homogeneity from Euglena gracilis. The enzyme was a monomer with a molecular mass of 38-39 kDa, as judged by SDS-PAGE and gel filtration. Apparently it utilized NADPH with a Km value of 62.5+/-4.5 microM and uronic acids, such as D-galacturonic acid (Km=3.79+/-0.5 mM) and D-glucuronic acid (Km=4.67+/-0.6 mM). It failed to catalyze the reverse reaction with L-galactonic acid and NADP(+). The optimal pH for the reduction of D-galacturonic acid was 7.2. The enzyme was activated 45.6% by 0.1 mM H(2)O(2), suggesting that enzyme activity is regulated by cellular redox status. No feedback regulation of the enzyme activity by L-galactono-1,4-lactone or ascorbate was observed. N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis revealed that the enzyme is closely related to the malate dehydrogenase families.     

嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌D2株单加氧酶基因的克隆与表达

构建嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌D2株荧光素样单加氧酶基因表达克隆载体,并进行融合表达。PCR扩增出嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌D2菌株基因组DNA中包含单加氧酶基因约1300bp的核酸片段,将其克隆到T载体pMD-18中进行序列测定,所得序列申请并获得GenBank登记号(GQ122330)。DNA star软件分析发现该基因片段中含有一个996bp的完整开放读码框架(ORF),与GenBank中收录的S.maltophilia R551-3(CP001111/GenomeProject17107)和K279a(AM743169)的MO基因核酸序列同源性分别为90%和89%,氨基酸序列同源性分别为93%和90%。根据该ORF序列设计分别含有BamHⅠ和HindⅢ酶切位点的表达克隆扩增引物,PCR扩增、双酶切后将产物亚克隆到pET32a载体中,经过双酶切验证,证实成功获得了表达重组载体pET32a/MO;将其转化宿主菌E.coli BL21,IPTG诱导后成功表达出54.2ku的MO融合蛋白,为该酶进一步的功能研究和开发奠定了基础。     

12-Oxophytodienoate reductase 3 (OPR3) is the isoenzyme involved in jasmonate biosynthesis

 In addition to OPR1 and OPR2, two isoenzymes of 12-oxophytodienoate reductase, a third isoform (OPR3) has recently been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. The expression of the OPR3 gene is induced not only by a variety of stimuli, such as touch, wind, wounding, UV-light and application of detergent, but also by brassinosteroids. The three enzymes were expressed in a functional form in Escherichia coli, and OPR2 was additionally expressed in insect cell cultures and overexpressed in A. thaliana. Substrate conversion was analyzed using a stereospecific assay. The results show that OPR3 effectively converts the natural (9S,13S)-12-oxophytodienoic acid [K _m = 35 μM, V _max 53.7 nkat (mg protein)⁻¹] to the corresponding 3-2(2′(Z)-pentenyl) cyclopentane-1-octanoic acid (OPC-8:0) stereoisomer while OPR1 and OPR2 convert (9S,13S)-12-oxophytodienoic acid with greatly reduced efficiency compared to OPR3. Thus, OPR3 is the isoenzyme relevant for jasmonate biosynthesis. Received: 21 October 1999 / Accepted: 10 December 1999     

Improved biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using keratinase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia R13: reaction optimization,structural characterization,and biomedical activity

Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering - In the present study, keratinase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia R13 was used for the first time as a reducing agent for the eco-friendly synthesis of...     

Purification and biochemical characterization of a moderately halotolerant NADPH dependent xylose reductase from Debaryomyces nepalensis NCYC 3413

A Xylose reductase (XR) from the halotolerant yeast, Debaryomyces nepalensis NCYC 3413 was purified to apparent homogeneity. The enzyme has a molecular mass of 74 kDa with monomeric subunit of 36.4 kDa (MALDI-TOF/MS) and pI of 6.0. The enzyme exhibited its maximum activity at pH 7.0 and 45 °C (21.2U/mg). In situ gel digestion and peptide mass fingerprinting analysis showed 12-22% sequence homology with XR from other yeasts. Inhibition of the enzyme by DEPC (diethylpyrocarbonate) confirmed the presence of histidine residue in its active site. The enzyme exhibited high preference for pentoses over hexoses with greater catalytic efficiency for arabinose than xylose. The enzyme also showed absolute specificity with NADPH over NADH. The enzyme retained 90% activity with 100 mM of NaCl or KCl and 40% activity with 1 M KCl which suggest that the enzyme is moderately halotolerant and can be utilized for commercial production of xylitol under conditions where salts are present.     

Genome Sequence of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia S028, an Isolate Harboring the AmpR-L2 Resistance Module

Multidrug-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia has emerged as an important cause of nosocomial infections, which is attributable mainly to the production of diverse β-lactamases by S. maltophilia. The L2 β-lactamase mediated by the AmpR-L2 module is the most represented lactamase. Here, we announce the genome sequence of S028, an isolate harboring the AmpR-L2 module.     

Mouse AKR1E1 is an ortholog of pig liver NADPH dependent 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase

In many organisms, glycogen gives rise to 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose (AF), which is reduced to 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol (AG). AF reductase, which catalyzes the latter reaction, was purified from pig liver, but mouse ortholog has not yet been reported. In the database, aldo-keto reductase family 1, member E1 (AKR1E1) showed highest homology to pig enzyme. We confirmed that cloned AKR1E1 is mouse ortholog based on enzymatic properties of purified recombinant protein.     

Purification of the glutamyl-tRNA reductase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii involved in delta-aminolevulinic acid formation during chlorophyll biosynthesis

The formation of delta-aminolevulinic acid, the first committed precursor in porphyrin biosynthesis, occurs in certain bacteria and in the chloroplasts of plants and algae in a three-step, tRNA-dependent transformation of glutamate. Glutamyl-tRNA reductase, the second enzyme of this pathway, reduces the activated carboxyl group of glutamyl-tRNA (Glu-tRNA) in the presence of NADPH and releases glutamate 1-semialdehyde (GSA). We have purified Glu-tRNA reductase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by employing six different chromatographic separations. The apparent molecular mass of the protein when analyzed under both denaturing (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and nondenaturing conditions (rate zonal sedimentation on glycerol gradients) was 130,000 Da; this indicates that the active enzyme is a monomer. In the presence of NADPH Glu-tRNA reductase catalyzed the reduction to GSA of glutamate acylated to the homologous tRNA. Thus, the reductase alone is sufficient for conversion of Glu-tRNA to GSA. In the absence of NADPH, a stable complex of Glu-tRNA reductase with Glu-tRNA can be isolated.     

Identification of an archaeal 2-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase catalyzing reactions involved in coenzyme biosynthesis in methanoarchaea

Two putative malate dehydrogenase genes, MJ1425 and MJ0490, from Methanococcus jannaschii and one from Methanothermus fervidus were cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and their gene products were tested for the ability to catalyze pyridine nucleotide-dependent oxidation and reduction reactions of the following alpha-hydroxy-alpha-keto acid pairs: (S)-sulfolactic acid and sulfopyruvic acid; (S)-alpha-hydroxyglutaric acid and alpha-ketoglutaric acid; (S)-lactic acid and pyruvic acid; and 1-hydroxy-1,3,4,6-hexanetetracarboxylic acid and 1-oxo-1,3,4, 6-hexanetetracarboxylic acid. Each of these reactions is involved in the formation of coenzyme M, methanopterin, coenzyme F(420), and methanofuran, respectively. Both the MJ1425-encoded enzyme and the MJ0490-encoded enzyme were found to function to different degrees as malate dehydrogenases, reducing oxalacetate to (S)-malate using either NADH or NADPH as a reductant. Both enzymes were found to use either NADH or NADPH to reduce sulfopyruvate to (S)-sulfolactate, but the V(max)/K(m) value for the reduction of sulfopyruvate by NADH using the MJ1425-encoded enzyme was 20 times greater than any other combination of enzymes and pyridine nucleotides. Both the M. fervidus and the MJ1425-encoded enzyme catalyzed the NAD(+)-dependent oxidation of (S)-sulfolactate to sulfopyruvate. The MJ1425-encoded enzyme also catalyzed the NADH-dependent reduction of alpha-ketoglutaric acid to (S)-hydroxyglutaric acid, a component of methanopterin. Neither of the enzymes reduced pyruvate to (S)-lactate, a component of coenzyme F(420). Only the MJ1425-encoded enzyme was found to reduce 1-oxo-1,3,4,6-hexanetetracarboxylic acid, and this reduction occurred only to a small extent and produced an isomer of 1-hydroxy-1,3,4,6-hexanetetracarboxylic acid that is not involved in the biosynthesis of methanofuran c. We conclude that the MJ1425-encoded enzyme is likely to be involved in the biosynthesis of both coenzyme M and methanopterin.     

Crystal structure of MabA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis,a reductase involved in long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis

The fatty acid elongation system FAS-II is involved in the biosynthesis of mycolic acids, which are major and specific long-chain fatty acids of the cell envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium smegmatis. The protein MabA, also named FabG1, has been shown recently to be part of FAS-II and to catalyse the NADPH-specific reduction of long chain beta-ketoacyl derivatives. This activity corresponds to the second step of an FAS-II elongation round. FAS-II is inhibited by the antituberculous drug isoniazid through the inhibition of the 2-trans-enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase InhA. Thus, the other enzymes making up this enzymatic complex represent potential targets for designing new antituberculous drugs. The crystal structure of the apo-form MabA was solved to 2.03 A resolution by molecular replacement. MabA is tetrameric and shares the conserved fold of the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDRs). However, it exhibits some significant local rearrangements of the active-site loops in the absence of a cofactor, particularly the beta5-alpha5 region carrying the unique tryptophan residue, in agreement with previous fluorescence spectroscopy data. A similar conformation has been observed in the beta-ketoacyl reductase from Escherichia coli and the distantly related dehydratase. The distinctive enzymatic and structural properties of MabA are discussed in view of its crystal structure and that of related enzymes.     

Identification, characterization, and structure/function analysis of a corrin reductase involved in adenosylcobalamin biosynthesis

Vitamin B(12), the antipernicious anemia factor, is the cyano derivative of adenosylcobalamin, which is one of nature's most complex coenzymes. Adenosylcobalamin is made along one of two similar yet distinct metabolic pathways, which are referred to as the aerobic and anaerobic routes. The aerobic pathway for cobalamin biosynthesis proceeds via cobalt insertion into a ring-contracted macrocycle, which is closely followed by adenosylation of the cobalt ion. An important prerequisite for adenosylation is the reduction of the centrally chelated metal from Co(II) to a highly nucleophilic Co(I) form. We have cloned a gene, cobR, encoding a biosynthetic enzyme with this co(II)rrin reductase activity from Brucella melitensis. The protein has been overproduced, and the resulting flavoprotein has been purified, characterized, and crystallized and its structure determined to 1.6A resolution. Kinetic and EPR analysis reveals that the enzyme proceeds via a semiquinone form. It is proposed that CobR may interact with the adenosyltransferase to overcome the large thermodynamic barrier required for co(II)rrin reduction.