鹤庆深钻孢粉记录揭示的气候变化与西南季风演化

本文在鹤庆深钻孢粉分析的基础上,把各孢粉类型划分成不同的孢粉生态组,结合孢粉多样性指数,系统重建云南鹤庆地区2.78 Ma以来的占气候演化所经历的8个大的阶段,与西南季风在滇西北地区8次大的变化相对应:即在2.729-2.608Ma和0.118Ma-11.83ka BP期间,气候整体湿润,冬、夏季降水的季节性较强,反映西南季风相对较强盛;1.447-0.342Ma期间,气候整体逐渐变湿,冷暖、干湿变化幅度逐渐变大,气候组合特征逐渐变复杂,反映西南季风逐渐增强,其波动幅度也逐渐变大,并于0.991-0.342Ma期间达到最强盛,其波动幅度也最大;而在2.780-2.729Ma、2.608-1.447Ma和0.342-0.118Ma期间,气候普遍相对温暖干旱,西南季风相对较弱.     

城市居住区绿地斑块的降温效应及影响因素分析

在夏季的高温季节对上海市 21个居住区的130个绿地斑块的环境温度和相对湿度进行了测定,比较研究了不同绿地斑块的降温效果及其影响因素.结果表明,城市绿地斑块对周围环境具有明显的降温增湿作用,能明显改善人体的舒适度,绿地中心温度降低2.6 ℃、相对湿度增加8.3%、人体舒适度增加0.8.环境温度和相对湿度对绿地斑块的降温幅度有显著影响且环境温度的影响大于相对湿度;降温幅度与环境温度呈显著正相关(R＝0.416)、与相对湿度呈显著负相关(R＝0.460);随环境温度升高、相对湿度降低,绿地中心的降温幅度最大.在影响绿地斑块降温幅度的主要结构指标中,大乔木盖度的影响力最强,其次为小乔木盖度和灌木盖度,并随盖度增加,绿地尤其是绿地中心的降温效果越来越明显.绿地类型、遮阳程度及配置不同的树种对绿地斑块的降温幅度也有显著影响;大乔木绿地的降温幅度最大(2.8 ℃),其次为小乔木绿地(2.0 ℃),乔灌相间和灌草结合的绿地平均降温幅度分别仅为1.4 ℃和1.2 ℃;以雪松[Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G.Don]和香樟[Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl]为优势树种的绿地斑块降温效果最明显,草坪的降温效果最差.从降温角度考虑,居住区的绿化应多采用以乔木为主、灌草为辅的绿地结构类型,尽量避免使用单一的草地绿化类型.     

南海北部更新世高分辨率孢粉序列与气候变化

依据南海ODP1144站下段（225.7-501.3m,ca.0.36-1.02Ma)孢粉记录,将1144站下段225.7-501.3m划分19个组合带（11-29）,并分别与氧同位素11-29期（MISs11-29)相对应。冰期时,花粉总沉积率增加,孢粉组合以松粉（Pinus),蕨类植物孢子（Fern)含量降低,草木植物花粉（Herb)含量增加为特征。气候干冷;间冰期时,则相反,间冰期孢粉组合特征反映其气候特征与现代相似,约0.82Ma后孢粉组合中的热带山地针叶类分子叶枝杉（Phyllocladus)的出现,以及草本植物禾本科（Gramineae),莎草科（Cyperaceae)取代耐干冷的蒿属（Artemisia),可能与夏季风增强有关,这一现象可与中国第四纪黄土-古土壤记录进行比较。     

中国第四纪孢粉植物群事件的记录

通过总结中国不同区域现有的孢粉资料,发现和民孢粉群的演化序列中明显地存在与演化趋势和周期不符的孢粉植物群事伯,归纳起来有三种类型,时间约万年的孢粉群突变事件,延续时间约千年的孢粉群贫乏事件和延时间几百年的孢粉群颤动,突变事件有４起,Ｂｅｔｕｌａ－Ａｅｍｉｓｉａ事件（２．５ＭａＢ．Ｐ）;Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａ－Ｇｒａ,ｉｎｅａｅ事件（１．４Ｍａ．Ｂ．Ｐ．）;Ｅｐｈｅｄｒａ＝Ｃｈｅｎｏｐｏｄｉａｃｅａ事件     

新疆托勒库勒湖孢粉记录的4．2kaBP气候事件北大核心CSCD

发生在大约4200年前的一场持续干旱可能是当时史前文明快速衰落的重要推手,这在全球许多区域均有记录,但在中国西北干旱区是否存在该事件依然缺乏有力证据。本文通过分析托勒库勒湖沉积地层的孢粉,发现新疆地区也存在类似4.2 ka BP气候事件的记录。4.5—3.8 cal ka BP期间的孢粉谱与前后时段相比有显著差异,禾本科和蒿属花粉含量快速降低、藜科急剧增加、A/C值降低;区域环境短期内变得极为寒冷-干旱,先前的草原/荒漠草原演化为荒漠。对比也发现,尽管这一事件在不同研究点的开始和结束时间略有差异,但变化特征具有较好的一致性。目前,关于这次事件的驱动机制仍不清楚,还需在新疆及其他敏感区域开展更多古气候研究。     

中国东部花粉比值与气候的关系及其在定量古气候重建中的应用

在中国东部连续的尘土孢粉样基础上,用转换函数的方法研究中国东部孢粉与气候的定量关系,研究结果证明,中国东部现代花粉的分布与年均温有密切关系,某些草本植物花粉之间的含量变化很大程度上与太阳辐射量和不同纬度的温度变化有关,因此定量重建古植被带的迁移及古气候的变化就成为可能,通过对比,选择Artemisisa与Poaceae的比值作为温度替代指标,Arte/Poac与纬度相关系数的平方值（R2）为0．9579,它与年均温的相关系数平方值也达到0．9162,用回归方程定量重建了中国东部海域钻孔DGKS－9602的古气候,由于末次盛冰期草本植物花粉丰富,获得的气候值可信度最好,即年均温比现代降低了8℃左右（6－10℃）,植被带向南推移了约8－10纬度,这一结果与前人的研究结果基本吻合。     

备课卡片

我国本世纪发现的部分鸟化石A周口店鸟类群：自本世纪初以来,陆续发掘于北后周口店北京猿人遗址。共计122种,其中39种为首次化了记录。A泅洪鸟类群：本世纪50～80年代发掘于江苏泅洪迄今共发表9种。面内蒙古包头鸟类群：本世纪70年代末及80年代8发掘于内蒙古包头市附近,共10种。A禄丰鸟类群：1980～1984年间发掘于云南禄丰。西山西榆社鸟类群：本世纪30年代曾被发现,近年＞大量发现于山西榆社。A黑档口松滋鸟：1980年发现于湖北松滋。西河南不飞鸟（浙川中原鸟）：1980年发现于河南n川。上甘肃鸟二1981年8月3日发现于甘肃玉门昌马知家…     

南岭东部新仙女木事件的孢粉学证据

冰消期至早全新世的仙女木事件（Ｙｏｕｎｇｅｒ Ｄｒｙａｓ,简称ＹＤ）,因降时间短,气候波动强,是全球气候研究者关注的热点。根据近期的研究,ＹＤ事件上在欧洲、北美和我国北方都有所表现。但在我国长江以南的内陆地区,未见报道。笔者在用孢粉资料探讨我国南方南岭东部地区１５０００ｙｒ ＢＰ以来的植被与环境演变时,发现约在１０４００ｙｒ ＢＰ前,植被发生了较大的变化,气候有一较明显的降温被动,这是我国低纬度人     

全球气候变化背景下华北平原气候资源变化趋势

在全球气候变化的大背景下,过去几十年,华北平原气候资源也发生了相应的变化,这一变化对该区域的粮食生产将产生深刻的影响。利用华北平原1961-2007年逐日气候资料,探讨了不同年代际间该区域气候资源的空间分布特征。研究结果表明:气候变暖使华北平原热量资源更加丰富,全区≥0℃和≥10℃积温呈整体增加趋势,空间分布呈北移东扩的变化特征;且气候带移动特征明显,向北移动了3个纬度,约300多km。过去47a,华北区域年降水量呈下降趋势,平均下降速率为18mm/10a。夏、秋两季降水量呈减少趋势,速率在25-40mm/10a之间;春、冬两季降水量呈微弱增加趋势,但增加幅度小于夏、秋两季的减少幅度。年平均参考作物蒸散量呈整体下降趋势,减幅小于降水量的变化趋势。全区日照时数显著减少,纬向分布特征明显,以大中城市附近减少最为突出。     

3．2MaBP以来河北黄骅地区孢粉地层学与古气候变迁

依据河北省黄骅市八里庄村HB1孔孢粉、古地磁和光释光等资料,发现第四纪以来渤海西岸的古植被演变受气候变化的影响,也受沉积环境的制约.1.6-3.2 Ma BP期间河流发育时期孢粉不丰富;孢粉富集带多出现在湖相地层,而且持续时间短,孢粉贫乏带多出现在河流相沉积地层,持续时间较长;O.8-1.6 Ma BP期间植被以疏林草原为主,局部草原存在,古气候温和偏干.O.13 Ma BP以来,随着明显的古季风变化,孢粉丰富,气候序列分辨率高,可与海洋氧同位素分期对比;11 ka BP以来气候变暖湿润,为针阔叶混交林草原或沼泽草甸植被,3 ka BP之后为海退时期,气候变凉变干,植被由沼泽草甸演变为盐生草甸.尽管该孔是目前沿海平原深孔分析孢粉样品最密的钻孔,但是未能发现连续丰富的孢粉,可能与该孔位于相对较高部位,多与河流沉积环境有关;故而,平原区内并非每一个钻孔皆足以反映整个第四纪孢粉地层学的全貌.     

Palynoflora at Late Miocene?aEarly Pliocene from Leijiahe of Lingtai,Gansu Province,China

Vegetation and climate changes of Late Miocene-Early Pliocene have been deduced based on pollen research from Wenwanggou and Xiaoshigou sections near Leijiahe village (ca 35°04′15″N,107°43′30″E). The two sections are quite famous of rich micromammalian fossils. Before ca. 6.5 Ma, open forest-grassland was distributed in the studied area indicating a temperate and humid condition at that time. In the period between ca.6.5 and 5.8 Ma BP (Late Miocene) predominance of Chenopodiaceae and Artemisia implies that desert or desert-grassland was developed in the area and the climate should be cold and dry. During the time interval from ca.5.8 to 3.4 Ma BP mixed conifer and broad leaved deciduous forest with a few subtropical tree taxa had replaced the arid desert vegetation indicating a warm and humid climate. The climate aridity event of Late Miocene can be correlated with the global climatic event.     

The age and diversification of terrestrial New World ecosystems through Cretaceous and Cenozoic time

Eight ecosystems that were present in the Cretaceous about 100 Ma (million years ago) in the New World eventually developed into the 12 recognized for the modern Earth. Among the forcing mechanisms that drove biotic change during this interval was a decline in global temperatures toward the end of the Cretaceous, augmented by the asteroid impact at 65 Ma and drainage of seas from continental margins and interiors; separation of South America from Africa beginning in the south at ca. 120 Ma and progressing northward until completed 90-100 Ma; the possible emission of 1500 gigatons of methane and CO(2) attributed to explosive vents in the Norwegian Sea at ca. 55 Ma, resulting in a temperature rise of 5°-6°C in an already warm world; disruption of the North Atlantic land bridge at ca. 45 Ma at a time when temperatures were falling; rise of the Andes Mountains beginning at ca. 40 Ma; opening of the Drake Passage between South America and Antarctica at ca. 32 Ma with formation of the cold Humboldt at ca. 30 Ma; union of North and South America at ca. 3.5 Ma; and all within the overlay of evolutionary processes. These processes generated a sequence of elements (e.g., species growing in moist habitats within an overall dry environment; gallery forests), early versions (e.g., mangrove communities without Rhizophora until the middle Eocene), and essentially modern versions of present-day New World ecosystems. As a first approximation, the fossil record suggests that early versions of aquatic communities (in the sense of including a prominent angiosperm component) appeared early in the Middle to Late Cretaceous, the lowland neotropical rainforest at 64 Ma (well developed by 58-55 Ma), shrubland/chaparral-woodland-savanna and grasslands around the middle Miocene climatic optimum at ca. 15-13 Ma, deserts in the middle Miocene/early Pliocene at ca. 10 Ma, significant tundra at ca. 7-5 Ma, and alpine tundra (páramo) shortly thereafter when cooling temperatures were augmented by high elevations attained, for example, in the Andes<10 Ma and especially after 7-6 Ma.     

西欧地中海地区中新世以来的植被演化和现代地中海植被的形成

从距今2500万年的中新世初到更新世,欧洲地中海沿岸地区的植被是从东亚型的热带——亚热带常绿阔叶林逐渐过渡为旱生性的蒿——藜草原。古热带和亚洲、北美成份从晚中新世起逐渐消失,少数一直延续到中更新世。孢粉分析表明,地中海成分从中上新世起有明显增加,地中海常绿硬叶林的发展与北极冰盖的形成密切相关。     

An 18 million year record of vegetation and climate change in northwestern Canada and Alaska: tectonic and global climatic correlates

We reconstruct long-term vegetation/paleoclimatic trends, spanning the last 18 million years, in Alaska, Yukon and far western Northwest Territories. Twenty-one average percentage spectra for pollen and spores are assembled from eight surface/subsurface sections. The sections are dated independently or by correlation. Pollen and spore ratios indicate the direction of change in vegetation and climatic parameters — growing season temperature (T_est), tree canopy density (C_est) and paludification at study sites (P_est). A global warm peak ca. 15 Ma is shown by the abundance of thermophilous taxa, including Fagus and Quercus. A temperature decline immediately following 15 Ma parallels climatic reconstructions based on marine oxygen isotopes. Subsequent declines correlate to the Messinian event and the onset of late Pliocene-Pleistocene glaciation. After 7 Ma herbs and shrubs become more important elements of the palynological assemblages, suggesting a more continental, colder/drier climate. However, a late Pliocene warm interval is evident. Vegetation/climatic changes during the early to late Miocene show synchrony with, and are most economically attributable to, global events. After 7 Ma, vegetation/climate change is attributed primarily to latest Miocene-to-Pleistocene uplift of the Alaska Range and St. Elias Mts. The continuing influence of global climatic patterns is shown in the late Pliocene warm interval, despite uplift to the south. The opening of the Bering Strait ca. 3 Ma may have moderated the climate in the study area.     

Equatorial Pacific sea surface temperatures, faunal patterns, and carbonate burial during the Pliocene

A high-resolution record of radiolarian faunal abundances from the eastern equatorial Pacific is compared to records of carbonate and noncarbonate burial to examine the evolution of eastern tropical Pacific climate processes during the Pliocene. These data provide a means to evaluate the sensitivity of the equatorial Pacific to the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation around 2.8−2.5 Ma, to the closure of the Isthmus of Panama around 4.4−3.2 Ma, and to orogeny-related weathering changes before 4.0 Ma. Radiolarian faunal assemblages and sea surface temperature (SST) estimates indicate a gradual cooling from early to late Pliocene, but no significant changes occur near the onset of northern hemisphere glaciation. Records of carbonate and noncarbonate mass accumulation show a long term decrease from the Miocene/Pliocene boundary to the upper Pliocene. Greater carbonate burial in the early Pliocene relative to the late Pliocene parallels a gradual cooling from early to late Pliocene, and may reflect changes related to Isthmus closure or widespread orogeny. No significant time domain changes are seen in the eastern equatorial Pacific that could be related to the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation.Evolutive spectral analyses of these equatorial Pacific climate parameters indicate that variance in SST and seasonality commonly concentrate at frequencies not linearly related to orbital variations. Furthermore, cross spectral comparisons with a high resolution benthic δ¹⁸O record indicate that the surface ocean and carbonate flux share little coherent variance with high latitude climate processes during the Pliocene. Given the high degree of chronostratigraphic control in these records, these results suggest that Milankovitch-band surface ocean processes as well as carbonate burial in the equatorial Pacific are decoupled from high latitude climate processes during the Pliocene.     

Miocene to Pliocene vegetation reconstruction and climate estimates in the Iberian Peninsula from pollen data

Pollen analysis of Miocene and Pliocene sediments from the Iberian Peninsula shows a progressive reduction in plant diversity through time caused by the disappearance of thermophilous and high-water requirement plants. In addition, an increase in warm-temperate (mesothermic), seasonal-adapted “Mediterranean” taxa, high-elevation conifers and herbs (mainly Artemisia) occurred during the Middle and Late Miocene and Pliocene. This has mainly been interpreted as a response of the vegetation to global and regional processes, including climate cooling related to the development of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet and then the onset of the Arctic Ice Sheet, uplift of regional mountains related to the Alpine uplift and the progressive movement of Eurasia towards northern latitudes as a result of the northwards subduction of Africa. The development of steppe-like vegetation in southern Iberia is ancient and probably started during the Oligocene. The onset of a contrasted seasonality in temperature during the Mid-Pliocene superimposed on the pre-existing seasonality in precipitation, the annual length of which increased southward. The Mediterranean climatic rhythm (summer drought) began about 3.4 Ma and caused the individualization of modern Mediterranean ecosystems. Quaternary-type Mediterranean climatic fluctuations started at 2.6 Ma (Gelasian) resulting in repeated steppe vs. forest alternations. A latitudinal climatic gradient between the southern and the northern parts of the Iberian Peninsula existed since the Middle Miocene.     

Late Cenozoic Vegetational History and the Pliocene-Pleistocene Boundary in the Yushe Basin,S. E. Shanxi,China

A continental stratigraphy column covering the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene in SE Shanxi, China has been studied using pollen analysis, ten pollen zones are defined with their correlation to magnetic polarity and ¹⁰Be datings. The vegetational development and climatic changes during the period from 5.1 Ma to 1.8 Ma BP are discussed. Picea became a dominant component of the pollen assemblage in the Early Pliocene. Subtropical components such as Carya and Liquidambar occur in the Pliocene pollen spectra. The palaeoclimate of the Pliocene was moist and relatively warm, though a trend towards a colder and drier climate is reflected. Around 2.3 Ma BP the prevailing forest turned into a type of steppe and the subtropical components basically migrated out of the area. The Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary is also discussed using palynostratigraphy. It seems reasonable to place the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary close to the Gauss-matuyama magnetic boundary.     

Faunal change, environmental variability and late Pliocene hominin evolution

Global change during the late Pliocene was manifested in declining temperatures, increased amplitude of climate cycles, and shifts in the periodicity of orbital climate forcing. Linking these changes to the evolution of African continental faunas and to hominin evolution requires well-documented fossil evidence that can be examined through substantial periods of time. The Omo sequence of southern Ethiopia provides such a database, and we use it to analyze change in the abundances of mammal taxa at different levels of temporal and taxonomic resolution between 4 and 2 Ma. This study provides new evidence for shifts through time in the ecological dominance of suids, cercopithecids, and bovids, and for a trend from more forested to more open woodland habitats. Superimposed on these long-term trends are two episodes of faunal change, one involving a marked shift in the abundances of different taxa at about 2.8+/-0.1 Ma, and the second the transition at 2.5 Ma from a 200-ka interval of faunal stability to marked variability over intervals of about 100 ka. The first appearance of Homo, the earliest artefacts, and the extinction of non-robust Australopithecus in the Omo sequence coincide in time with the beginning of this period of high variability. We conclude that climate change caused significant shifts in vegetation in the Omo paleo-ecosystem and is a plausible explanation for the gradual ecological change from forest to open woodland between 3.4 and 2.0 Ma, the faunal shift at 2.8 +/-0.1 Ma, and the change in the tempo of faunal variability of 2.5 Ma. Climate forcing in the late Pliocene is more clearly indicated by population shifts within the Omo mammal community than by marked turnover at the species level.     

Monsoon versus uplift in southwestern China--Late Pliocene climate in Yuanmou Basin, Yunnan

Yuanmou Basin of Yunnan, SW China, is a famous locality with hominids, hominoids, mammals and plant fossils. Based on the published megaflora and palynoflora data from Yuanmou Basin, the climate of Late Pliocene is reconstructed using the Coexistence Approach. The results indicate a warm and humid subtropical climate with a mean annual temperature of ca. 16-17°C and a mean annual precipitation of ca. 1500-1600 mm in the Late Pliocene rather than a dry, hot climate today, which may be due to the local tectonic change and gradual intensification of India monsoon. The comparison of Late Pliocene climate in Eryuan, Yangyi, Longling, and Yuanmou Basin of Yunnan Province suggests that the mean annual temperatures generally show a latitudinal gradient and fit well with their geographic position, while the mean annual precipitations seem to be related to the different geometries of the valleys under the same monsoon system.     

Arctic plant diversity in the Early Eocene greenhouse

For the majority of the Early Caenozoic, a remarkable expanse of humid, mesothermal to temperate forests spread across Northern Polar regions that now contain specialized plant and animal communities adapted to life in extreme environments. Little is known on the taxonomic diversity of Arctic floras during greenhouse periods of the Caenozoic. We show for the first time that plant richness in the globally warm Early Eocene (approx. 55-52 Myr) in the Canadian High Arctic (76° N) is comparable with that approximately 3500 km further south at mid-latitudes in the US western interior (44-47° N). Arctic Eocene pollen floras are most comparable in richness with today's forests in the southeastern United States, some 5000 km further south of the Arctic. Nearly half of the Eocene, Arctic plant taxa are endemic and the richness of pollen floras implies significant patchiness to the vegetation type and clear regional richness of angiosperms. The reduced latitudinal diversity gradient in Early Eocene North American plant species demonstrates that extreme photoperiod in the Arctic did not limit taxonomic diversity of plants.