利用工业废水,废气（CO2）和余热培养的螺旋藻生物学特性研究

本文在国内首次报道了利用生产碱的工厂排放的废水、废气(CO_2)和余热资源大量培养螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)及在这样的条件下温度、光照和 pH 对螺旋藻生长的影响。指出利用工业废水、废气(CO_2)和余热资源大规模培养螺旋藻是降低生产成本的理想方案之一。同时说明螺旋藻的生产可能在国民经济中发挥的作用及所具有的潜力。     

适合于咸宁基地生产的螺旋藻品系的选育研究

1　引　　言　　为综合利用螺旋藻资源,我国第一座利用高原碱水湖(ｐＨ8.6～9.3)、光、温、地热等自然资源[2]的中试基地在云南程海湖畔建成,并通过改造温棚和利用当地的地热在武汉咸宁建成第一个利用地热控温、半封闭、全循环、高洁净的螺旋藻生产基地.本项研究旨在选育一株适合于该基地特有自然条件生长的优良品系.2　自然概况与研究方法2.1　基地概况　　咸宁基地是由4个玻璃温室改建成的螺旋藻生产工厂,面积为1×104ｍ2.该基地结合当地自然条件和自然资源有如下特征:1)温度控制系统:热水资源(来自地热水)、冷水资源(来自流过工厂的小河)…     

螺旋藻的培养及其分子生物学研究概况

 本文评迷了螺旋藻的培养及其分子生物学研究的新进展。认为：螺旋藻的生物学特性及其培养得到了广泛的研究;其工厂化生产日趋成熟;封闭式生物反应器的出现将加快螺旋藻产业的发展;螺旋藻的生物活性物质的功能越来越受到人们的重视,其结构与功能的关系进一步深入;分子生物学技术在螺旋藻上的应用将促进藻类学的研究和藻类资源的开发。     

耦合二氧化碳减排的微藻产业化培养技术

[目的]建立耦合CO2减排的微藻培养技术,在减排CO2的同时,有效降低微藻产业化生产的成本.[方法]以两种微藻所具有的pH快速漂移与高碱适应特性为原理,通过CO2防逸罩简易装备的设计和构建,建立二氧化碳减排技术.[结果]将该技术应用于微藻培养,在嗜碱绿球藻MC-1的CO2减排小试培养中,CO2防逸罩的安装使得通入培养物后全部逸出的CO2被碱性藻液完全吸收,在海水钝顶螺旋藻新藻株(HS331)的工厂化中试培养中,其平均产率达9.54g/( m2· d1),碳源成本降低了57％,并有效避免了碳酸根离子导致的海水钙镁离子沉淀的产生 ;将该技术进一步应用到螺旋藻产业化培养,在保证获得高质量产品的同时,其年产量提高了20％,每年NaHCO3用量减少了66％,碳源成本减少了58％,年减排CO2量约45吨.[结论]本研究实现了CO2减排技术在螺旋藻产业化培养中的应用,有效降低了螺旋藻生产成本,为建立产业化的C02减排新技术奠定了重要的理论与技术基础.     

螺旋藻的培养及其分子生物学研究概况

本文评述了螺旋藻的培养及其分子生物学研究的新进展,认为：螺旋藻的生物学特性及其培养得到了广泛的研究,其工厂化生产日趋成熟,封闭式生物反应器的出现将加快螺旋藻产业的发展,螺旋藻的生物活性物质的功能越来越受到人们的重视,其结构与功能的关系进一步深入;分子生物学技术在螺旋藻上的应用将促进藻类学的研究和藻类资源的开发。     

利用云南永胜县程海湖碱水驯化培养钝顶螺旋藻的研究

本实验利用云南永胜县程海湖的碱水配制培养基,在当地的气候条件下驯化培养钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis),筛选得CH-1,CH-2和CH-3三种培养基配方。室外连续培养共240天,其中采用CH-2培养基室外大量培养90天,培养面积75平方米,连续测定20天的干藻粉产量为12.5克/米~2·天,纯度为95%,干藻粉的蛋白质含量55—63%。除色氨酸未测定外,含有另外的17种氨基酸。从程海碱水驯化培养的钝顶螺旋藻群体中,筛选获得一个螺旋藻新品系——Spirulinaplatensis str. CH-1。与原品系比较,其特点是藻丝和螺距都较长,螺旋更宽,具有上浮性较好的优势,适合在用程海碱水配制的培养基中生长。实验结果表明,利用程海丰富的湖水资源和适宜的气候条件,发展螺旋藻生产是可行的。     

大螺旋藻的形态观察和培养试验

蓝藻—螺旋藻(Spirulina)作为大规模工业化培养的对象,以其高的蛋白质含量和合理的氨基酸组成,极大地吸引了国内外生物学工作者的注意,他们对原产于非洲的钝顶螺旋藻(S.platensis)或墨西哥的极大螺旋藻(S.maxima)进行了广泛的研究3-6。笔者在我国广州珠江河畔一个小池塘里发现采集了一种螺旋藻——大螺旋藻(Spirulina major)1,2,进行了分离和单种培养。       

钝顶螺旋藻品系6的生物学特性

本文报道了钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis.)品系6在室内的培养技术。提出本品系室内培养最适温度在26—30˚C。当光照强度不同时,所获生物量不同。用Pinevitch (1970年) 的方法培养在1／2浓度下生长最佳。它的粗纤维含量较低,认为是饲喂海珍品幼体的理想饵料, 是适于温带生长的螺旋藻品系之一。     

三种海洋微藻和三种淡水微藻脂肪酸组成特征的比较分析

比较了3种海洋微藻：简单角刺藻(Chaetoceros simplex)、绿色巴夫藻(Pavlova viridis)、扁藻(Platymonas sp.)和3种淡水微藻：蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)、斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquua)、极大螺旋藻(Spirulina maxima)的脂肪酸组成。结果表明：海洋微藻的饱和脂肪酸种类相对比淡水微藻多,前者的碳链长度在14碳到20碳之间,后者主要有C16：0和C18：0。二者单不饱和脂肪酸均是以C16：1ω7和C18：1ω9为主。多不饱和脂肪酸中,海洋微藻以二十碳五稀酸(EPA)和二十二碳六稀酸(DHA)为主,其中,绿色巴夫藻含有24．34％的EPA和11．48％的DHA,简单角刺藻含有13．24％的EPA;淡水微藻以18碳为主,其中,极大螺旋藻含有24．02％的γ-亚麻酸(GLA)。     

螺旋藻藻种数据库管理系统的设计与实现

螺旋藻属蓝藻门 ( Cyanophyta)、段殖体目 ( Hormogonales)、颤藻科 ( Oscilatoria-ceae)、螺旋藻属 ( Spirulina) [1 ] ,是一种新型的蛋白质资源 ,其蛋白质含量高 ,含有人体必需的氨基酸和丰富的维生素、微量元素及多种活性物质 ,是举世公认的最佳天然营养保健品和 2 1世纪人类最理想的食品之一 [2 ]。目前已知该属有 36个种 ,其中绝大多数为淡水藻类 ,用于工业生产的主要有钝顶螺旋藻 ( Spirulina platensis)和极大螺旋藻 ( Spirulinamaxima) 2种[1 ,3] 。自 1 990年以来 ,国内螺旋藻产业突飞猛进 ,获得了长足发展。要上一个螺旋藻养殖…     

Simultaneous cultivation of Spirulina platensis and the toxigenic cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa

Mangueira Lagoon, located in the extreme south of Brazil, has water with physicochemical characteristics such as alkaline pH and carbonate levels propitious for the growth of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. Previously published studies have shown that Mangueira Lagoon water supplemented with small quantities of carbon and nitrogen is suitable for S. platensis cultivation and can significantly reduce production costs. We studied mixed cultures of Spirulina platensis and the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa using a 2(3) factorial design in which the three factors were the initial biomass concentration of S. platensis and M. aeruginosa and the type of culture medium (100% Zarrouk's medium or 80% Mangueira Lagoon water plus 20% Zarrouk's medium). The highest S. platensis maximum specific growth rate (mu(max)) occurred in the culture with the highest M. aeruginosa biomass concentration and when undiluted culture medium was used (micro(max) = 0.283 d(-1)). The highest M. aeruginosa specific death rate (k) was obtained in the presence of S. platensis (k = 0.555 d(-1)) and was independent of the initial M. aeruginosa biomass concentration and culture medium, demonstrating that S. platensis cultures are not susceptible to contamination by M. aeruginosa. The culture medium had no significant influence (p > 0.05) on S. platensis micro(max) values, indicating that production costs could be reduced by using a medium consisting of 80% Mangueira Lagoon water plus 20% Zarrouk's medium.     

Effects of increased atmospheric CO2 and N supply on photosynthesis, growth and cell composition of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira)

The consequences of the addition of CO2 (1%) in cultures of S. platensis are examined in terms of biomass yield, cell composition and external medium composition. CO2 enrichment was tested under nitrogen saturating and nitrogen limiting conditions. Increasing CO2 levels did not cause any change in maximum growth rate while it decreased maximum biomass yield. Protein and pigments were decreased and carbohydrate increased by high CO2, but the capability to store carbohydrates was saturated. C:N ratio remained unchanged while organic carbon released to the external medium was enhanced, suggesting that organic carbon release in S. platensis is an efficient mechanism for the maintenance of the metabolic integrity, balancing the cell C:N ratio in response to environmental CO2 changes. CO2 affected the pigment content: Phycocyanin, chlorophyll and carotenoids were reduced in around 50%, but the photosynthetic parameters were slightly changed. We propose that in S. platensis CO2 could act promoting degradation of pigments synthetised in excess in normal CO2 conditions, that are not necessary for light harvesting. Nitrogen assimilation was significantly not affected by CO2, and it is proposed that the inability to stimulate N assimilation by CO2 enrichment determined the lack of response in maximum growth rate. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Improving Spirulina platensis biomass yield using a fed-batch process

Increasing interest is being shown in the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis because of its nutritional properties when used as food supplement and possible therapeutic effects. One of the most important areas being studied is the development of alternative nutrient sources which can be used to decrease the production costs of commercially produced S. platensis and obtain high productivity. Water from Mangueira Lagoon (Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil) has high levels of carbonates and a high pH and has the potential to be used as a culture medium for S. platensis, although some nutrient supplementation may be required. We tested the effect of unsupplemented Mangueira Lagoon water (MLW) or MLW supplemented with 1.125 or 2.250 mg/l of urea and/or 21 or 42 mg/l of sodium bicarbonate on the growth of S. platensis in fed-batch culture using a 3(2) factorial design and found that there the addition of 1.125 mg/l of urea resulted in a 2.67 fold increase times in the final biomass concentration of S. platensis.     

Accumulation of selenium in mixotrophic culture of Spirulina platensis on glucose

Accumulation of Se in mixotrophic culture of Spirulina platensis was investigated in this study. Results indicated that glucose was better than acetate as an organic carbon source for mixotrophic culture of S. platensis. Supplementation of glucose (2 gL(-1)) significantly enhanced the biomass concentration (2.57 gL(-1)) and the production of phycocyanin (0.279 gL(-1)) and allophycocyanin (0.126 gL(-1)) in S. platensis, which were much higher than those of photoautotrophic culture (1.08 gL(-1), 0.119 gL(-1) and 0.042 gL(-1), respectively). Stepwise addition of Se during the growth phase avoided the inhibitory effect of high Se concentration on the growth of S. platensis. The Se enrichment favored the production of phycocyanin and allophycocyanin in the algal cells. The highest Se yield (1033 microgL(-1)) was obtained at an accumulative Se concentration of 250 mgL(-1), with organic Se percentage, biomass concentration, phycocyanin and allophycocyanin yields of 92.3%, 2.55 gL(-1), 0.295 gL(-1) and 0.153 gL(-1), respectively. These results indicated that the application of mixotrophic culture S. platensis with stepwise addition of Se to the medium could offer an effective and economical way for the production of high Se-enriched algal products.     

Raceway cultivation of Spirulina platensis using underground water

The semi-outdoor cultivation of Spirulina platensis was attempted using an underground-water-based medium. Occurrence of contaminant organisms such as Chlorella sp. and Chlamydomonas sp. was not found from a microscopic observation and bacteria were not detected from denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA during the cultivation, owing to pH control and the high quality of the underground water. The mean productivity was high at 10.5 g/m2/d with a range of 4.2-12.3 g/m2/d despite the unfavorable weather conditions of the rainy season. The cultivated S. platensis included a normal protein content of 58.9%. Consequently, the underground water improved the biomass productivity and the biomass quality because of an abundant supplementation of natural minerals and through a contaminant-free culture.     

Spirulina platensis growth in open raceway ponds using fresh water supplemented with carbon,nitrogen and metal ions

To investigate the feasibility of using fresh water from Mangueira Lagoon (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) for biomass production in open raceway ponds (0.7 m long, 0.18 m wide, 0.075 m deep) we studied the influence of nutrient addition (carbon as sodium bicarbonate, nitrogen as urea, phosphate, sulfate, ferric iron, magnesium and potassium) on the growth rate of the cyanobacteria Spirulina platensis using a 22 factorial design. In unsupplemented lagoon water production of S platensis was 0.78 +/- 0.01 g/l (dry weight basis) while the addition of 2.88 g/l of sodium bicarbonate (without added urea, phosphate, sulfate or metal ions) resulted in 0.82 +/- 0.01 g/l after 400 hours of culture. The further addition of phosphate and metal ions resulted in growth for up to 750 h and a final S. platensis biomass of 1.23 +/- 0.04 to 1.34 +/- 0.03 g/l.     

含氯化镉水体中螺旋藻的生长及其对镉的摄取作用

研究了钝顶螺旋藻和极大螺旋藻在含CdCl2水体中的生长状况与摄Cd能力.结果表明:两种螺旋藻皆对CdCl2有较强的耐受能力,但是有不同的摄Cd行为.当CdCl2浓度为6~24mg.L-1,培养96h时,两种螺旋藻对Cd的摄取作用主要表现为藻细胞外的表面吸附;培养10d时,钝顶螺旋藻的胞内Cd含量依然甚微,而极大螺旋藻对Cd的细胞内吸附量却明显增加,24mg.L-1CdCl2处理的极大螺旋藻胞内的Cd吸附量为12mg.L-1CdCl2处理的11.6倍,且略超过细胞表面吸附量.表明在高浓度Cd的长时间胁迫下,两种螺旋藻的摄Cd行为和对Cd的耐受机制具有明显差异,其中钝顶螺旋藻为胞外机制,而极大螺旋藻却为胞内、胞外混合机制,且以胞内机制为主.     

Factors indicating culture status during cultivation of Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis

Factors indicating culture status of two Spirulina platensis strains were monitored in a batch mode cultivation for 36 days. Changing mode in all factors showed a common turning point, indicating shift of cell or culture status. Mean biomass productivity was highly sustained until day 22, chlorophyll a concentration peaked on day 22, pH value was >12 on day 22, coil number was abruptly shortened on day 22, and floating activity was sustained at greater than 79% after day 22, indicating that day 22 is a criterion reflecting phase-transfer in cell physiology in a batch culture system. Many of these changes may have been caused by increased pH, suggesting that pH control is essential for mass production of S. platensis. Fluctuations in floating activity were likely induced by the number of cellular gas vacuoles. Consequently, coil number per trichome and floating activity of S. platensis could readily act as simple indicators for determination of culture status or harvesting time of cells.     

Detection of biologically active substances with antagonistic and stimulating activity in Spirulina platensis

The results of studies on the detection of biologically active substances (BAS) in biomass dilutions and culture fluid of Spirulina platensi and algae (Chlorella, Fucus, Laminaria) by the agar diffusion method are presented. After the sterilization of the solutions with chloroform (CF) a substance with lysozyme-like activity and 2 substances with antagonistic activity deep in agar and on its surface were detected with the use of the micrococcal indicator strain. After CF treatment, depending on the concentration of S. platensis strains, a compound stimulating the growth of bacteria and sensitive to heat treatment was detected. BAS were also detected with the use of other indicator cultures.