三苯基锡,二环己基碳二亚胺和寡霉素对叶绿体CF0与CF1功能联系的影响

作用于H~ —ATP酶复合体质子通道的能量传递抑制剂 TPT、DQCD和 OM能明显抑制叶绿体光合磷酸化反应和膜上 ATP酶活性,减小恒态ΛpH值,加速ΛpH和515 nm吸收衰减。这种在正常叶绿体加速H_(in)~ 经CF_0外流与在残缺膜中阻塞质子外流不一致。TPT等物质是干扰了CF_0与CF_1的构象连接,使 CF_0的质子传导失去CF_1的控制,H_(in)~ 无效漏失或质子逆向转移受影响,从而抑制与质子传导紧密相关的光合磷酸化反应和膜上ATP酶活性。     

寡霉素对叶绿体质子传导的作用

在叶绿体中,寡霉素具有加速类囊体内部质子(H~ in)流出的作用,相应地加速光合磷酸化高能态的暗衰变;寡霉素完全不能恢复叶绿体残缺膜在光下形成膜内外质子浓度梯度的作用,它对H~ in流出的加速,不是由于对类囊体膜透性的影响,而是影响于ATP酶复合体的质子传导。由于这种加速作用,导致类囊体在光下形成的膜内外质子浓度梯度的降低,从而抑制了光合磷酸化活力。 可溶性的CF_1经用DTT或胰蛋白酶活化后所表现出的Ca~( )ATP酶活力对寡霉素敏感不同,DTT活化者受寡霉素的抑制,而胰蛋白酶活化者则不敏感。说明它的作用部位是在CF_1上而不在CF_0上,而且可能与胰蛋白酶活化时切去的多肽有关。 寡霉素对电子传递有一抑制作用部位,但其作用较轻微。     

Clotrimazole对叶绿体ATPase功能的影响及其作用部位

clotrimazole能抑制 DTT+光激活的类囊体膜上Mg~(2+)—ATPase的活力。这种抑制属于可逆非竞争性抑制。进一步的实验还表明clotrimazole可以消除 9—AA光下荧光粹灭指示的正常类囊体及DCCD重组残缺膜的跨膜质子梯度。卵磷脂可以减缓 clotrimazole对9—AA荧光粹灭的抑制作用。clotrimazole还能抑制DTT加热激活的游离CF_1 Ca~(2+)—ATPase的活力。根据以上结果我们推测 clotrimazole在类囊体上可能有两个作用部位,一个在类囊体膜脂;另一个在CF_1。     

寡霉素在叶绿体中的作用部位

寡霉索可抑制光下DTT激活的Mg~(2 )-ATP酶活力并促进质子流出,这两种效应对温度的反应相似,并受膜能化状态的影响。 寡霉素对在光下以胰蛋白酶激活的叶绿体膜上Mg~(2 )-ATPase和脱离了膜的Ca~(2 )-ATPase都有抑制作用,但对经NEM修饰的叶绿体膜上Mg~(2 )-ATPase活力没有影响,且其促进质子流出的效应也消失,在暗中经胰蛋白酶活化的Ca~(2 )-ATPase对寡霉素不敏感。由此推断寡霉素抑制光激活的ATPase和促进质子流出的效应是光引起膜能化导致CF_1变构,γ亚基暴露,而使寡霉素能与之结合的结果,因此寡霉素在叶绿体上的作用部位是在CF_1中,而与线粒体在F_0上有所不同。     

叶绿体H^＋—ATP酶在平板脂双层上重组及其质子传导的研究

从菠菜(Spinacia oleracea Mill.)叶中分离获得H~ -ATP酶(CF_0-CF_1)复合体。将CF_0-CF_1重组于平板脂双层上,在电压钳位下,研究CF_0～CF_1的质子传导性能,观察到:(1)当CF_0-CF_1重组于平板脂双层上后,平板膜电阻由10～20GΩ立即下降到1GΩ左右。(2)溶液中蛋白质(CF_0-CF_1)浓度在2mg/L下可记录到单通道电流的涨落,单位电导约在5～10pS。(3)通道电流随膜两侧ΔpH变化而改变,在ΔpH为2～4时,膜电流随ΔpH增加而增大,在ΔpH为4.5时膜电流呈现回落。(4)质子传导抑制剂Dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide(DCCD)显示出迅速地且不可逆地阻断通道电流。(5)无金属离子的溶液中,跨膜(BLM)的ΔpH为3时,在0～ 150mV钳位下,镁离子比钙离子所引起的CF_0-CF_1的通道电流要大得多。以上结果不仅表明CF_0-CF_1已成功地组装于人工膜上,而且也显示出镁离子直接参与了质子传导过程。     

叶绿体结构和功能的研究——Ⅲ.高等植物光合膜上Mg~( )-ATP酶活力的温度效应

本文是在已有工作基础上通过几种植物(菠菜、蚕豆、大麦和小麦)叶绿体片层膜上CF_1-ATP酶活力温度效应的研究,证明结合于膜的Mg~( )-ATP酶活力受控于膜脂。游离的CF_1-ATP酶活力Arrhenius图上并无破折点出现,而结合于膜的Mg~( )-ATP酶温度效应Arrhenius图上都有破折点出现。在测定温度范围内不同植物表现不同,菠菜的有两个破折点,蚕豆、大麦和小麦都只有一个破折点,彼此破折点所在的位置不同,活化能也不同。将菠菜叶绿体片层膜摘除CF_1后的残缺膜与蚕豆CF_1重组;或将蚕豆、大麦和小麦叶绿体制备的残缺膜片与菠菜的CF_1重组,其重组膜系统Mg~( )-ATP酶温度效应Arrhenius图形都与各自的残缺膜原来膜片的Arrhenius图形相似。这些现象支持CF_1-ATP酶活力受控于膜脂。     

二硫苏糖醇对叶绿体H^＋—ATP酶复合体CFo的修饰

ＤＴＴ（二硫苏糖醇）可解除ＴＰＴ（氯化三苯锡）对叶绿体光合磷酸化的抑制,减弱ＴＰＴ对类囊体跨膜△ｐＨ的抑制和对类囊体腔内质子外流的促进。由于ＴＰＴ较专一作用于ＣＦｏ,推测ＣＦｏ受ＤＴＴ修饰。这从ＤＴＴ可消除ＴＰＴ对去除ＣＦ１的类囊体残缺膜△ｐＨ的重建和对残缺膜光下收缩的促进得到进一步的证明。ＤＴＴ的作用是还原二硫键成为游离的疏基,因而ＣＦ０可能含有二硫键。从光下ＤＴＴ或暗中ＤＴＴ处理残缺膜对ＴＰＴ     

二硫苏糖醇对叶绿体H~＋－ATP酶复合体CF_0的修饰

ＤＴＴ（二流苏糖醇）可解除ＴＰＴ（氯化三苯锡）对叶绿体光合磷酸化的抑制、减弱ＴＰＴ对类囊体跨膜△ｐＨ的抑制和对类囊体腔内质子外流的促进。由于ＴＰＴ较专一作用于ＣＦ０,推测ＣＦ０受ＤＴＴ修饰。这从ＤＴＴ可消除ＴＰＴ对去除ＣＦ１的类囊体残缺膜△ｐＨ的重建和对残缺膜光下收缩的促进得到进一步的证明。ＤＴＴ的作用是还原二硫键成为游离的巯基,因而ＣＦ０可能含有二硫键。从光下ＤＴＴ或暗中ＤＴＴ处理残缺膜对ＴＰＴ作用的影响,可以看到ＤＴＴ对ＣＦ０的修饰是需光的,类囊体膜在光下发生的构象变化,使ＣＦ０的二硫键暴露而被ＤＴＴ修饰。ＣＦ０的二硫键较ＣＦ１γ的二硫键更快、更敏感地被ＤＴＴ所修饰。     

乙醇能消除二环己基碳二亚胺对H~ -ATPase复合体的抑制效应

本文发现线粒体H~ -ATPase复合体先用0.5μg/ml的DCCD(二环己基碳二亚胺预保温处理,再经12.5%(V/V)乙醇进一步保温处理,则乙醇可完全消除DCCD引起的H~ -ATPase的抑制效应。若H~ -ATPase用DCCD和乙醇同时预保温处理,则DCCD同样消失其抑制作用。用相同浓度的甲醇代替乙醇,则仅可部分的消除DCCD的抑制作用。用相同浓度的DMSO(二甲基亚砜)代替乙醇,则不能消除DCCD的抑制作用。同样浓度的乙醇保温处理经预先用2μg/ml的寡霉素(Oligomycin)处理的H~ -ATPase,并不对寡霉素的抑制作用发生任何影响。表明此浓度的乙醇并未对H~ -ATPase产生解偶联效应。动力学研究表明乙醇对H~ -ATPase水解活力呈现非竞争抑制行为,推测乙醇可能导致H~ -ATPase中的F_1构象的改变,因而影响酶的活性。DPH标记的荧光偏振度,N-[1-P]M标记的荧光强度和内源荧光强度的测定结果显示,乙醇消除DCCD抑制作用的机理,是由于乙醇和DCCD所引起的构象间的相互作用的结果。     

多粘菌素B对光合磷酸化的促进作用

多粘菌素B在低浓度的磷酸盐存在下,抑制光合磷酸化和电子传递,但在较高浓度的磷酸盐存在下,却能促进光合磷酸化和提高P/O值。多粘菌素B在促进光合磷酸化时与无机磷酸之间存在着类似竞争的关系,并显示出能增加叶绿体的毫秒延迟发光和用中性红表示的类囊体膜内外的pH变化,多粘菌素B亦能促进光下的ATP_P_j交换。根据上述实验结果;我们推测多粘菌素B在类囊体膜上可能有两个作用部位,一个在类囊体膜上,另一个在偶联因子(CF_1)的β亚单位上。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Scales of spatial patterns of distribution of intertidal invertebrates

Few comparative studies of spatial patterns at different scales have examined several species in the same habitat or the same species over a range of habitats. Therefore, variability in patterns among species or among habitats has seldom been documented. This study quantifies spatial patterns of a suite of intertidal snails and a species of barnacle using a range of statistical techniques. Variability in densities was quantified from the scale of adjacent quadrats (over a distance of centimeters) to tens of kilometers. Significant differences in abundances occurred primarily at two spatial scales. Small-scale differences were found at the scales of centimeters or 1–2 m and, for many species on many shores, these accounted for most of the variability in abundances from place to place. These are likely to be determined by behavioural responses to small-scale patches of microhabitat. Large-scale differences in abundance were also found in most species at the scale of hundreds of meters alongshore. These are likely to be due to variation in recruitment (and/or mortality) because of limited dispersal by adults of these species. There was little or no additional variation among shores, separated by tens of kilometers, than was shown among patches of shore separated by hundreds of meters. Identification of the scale(s) at which significant differences in abundance are found focus attention on the processes (and the scales at which these processes operate) that influence patterns of distribution and abundance. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of various procedures are discussed.     

Identification of the site of glycation of human insulin

This study evaluates the nature of glycated human insulin formed following exposure to hyperglycemic conditions in vitro. Glycated insulin was purified by RP-HPLC and its molecular mass (5971.3 Da) determined by plasma desorption mass spectrometry (MS). The difference in mass (163.7 Da) from nonglycated insulin (5807.6 Da) corresponds to a single reduced glucose (glucitol) residue. Following reduction of insulin disulfide bridges, MS confirmed that the B-chain was glycated. Enzymatic digestions with trypsin, endoproteinase Glu-C, and thermolysin, followed by RP-HPLC and identification of fragments by MS, localized glycation to the B-chain (1–5) region. Electrospray tandem MS identified the site of glycation as the B-chain NH₂-terminal Phe¹ residue. This was confirmed by automated Edman degradation with glycated human insulin.