干/祖细胞、造血干/祖细胞及造血干/祖细胞移植

干／祖细胞的研究是当前的热门课题,造血干／祖细胞移植已应用于临床。主要介绍干／祖细胞,造血干／祖细胞的基本概念和造血干／祖细胞移植的大致状况。     

心脏干/祖细胞研究进展

心脏干/祖细胞(cardiac stem or progenitor cells, CSC/CPCs)的发现使人们认识到成体哺乳动物心脏是一个自我更新的器官, 同时也为心脏病的治疗提供一种优越的细胞类型.目前, 已分离鉴定出多种亚群的CSC/CPCs, 并对它们在心脏中赖以生存的生理微环境也有一定的认识.对不同亚群CSC/CPCs的表型、分化潜能及调节它们在体内静息、自我更新、迁移或分化等活动的分子机制进行综述, 讨论CSC/CPCs的来源并简要介绍胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cells, ESCs)向心肌细胞的分化, 并对干细胞在心脏病治疗中的应用进行展望.     

潜在的成体肝干/祖细胞

研究者在50年前提出“成体肝组织内存在肝干细胞”这一假说.肝干/祖细胞研究对干细胞基础研究及其临床治疗研究都有着重要的意义.研究者也已从损伤的人类和啮齿动物的肝组织中分离到激活的肝干/祖细胞,并建立了相应的培养体系.目前的研究表明,肝内存在多个具有干细胞特性的细胞,且它们位于肝内不同的区域.另外,潜在的肝干/祖细胞的分子表达谱也已得到一定的阐述.本文结合肝干/祖细胞的研究,对成体肝干/祖细胞的潜在类型、来源与定位作一回顾.     

血管干/祖细胞的研究进展

血管壁中的干/祖细胞主要有骨髓间充质干细胞、周细胞、内皮祖细胞和平滑肌祖细胞4种,它们具有高度的增殖潜能和分化能力,这些细胞可以固定在某些部位也可以进入外周循环中,在出生后的血管发生和损伤后的血管新生中发挥重要的作用。分别介绍了以上几种祖细胞的来源、分布和生物学特性,以及在心血管病理状况下这些祖细胞所受到的影响,并概述了在病理状况下这些血管干/祖细胞之间在分布上和生物学特性方面的复杂性。最后肯定了血管干/祖细胞的作用,并对未来的研究进行了展望。     

干祖细胞与缺血性心脏病治疗

最近十几年,多种类型的干细胞,包括胚胎干细胞、诱导多能干细胞、骨骼肌干细胞、心脏干细胞和骨髓来源的干祖细胞等,可用于缺血性心脏病诱导的损伤修复和再生医学中,并且逐渐显示出广阔的发展前景。在此本文将介绍几种不同来源的干细胞在治疗缺血性心脏病中的研究概况,为进一步的基础研究和临床试验提供参考。     

大麻素Ⅱ型受体通过激活心脏祖细胞促进小鼠心肌梗死后内源性的心肌再生

大麻素Ⅱ型受体(CB2受体)激活可促进干细胞(如造血干/祖细胞和神经祖细胞)的增殖.心脏祖细胞激活和增殖在心肌梗死(心梗)后心肌内源性再生和修复中发挥重要作用.为了探讨CB2受体激活在促进心梗后心肌内源性再生和修复中的作用及具体机制,将雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为假手术组、心梗组、心梗+AM1241(CB2受体激动剂)组和心梗+AM1241+Wortmannin(PI3K抑制剂)组,通过结扎左冠状动脉前降支建立小鼠心梗模型.利用vevo2100小动物超声观察小鼠左室射血分数和短轴缩短率的变化;马松三色染色观察心梗后心肌纤维化水平;免疫荧光染色观察心梗周边区表达c-kit,Runx1和ki67的阳性细胞数;酶联免疫吸附测定检测血浆中MDA,TNF-α和IL-6的水平;Western blot检测p-Akt,HO-1和Nrf-2蛋白的表达变化.结果表明,与心梗组相比,AM1241干预可提高小鼠心脏左室射血分数和短轴缩短率,同时减轻心肌纤维化的程度.免疫荧光染色结果显示,心梗+AM1241组,c-kit,Runx1和ki67染色的阳性细胞数量明显高于心梗组(P0.05).此外,AM1241还可降低心梗后血浆中MDA,TNF-?和IL-6水平(P0.05).Western blot结果提示,AM1241可明显增加细胞质中p-Akt和HO-1表达(P0.05),同时促进胞核中Nrf-2的表达水平(P0.05).然而,PI3K抑制剂Wortmannin可阻断AM1241的上述作用.以上结果表明,AM1241干预可促进心梗后心肌内源性再生,改善心脏功能和心肌重塑,此作用可能是通过调节PI3K/Akt/Nrf-2信号通路实现的.     

造血干/祖细胞造血记忆机制的研究进展

适应性免疫和固有免疫是相对独立又紧密联系的两种免疫应答。随着2011年"驯化免疫"(trained immunity,TI)这一概念的提出表明固有免疫细胞也具有免疫记忆,传统的适应性免疫才能建立免疫记忆的观点也受到了强有力的挑战。由于成熟的固有免疫细胞通常寿命比较短,而骨髓中造血干/祖细胞(hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells,HSPCs)是所有血细胞的来源,因此HSPCs如何维持固有免疫细胞的长期或短期记忆成为当前免疫学及造血领域研究的热点。近期研究表明,HSPCs也存在类似TI的现象,其机制主要涉及表观遗传修饰、代谢重编程、细胞因子与受体的表达调控等,这种HSPCs的免疫记忆方式被称为"造血记忆"(hematopoietic memory)。该文就近年来调控HSPCs免疫记忆的机制进展进行综述。     

远红外线对造血干/祖细胞生物学特性的影响

目的:了解远红外线对造血细胞增殖和定向分化的影响.方法:应用体外小鼠骨髓细胞培养技术,观察远红外线对拉-单祖细胞(CFU-GM),红系祖细胞(CFU-E)和成纤维细胞(CFU-F)增殖和分化的影响,并且利用免疫荧光纳米粒子(1FNB)检测靶细胞表面分化抗原(CD),进一步评佑远红外线对造血干/祖细胞的影响.结果:远红外线在37℃条件下照射时CFU-E、CFU-F和CFU-GM生成有促进作用,小鼠骨髓细胞表面标记有变化,靶细胞经2min照射后,增殖最旺盛.2min组与其它实验组(1min,5min,10min)数据经统计学处理,具有差异性(P均<0.05).结论:远红外线时小鼠骨髓造血干/祖细胞的增殖具有正调节作用并可诱导细胞表面标志改变.     

c-kit~+心脏干细胞在心脏再生修复中的应用

心血管疾病的流行是一个全球性的现象,在我国,其患病率也不断增长。目前尚无有效的治疗方法以解决心肌细胞损失这一关键问题,而干细胞移植很可能成为新的治疗方法。C-kit+心脏干细胞(cardiac stem/progenitor cell,CSCs)的发现证实了CSCs的存在,并为心脏的再生和修复治疗带来了新的曙光。C-kit+CSCs在心肌梗死、心力衰竭等心脏疾病中的作用得到了多项体内外实验及临床试验的证实,但由于目前尚缺乏直接的充分的证据证明内源性或外源性的c-kit+CSCs可分化为相当数量的成熟的具有功能的心肌细胞,其治疗机制尚存争议,同时,将其应用于临床仍面临多个问题。     

肺干/祖细胞代谢与呼吸系统疾病研究进展

呼吸系统疾病的全球死亡率居高不下,多种疾病至今仍缺乏根治手段.其中,肺癌、哮喘、特发性肺纤维化和慢性阻塞性肺疾病等难治性疾病都与肺干/祖细胞的调节和功能异常密切相关.在呼吸系统中,不同区域分布着不同类型的肺干/祖细胞.肺干/祖细胞具有自我更新、增殖与分化功能,肺部的损伤修复离不开肺干/祖细胞的这些功能.因此,负责肺脏再...     

胶质细胞的神经干细胞/祖细胞特性

近年来,关于胶质细胞有许多令人惊奇的发现。其中最令人感兴趣的是部分胶质细胞在体内外都表现出神经千细胞／祖细胞的特性,在适当条件下能分化成神经元、星形胶质细胞和／或少突胶质细胞。不仅存在于非哺乳类脊椎动物整个生命周期的放射胶质显示出这一特性,存在于成年哺乳动物脑室下区和颗粒下层的星形胶质细胞也是如此。在体外培养中,部分胶质细胞具有形成多潜能神经球的能力。在体内,胶质细胞充当前驱细胞时的命运受到细胞间相互作用、细胞因子、血脉系统、胞外基质以及基膜等所构建的微环境的影响。胶质细胞的这些特性将对神经修复产生深远影响。     

Derivation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) have the capacity to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells (SMC), and endothelial cells and hold great promise in cell therapy against heart disease. Among various methods to isolate CPCs, differentiation of embryonic stem cell (ESC) into CPCs attracts great attention in the field since ESCs can provide unlimited cell source. As a result, numerous strategies have been developed to derive CPCs from ESCs. In this protocol, differentiation and purification of embryonic CPCs from both mouse and human ESCs is described. Due to the difficulty of using cell surface markers to isolate embryonic CPCs, ESCs are engineered with fluorescent reporters activated by CPC-specific cre recombinase expression. Thus, CPCs can be enriched by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). This protocol illustrates procedures to form embryoid bodies (EBs) from ESCs for CPC specification and enrichment. The isolated CPCs can be subsequently cultured for cardiac lineage differentiation and other biological assays. This protocol is optimized for robust and efficient derivation of CPCs from both mouse and human ESCs.     

Cardiac stem/progenitor cells, secreted proteins, and proteomics

Stem cell-based therapy is emerging as a novel approach for myocardial repair over conventional cardiovascular therapies. In addition to embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells from noncardiac sources, there is a small population of resident stem cells in the heart from which new cardiac cells (myocytes, vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells) can be derived and used for cardiac repair in case of heart injury. It has been proposed that the clinical benefit of stem cells may arise from secreted proteins that mediate regeneration in a paracrine/autocrine manner. To be able to track the regulatory pathway on a molecular basis, utilization of proteomics in stem cell research is essential. Proteomics offers a tool that can address questions regarding stem cell response to disease/injury.     

Stem/progenitor cells in liver injury repair and regeneration

Morbidity and mortality from cirrhosis is increasing rapidly in the world. Currently, orthotopic liver transplantation is the only definitive therapeutic option. However, its clinical use is limited, because of poor long‐term graft survival, donor organ shortage and high costs associated with the procedure. Stem cell replacement strategies are therefore being investigated as an attractive alternative approach to liver repair and regeneration. In this review we discuss recent preclinical and clinical investigations that explore the therapeutic potential of stem cells in repair of liver injuries. Several types of stem cells. including embryonic stem cells, haematopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells, can be induced to differentiate into hepatocyte‐like cells by defined culture conditions in vitro. Stem cell transplantation has been shown to significantly improve liver function and increase animal survival in experimentally‐induced liver‐injury models. Moreover, several pilot clinical studies have reported encouraging therapeutic effects in patients treated with stem cells. Although there remain many unresolved issues, the available data support the notion that stem cell technology may lead to the development of effective clinical modalities for human liver diseases.     

Stem/progenitor cells and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome-new insights for clinical applications

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS) is a widespread disorder, characterized by recurrent upper airway obstruction during sleep, mostly as a result of complete or partial pharyngeal obstruction. Due to the occurrence of frequent and regular hypoxic events, patients with OSAS are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, metabolic disorders, occupational errors, motor vehicle accidents and even death. Thus, OSAS has severe consequences and represents a significant economic burden. However, some of the consequences, as well as their costs can be reduced with appropriate detection and treatment. In this context, the recent advances that were made in stem cell biology knowledge and stem cell- based technologies hold a great promise for various medical conditions, including respiratory diseases. However, the investigation of the role of stem cells in OSAS is still recent and rather limited, requiring further studies, both in animal models and humans. The goal of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding both lung resident as well as circulating stem/progenitor cells and discuss existing controversies in the field in order to identify future research directions for clinical applications in OSAS. Also, the paper highlights the requisite for inter-institutional, multi-disciplinary research collaborations in order to achieve breakthrough results in the field.     

干细胞在细胞移植法治疗心肌损伤中的应用

干细胞是指同时具有自我更新和产生分化细胞的增殖性细胞.干细胞具有分化成多种机体组织细胞,包括心肌细胞的潜能.把胚胎干细胞和成熟组织干细胞分化成心肌细胞的体内和体外实验,以及把这些分化出的心肌细胞用于细胞移植来治疗心肌损伤的可能性加以总结.虽然干细胞用于治疗心肌损伤的细胞移植疗法具有广阔的前景,但在临床应用方面仍有很多问题尚待解决.     

Transplants of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improve Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury in the Rat

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) derived from adult bone marrow represent a potentially useful source of cells for cell replacement therapy after nervous tissue damage. They can be expanded in culture and reintroduced into patients as autografts or allografts with unique immunologic properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate (i) survival, migration, differentiation properties of hMSCs transplanted into non-immunosuppressed rats after spinal cord injury (SCI) and (ii) impact of hMSC transplantation on functional recovery. Seven days after SCI, rats received i.v. injection of hMSCs (2×10⁶ in 0.5 mL DMEM) isolated from adult healthy donors. Functional recovery was assessed by Basso–Beattie–Bresnahan (BBB) score weekly for 28 days. Our results showed gradual improvement of locomotor function in transplanted rats with statistically significant differences at 21 and 28 days. Immunocytochemical analysis using human nuclei (NUMA) and BrdU antibodies confirmed survival and migration of hMSCs into the injury site. Transplanted cells were found to infiltrate mainly into the ventrolateral white matter tracts, spreading also to adjacent segments located rostro-caudaly to the injury epicenter. In double-stained preparations, hMSCs were found to differentiate into oligodendrocytes (APC), but not into cells expressing neuronal markers (NeuN). Accumulation of GAP-43 regrowing axons within damaged white matter tracts after transplantation was observed. Our findings indicate that hMSCs may facilitate recovery from spinal cord injury by remyelinating spared white matter tracts and/or by enhancing axonal growth. In addition, low immunogenicity of hMSCs was confirmed by survival of donor cells without immunosuppressive treatment.     

具有维持造血干/祖细胞能力的新型豆类凝集素的分离、纯化及功能鉴定

一种分离自豆类的新型凝集素不仅具有凝集活性,还具有体外长期维持造血干/祖细胞的能力.由眉豆（Dolichos lablab）中分离得到了这种多亚基的凝集素——FRIL（Flt3 receptor-interacting lectin）,并对它进行了核酸和蛋白质序列分析.免疫细胞分析显示,它的受体是CD34⁺造血干/祖细胞所特有的.在培养基中添加这种凝集素可长期维持CD34⁺细胞存活和增殖能力.以Flt3配基（FL）作为对照,在28天的培养时间内,相对于FL,FRIL可维持细胞较高的G0/G1期比例（80%以上G0/G1期）和长期培养中（14天以上）1.5倍以上的集落形成量.可见FRIL通过滞留造血干/祖细胞于G0/G1期而维持它们的自我更新潜能.