Radar observations of the spring migration into northeastern China of the oriental armyworm moth, Mythimna separata, and other insects

Abstract. 1. The spring migration of the oriental armyworm moth, Mythimna separata (Walker), and other insects into northeastern China was observed by radar at a site in central Jilin province. Samples of the migrants were obtained in a net flown from a kite, and M.separata populations in the surrounding region were monitored with a trap network. 2. The radar regularly detected echoes which were of the type characteristic of large insects, and three out of four large insects in the aerial samples were noctuid moths, including one M.separata. Catches of armyworm moths in the regional trap network peaked during the period of radar observations. 3. Migration occurred at night. It commenced with a take-off flight at dusk and generally continued until dawn, with numbers often being highest around midnight. Most migration took place at altitudes below 500 m, with strong layer concentrations forming at 200–400 m during the middle part of some nights. 4. Migration was approximately downwind. The net movement was overwhelmingly to the northeast because southwesterly winds occurred most frequently and were relatively strong, and because migration was more intense and prolonged on these winds. Orientation tended to be to the left of the downwind direction, and was most often to the north or northeast. 5. Migration into northeastern China was accomplished in a series of night-time movements of 100–300 km rather than by a single non-stop flight. 6. The net movement of insects towards the northeast was sufficient to produce the observed regional infestation of M.separata moths. Oviposition by immigrant armyworm moths in vulnerable crops would have been at a level where economically significant damage would be expected from the resulting larval population. 7. Analogous springtime migrations of noctuids leading to temporary colonizations of habitats at higher latitudes occur in other continents. Such colonizations may be unproductive if, as appears possibly the case for northeastern China, prevailing winds later in the season are generally unfavourable for a return migration towards overwintering areas at lower latitudes.     

一日龄饥饿对粘虫成虫卵巢发育和飞行能力的影响

为了明确羽化后0～24 h (1日龄)饥饿处理对迁飞型粘虫Mythimna separata (Walker)生殖系统和飞行系统发育的影响,对1日龄饥饿处理后粘虫的卵巢发育级别、产卵前期、飞行肌和飞行能力进行了系统研究。结果表明, 1日龄饥饿对粘虫成虫卵巢发育级别、产卵前期、中胸背纵肌干重、飞行能力等均有显著的影响。饥饿后成虫卵巢发育级别显著高于对照,产卵前期显著短于对照。成虫中胸背纵肌干重从饥饿后96 h开始下降,至120 h时饥饿粘虫(5.1 mg)显著低于对照(5.86 mg)。成虫飞行能力从饥饿后96 h开始显著低于对照,此时饥饿处理粘虫蛾的飞行距离平均为22.03 km,飞行时间平均为4.07 h,显著低于同时期的对照粘虫的飞行距离(42.3 km)和飞行时间(7.99 h),尽管在饥饿后72 h内差异不显著。实验结果显示,1日龄饥饿可以显著抑制粘虫飞行系统的发育,加速飞行向生殖的转变。     

东北地区粘虫的季节性迁飞行为(英文)

粘虫Mythimna separata是我国农业生产上的重要害虫, 为了明确其季节性迁飞行为参数, 本研究采用垂直监测昆虫雷达（vertical-looking radar, VLR）及相关辅助设备的长期自动观测, 结合基于GIS的大区环流和轨迹模拟, 调查分析了2005年东北地区粘虫季节性迁飞行为。结果表明： 粘虫在不同季节和夜间不同时间空中飞行高度具有明显差异, 空中飞行行为受气象条件尤其是空中风场影响较大; 春季和秋季主要借助气流运载进行大规模长距离迁飞, 夜间持续飞行时间可达9 h, 多数个体能完成整夜飞行, 春季迁飞高度主要在300~600 m, 秋季飞行高度相对较低主要在300 m以下和400~500 m。夏季雷达回波有明显的成层现象, 最高可达1 000 m, 主要集中在500 m和700 m两个高度层。轨迹分析显示： 5月29日由山东潍坊、 临沂等虫源地起飞的黏虫, 顺西南气流越海迁飞, 6月1日在气旋天气影响下, 在吉林省白城等地降落; 7月中旬主要为当地黏虫受对流天气影响进行短距离迁飞扩散; 9月11日虫源来自内蒙古呼伦贝尔, 顺西北气流向吉林省东南方向迁飞。研究结果为东北地区粘虫的有效防控提供了技术支撑。     

Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis of Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) geographic and melanic laboratory populations in China

Genetic diversity within and among three wild-type natural populations and one melanic laboratory population of Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were evaluated using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. Although extensive genetic diversity occurs among individuals from different geographic populations (P = 54.5%, h = 0.209, I = 0.305), the majority of the genetic diversity is within populations and not between populations (G(ST) = 0.172), indicating high gene flow (N(M) = 2.403) and suggesting that M. separata in northern China are a part of a single large metapopulation. Genetic diversity in the natural populations was significantly higher than that in the melanic laboratory population (with P = 43.4% versus P = 25.9%, h = 0.173 versus h = 0.086, and I = 0.251 versus I = 0.127), suggesting that the melanic laboratory population is narrowly genetic-based and genetically uniform. Genetic similarities based on AFLP data were calculated, and cluster analysis was preformed to graphically display groupings between individuals and populations. Individuals from the same region were not grouped together in cluster analysis of three natural populations, whereas melanic individuals from laboratory population were grouped together very well. Four subpopulations were clustered into two broad groups. Melanic laboratory population became a single group, which had apparent differentiation from the other group in which three natural subpopulations were included. These results indicated that although high genetic variability existed among the individuals of natural populations, there was little genetic differentiation among three geographic populations that could be explained by the effects of the long distance migration of the oriental armyworm in China enhanced the level of gene flow. Influences of migration on the genetic polymorphism and differentiations that make a significant contribution to evolution in this insect are reviewed.     

2002年我国华北三代粘虫大发生的虫源分析

华北平原地区三代粘虫的大发生是一小概率事件,对其虫源问题尚无确切回答.应用HYSPLIT 4.8轨迹分析平台对2002年华北平原地区三代粘虫主要迁入峰期进行轨迹回推以确定此次迁入的虫源区,同时对东北地区虫源在迁出期的去向进行了模拟;并运用GrADS气象图形软件对华北地区和东北地区迁飞期天气学背景和风场的时空分布进行了分析.结果表明:2002年华北平原地区大发生的三代粘虫主要虫源来自陕西、山西二省;东北地区虫源对本次华北平原地区的迁入无影响.     

秸秆覆盖条件下紫云英间作油菜的土壤团聚体及有机碳特征

我国西南旱地紫色土区水土流失严重、土层浅薄、土壤有机质下降、保水保土能力差,已成为农业可持续发展的主要限制因素.通过引入冬季绿肥紫云英,研究秸秆覆盖条件下紫云英间作油菜的土壤团聚体及有机碳特征,为该地区改善农田土壤团聚体结构和提高有机碳含量提供可借鉴的途径.结果表明: 间作紫云英增加了油菜根际土壤微团聚体含量,促使其团聚体平均质量直径降低.油菜根际土壤大团聚体含量的变化主要是由10～5 mm和5～2 mm团聚体含量的变化引起,而微团聚体含量的变化主要是由0.25～0.053 mm团聚体含量的变化引起.间作紫云英和秸秆覆盖显著提高了后茬作物玉米季土壤有机碳含量,主要是因为影响了10～20 cm和20～30 cm土层总有机碳的含量.间作紫云英和秸秆覆盖虽然对油菜季总有机碳含量的增加不明显,但对0～10 cm、10～20 cm和20～30 cm土层总有机碳含量的影响却随着油菜生育期的进行逐渐增加,在蕾薹期、开花期和收获期表现出较大差异.可见,间作紫云英改变了油菜根际土壤团聚体特征,秸秆覆盖条件下紫云英间作油菜可提高农田土壤有机碳含量.     

间作紫云英下油菜根际土壤微生物群落功能特征

在我国西南紫色土地区,绿肥应用面临严峻问题.为探索绿肥新的应用途径,本文通过绿肥紫云英与油菜间作,探讨了紫云英对油菜根际土壤微生物功能特征的影响,其创新性在于将绿肥紫云英应用于西南旱地,并为建立新的可持续种植模式提供试验数据.结果表明:间作紫云英降低了油菜根际土壤微生物的碳源利用率,主要表现为降低了对糖类的利用强度;同时,间作紫云英使油菜根际土壤微生物群落的Shannon指数、Simpson指数和丰富度指数分别降低了5.9%、1.8%和19.9%,均匀度指数增加了1.4%.聚类分析和主成分分析表明,单作与间作之间的微生物群落功能特征存在明显差异,导致微生物群落功能差异的特征碳源为糖类、氨基酸类和羧酸类,其中D-葡糖胺酸和1-磷酸葡萄糖是间作紫云英下影响油菜根际微生物群落结构的特征碳源.表明间作紫云英降低了油菜根际土壤微生物群落的功能代谢活性,改变了油菜根际土壤微生物群落结构特征,从而降低了油菜根际微生物多样性.     

Influence of green light illumination on several enzymes involved in energy metabolism in the oriental armyworm,Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata Walker, is an important insect pest in eastern Asia. Green (520 nm) light with an exposure time of >30 min can result in a stronger phototactic response than the wavelengths of other lights in M. separata moths. The present study was mainly focused to estimate the activities of several enzymes (such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HOAD)) involved in the energy metabolism and a ratio of HOAD to GAPDH activity in M. separata moths exposed to the green light for different exposure times. Our results showed that when M. separata moths were exposed to the green light for 30 min, the activities of the two enzymes (GPDH and HOAD) and as well as the ratio of HOAD to GAPDH activity were significantly elevated. The activity of LDH was significantly increased in the moths exposed for 60 min. Furthermore, significant differences in enzyme activities between the male and female moths were recorded in 45 min exposure time group of the GAPDH, all light treatment groups of the LDH, and 45 min group of the ratio of HOAD to GAPDH activity, respectively. We suggest that when M. separata adult moths are exposed to the green light, these enzymes can be activated to produce energy for starting the phototactic behavior to the green light. Our findings may provide a theoretical basis for elucidating a reason of the phototactic behavior of nocturnal moths.     

长期双季稻绿肥轮作对水稻产量及稻田土壤有机质的影响

以中国农业科学院红壤实验站1982年布置的长期定位试验为研究对象,分析了长期双季稻绿肥轮作体系下水稻产量变化趋势、稻田土壤有机质变化特征及土壤活性有机质组成。结果表明,绿肥作物与双季稻轮作种植后,水稻产量显著高于冬闲对照,绿肥作物紫云英、油菜和黑麦草处理年平均水稻产量（1982-2008）分别为10.8 t?hm-2?a-1,10.2 t?hm-2?a-1和10.0 t?hm-2?a-1,较冬闲对照分别提高27.2%,20.5%和18.1%。试验前期（1982-1993）种植绿肥作物各处理之间水稻产量无显著差异,试验开展11年后（1994-2008）种植紫云英处理水稻产量显著高于油菜和黑麦草处理。长期双季稻绿肥轮作土壤有机质随年份显著增加,双季稻紫云英轮作土壤有机质积累速度最快,年增加0.31 g?kg-1,双季稻黑麦草次之,土壤有机质年增加0.28g?kg-1,双季稻油菜轮作土壤有机质年增加0.26g?kg-1。种植绿肥作物紫云英稻田土壤活性有机质显著高于其它处理。种植绿肥作物各处理土壤有机碳、全氮、土壤微生物量碳和土壤微生物量氮含量均显著高于冬闲对照。其中黑麦草和紫云英处理土壤微生物量碳含量及微生物熵显著高于油菜和冬闲对照处理。在湘南红壤丘陵双季稻区,种植绿肥作物对提高水稻产量、增加土壤有机质、提高土壤有机质活性具有重要意义,绿肥选择上以紫云英对水稻产量和稻田土壤培肥综合效果最好。     

漯河地区农田灯下蛾类群落结构和优势蛾生态位分析

为明确农田生境灯下蛾类群落结构和优势蛾的生态位特点,2017-2021年在漯河市郊区农田利用虫情测报灯对蛾类进行了逐日监测分析。结果表明,5年共诱集蛾类昆虫11科121种150 861头,统计得到个体数量（N)、物种丰富度(S)、群落多样性指数(H)、相似性系数(Cs)、生态位宽度（Bi）和生态位重叠(Cij)等相关群落数据参数。3-11月农田灯下蛾类个体数量、物种丰富度和群落多样性指数,均随时间呈先增加后减小的趋势;不同月份间的群落相似性指数差异较大。年度优势蛾为东方黏虫M. separata、棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera和甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua 3种。月度优势蛾共9种,其中亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis和棉铃虫的生态位宽度最大0.4434和0.4002,东方黏虫最小（0.1811）;棉铃虫和甜菜叶螟Hymenia recurvalis与其余8种优势蛾的生态位重叠指数均较大,而东方黏虫和其余优势蛾的生态位重叠指数均较小。研究结果为开展蛾类监测预警和有效防治提供参考数据。     

粘虫飞翔能源物质及其消耗

根据粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)具有远距离迁飞能力的特性,在室内条件下,测试其长时间飞行的能源种类及消耗;试验设6h、12h、24h、36h和48h等5种吊飞处理和不 吊飞对照。结果表明,粘虫飞翔后体重显著下降,体重的减少量与吊测时间、实际飞翔时间及距离呈正相关;粘虫飞翔前后体内脂肪含量差异显著,而蛋白质含量则无明显变化;脂肪含量的下降趋势与虫体重下降一致,脂肪消耗量占体重消耗量的60%以上,说明脂肪是粘虫远距离飞行的主要能源物质。随飞翔时间的增加,脂肪消耗的速率有逐渐减缓趋势：飞行每小时每克体重消耗脂肪雌蛾为23.6→8.9mg/(h·g),雄蛾为11.8→9.2mg/(h.g);飞行每公里每克体重雌蛾消耗脂肪为4.0→1.7mg/(km·g),雄蛾为2.2→1.4mg/(km·g)。     

根系分泌物对紫云英油菜间作的响应

根系分泌物是植物与土壤进行物质交换和信息传递的重要载体,也是间作体系中作物-土壤-微生物互作的重要调控者。为进一步揭示间作体系中作物之间的互作机制,本研究通过紫云英单作、油菜单作和紫云英油菜间作,重点分析了紫云英油菜间作下根系分泌物的响应特征。结果表明: 共检测到紫云英和油菜根系分泌物391种,定性93种,包括了9种代谢物类型,其中有机氧化物含量最高,主要是以核糖醇的形式存在。不同种植模式中,紫云英、油菜的根系分泌物含量差异显著,紫云英油菜间作时根系分泌物特征与油菜单作相似,与紫云英单作差异较大。不同种植模式的差异根系分泌物中,仅9-芴酮1与其他差异分泌物间呈负相关关系。不同种植模式的差异根系分泌物主要为苯系物、脂类和类脂分子、有机酸及其衍生物、有机氧化物等,其中苯系物、脂类和类脂分子是表征紫云英、油菜根系分泌物变化的重要类型。可见,紫云英油菜间作改变了作物的根系分泌物特征,其变化特征与苯系物、脂类和类脂分子关系密切。     

黑化粘虫的形态特征及其遗传模式

本文首次研究报道了黑化粘虫Mythimna separata的形态特征及其遗传模式。所获的结果表明,黑化型与正常型粘虫的外部形态特征差异主要表现在成虫期。与正常型粘虫相比,黑化粘虫的成虫体色几乎全部变黑,正常型成虫所具有的黑色特征在黑化粘虫中已完全看不见,其他的颜色特征也由于黑化而产生了变异。卵、幼虫和蛹的颜色与正常型的没有明显的区别,只是黑化型的蛹在将羽化时的体色比正常型的深。黑化粘虫的遗传遵循孟德尔的隐性遗传规律,由位于常染色体上的单基因控制。这些结果表明,黑化型与正常型粘虫虽然仍属于同一个种,但黑化粘虫已经演变成了不同的基因型。最后,对黑化粘虫产生的原因及其在进化上的适应意义进行了讨论。     

Flight capacity: genetic determination and physiological constraints in a migratory moth Mythimna separata

Abstract. Flight capacity of the oriental armyworn Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was estimated by a new tethered flight technique. Samples of a migrant population showed a substantial proportion of 'long fliers'. Heritability of flight capacity was found to be significant ( h ²= 0.27). Female moths from a line selected for long pre-reproductive period (PRP) showed greater flight capacity than those from a short PRP line. This difference was not apparent among males. Onset of calling behaviour inhibited the expression of flight capacity in females showing a clear 'oogenesis-flight syndrome'. These results are discussed in relation to seasonal migration in eastern China and the mechanisms involved in the migratory strategy of this species.     

温带气旋对一代粘虫迁飞的影响:2015年个例分析

【目的】一代粘虫Mythimna separate(Walker)蛾大多在5月中旬至6月中旬集群外迁,而此时我国温带气旋活动较为频繁,由气旋活动引起的风场条件的变化会对一代粘虫的迁入区分布造成极大影响,因此阐明温带气旋对一代粘虫迁飞过程的影响是预测2代粘虫发生的重要前提。【方法】通过在江苏姜堰、安徽金安和山东宁津设立高空灯监测点,获取三地粘虫空中种群过境动态,结合WRF(Weather Research and Forecast)模式输出的精细风温场资料分析2015年温带气旋对一代粘虫迁飞的影响。【结果】2015年5月东亚反气旋频繁过境,一代粘虫在反气旋影响下多往西南和西北方向迁飞。6月上旬在东北低涡和蒙古气旋的影响下,一代粘虫可迁入东北地区为害。【结论】春夏之交频发的温带气旋是导致我国二代粘虫大范围为害的重要原因。     

飞行对粘虫体内甘油酯积累与咽侧体活性的影响

研究了粘虫Mythimna separata (Walker)成虫飞行对甘油酯的恢复、保幼激素的滴度及飞行肌降解的影响, 结果表明,不同日龄粘虫的飞行活动对其能源物质的积累及保幼激素分泌产生不同的影响。1日龄蛾的飞行对粘虫这两方面产生的影响最大,其飞行个体能源物质的积累明显高于未飞行的对照个体; 3日龄飞行个体的能源物质积累与对照相当; 但5日龄飞行个体则很难达到对照水平。1日龄飞行个体咽侧体活性在36 h后明显高于对照,60 h后已是对照的10倍,108 h达到其峰值; 3日龄飞行个体咽侧体的活性稍高于对照,但差别不显著; 5日龄飞行个体的咽侧体活性则稍低于对照。不同日龄飞行对飞行肌的降解也产生不同的影响。1日龄飞行个体的飞行肌在飞行后6 天已经明显低于对照。3、5日龄的飞行活动对其飞行肌降解的影响不明显。因此推测,粘虫咽侧体活化的关键时期可能在羽化后1～3 天之间。     

粘虫飞行对生殖及寿命的影响

该文报道了粘虫Mythimna separata（Walker）成虫飞行后产卵、交配及寿命的研究结果。1日龄成虫飞行6 h、12 h、18 h、24 h后的产卵前期均显著短于对照的,其中飞行6 h、12 h的比对照的短2天以上,产卵量均比对照的高。对1～5日龄成虫分别飞行23.5 h后的研究结果表明,1日龄飞行的产卵前期和上述结果相一致。2～4日龄飞行的与对照的没有显著差异,但产卵量则随飞行日龄的延迟而逐渐减少。5日龄飞行的产卵前期显著延长,产卵量已不到对照的一半。所有经过飞行的成虫产卵高峰日比对照的早1天。不同日龄成虫飞行时间、距离与成虫产卵量的关系为：1～3日龄飞行时间、距离长的个体产卵量也高;但4～5日龄的成虫飞行时间与距离越长,其产卵量越少,表现出明显的卵子发生飞行拮抗症(oogenesis-flight syndrome)。除了5日龄飞行的成虫交配率有所下降以外,所有经过飞行的成虫产卵历期、交配率及寿命与对照的没有显著差异。最后,根据这些结果,对粘虫迁飞的起飞时期,迁飞在粘虫生殖、种群动态及成灾规律中的作用进行了讨论。     

Starvation influences allatotropin gene expression and juvenile hormone titer in the female adult oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata

The first day of adult life is the sensitive stage for shifting migrants into the resident morphs of the oriental armyworm (OAW), Mythimna separata (Walker). The juvenile hormone (JH) titer, expression of the allatotropin (AT) gene, and their relationship were investigated in adult female migrants starved in the sensitive stage, to understand the underlying mechanism of changing migrants into resident OAWs. Haemolymph JH titers of the starved female adults were mostly elevated earlier than in controls, although not all differences were statistically significant. JH I titers in the starved moths were significantly higher than those in the controls on 1, 2, and 5 days after treatment (DAT), respectively. JH II titers in the starved moths were significantly higher than the controls through the period tested except on 5 DAT. JH II is the most likely regulator in changing migrants into resident morphs. The relative quantities of AT expression in the starved moths were higher through the period tested except on 5 DAT. AT expression and JH titers appear to be positively correlated, especially for those in earlier days of the adult life. We infer that AT is the important regulator of JH levels. A model for the shifting of migrants into resident morphs in the OAW is proposed.     

外源化合物诱导后小麦对麦长管蚜和粘虫的抗虫性研究

喷施外源化合物和昆虫取食均可诱导小麦的防御反应,如挥发物组成发生改变、某些次生物质含量增加或减少,进而影响昆虫和天敌的行为反应。本实验中小麦苗经茉莉酸或几丁质喷施诱导,可显著提高小麦中丁布的含量,但茉莉酸甲酯的诱导作用不明显。喷施茉莉酸及麦长管蚜或粘虫取食诱导小麦,会导致小麦挥发物的种类及含量与对照相比有显著不同,3种处理间小麦的挥发物也存在显著差异。用经茉莉酸处理的麦苗饲养麦长管蚜和粘虫,可显著抑制二者的生长发育速度,使体重减轻,并导致麦长管蚜繁殖力下降。经茉莉酸处理的麦苗的挥发物对粘虫寄生蜂有吸引作用,表明茉莉酸在诱导小麦产生直接抗虫性的同时,还能诱导其释放吸引天敌的挥发性化合物从而产生间接抗性。     

粘虫类钙粘蛋白基因的克隆、序列分析及时空表达

昆虫中肠膜类钙粘蛋白（cadherin-like protein, CLP）是苏云金芽孢杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)毒素的重要受体之一, 与Bt毒素的杀虫作用机制以及昆虫对Bt毒素的抗性等密切相关。本研究应用RT-PCR和RACE技术, 克隆了迁飞性重要害虫粘虫Mythimna separata类钙粘蛋白基因全长cDNA序列（命名为Msclp, GenBank登录号为JF951432）, 全长5 642 bp, 编码1 757个氨基酸, 推导的氨基酸序列具有昆虫类钙粘蛋白的特征结构, 包括1个信号肽、 1个前蛋白区、 12个钙粘蛋白重复、 1个近膜区、 1个跨膜区和1个胞质区。预测的分子量和等电点分别为196.786 kD和4.5。该蛋白与同科的烟夜蛾Helicoverpa assulta、 烟芽夜蛾Heliothis virescens、 棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera及甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua的类钙粘蛋白亲缘关系最近, 氨基酸序列一致性分别为61.77%, 61.66%, 61.26%和58.14%。荧光定量RT-PCR分析表明, 该类钙粘蛋白基因在不同龄期的粘虫幼虫中表达量差异极显著(P<0.01), 其中4龄幼虫相对表达量最高, 但与3龄、 6龄幼虫并没有显著性差异; 1和2龄幼虫表达量最低; 表达部位主要在粘虫中肠, 在中肠以外的虫体其他部位表达量极低。这些结果对于揭示转Bt作物对非靶标、 迁飞性粘虫的杀虫作用机制以及评价其潜在的对Bt毒素抗性机制等奠定了基础。