Inter-annual variability of Potamogeton perfoliatus stands

Yearly differences in the composition and nutrient content of submerged macrophyte stands, mainly of the long-term dominant Potamogeton perfoliatus L. were observed at 10 stations along 83 km route of the Estonian shore of L. Peipsi (total area 3555 km²) in the period of 1999–2002. Changes consisted in the differences in the presence of plants (three stations), replacement of dominant (one station), removal of mud sediment (one station), mass propagation of Lemna trisulca (all stations) in 1999 and of Cladophora glomerata on P. perfoliatus (six stations) in 2000. The amount of C. glomerata on pondweed, similar to the biomass of host plant, decreased in 2001–2002, whereas markedly thick layer of epiphytic microalgae covered P. perfoliatus in 2002. In the samples of P. perfoliatus collected at the stations of the mass propagation of C. glomerata in the next year, 2001, inflorescences were absent. The appearance of an increase in P. perfoliatus stands was probably associated with improving sediment conditions in the period of low water level in the last observation years. A trend of constant increase in the mean molar N/P ratio in the tissues of P. perfoliatus in the study period (from 17.8 to 25.2) was statistically significant (p = 0.003). Classical canonical analysis, used to study two complexes correlated between themselves characteristics of P. perfoliatus and environmental conditions, revealed that plant growth factor (including biomass, tissue N%, P% and N/P) was in strong correlation (p < 0.0001) with water condition factor (including mean temperature in May, sum of temperatures between ice break and sampling, mean water level, N_tot and P_tot of water in June). More important for water condition factor were mean temperature in May and P_tot of water in June. Also the independent significance of water N_tot and P_tot for pondweeds was tested and confirmed by ANOVA analysis.     

Nutrients and phytoplankton in Lake Peipsi during two periods that differed in water level and temperature

Data for the vegetation periods (May–November) of 1985–2003 were used to collate the nutrient content and biomass of the most important phytoplankton groups in Lake Peipsi (Estonia). Two periods differing in external nutrient load and water level were compared by analysis of variance. The years 1985–1988 were characterized by the highest loads of nitrogen and phosphorus, high water level and cool summers. The years 2000–2003 were distinguished by low or medium water levels and warm summers. The first period showed statistically significantly higher values of total nitrogen (N_tot) and a higher N_tot:P_tot mass ratio. The second period showed a higher content of total phosphorus (P_tot), a higher ratio of dissolved inorganic compounds N to P and higher phytoplankton and cyanobacterial biomasses. Comparison between parts of the lake demonstrated that the differences between the two periods were more evident in the shallower and strongly eutrophic parts, Lake Pihkva and Lake Lämmijärv, than in the largest and deepest part, the moderately eutrophic Lake Peipsi s.s. Temperature and water level acted synergistically and evidently influenced phytoplankton via nutrients, promoting internal loading when the water level was low and the temperature high. The effect of water level was stronger in the shallowest part, Lake Pihkva. The difference in P_tot content between the southern and northern parts was twofold; the N_tot:P_tot mass ratio was significantly lower in the southern parts, and phytoplankton biomass (particularly the biomass of cyanobacteria) was significantly higher for Lake Pihkva and Lake Lämmijärv than for Lake Peipsi s.s.     

模拟降雨下喀斯特坡耕地土壤养分输出机制

喀斯特区坡耕地水土及养分流失不仅是该区土地质量退化、土地生产力衰退主要原因,同时也是该区地下水质污染的重要因素。为揭示喀斯特坡耕地地表和地下二元空间结构下的土壤养分流失机制,以喀斯特坡耕地为研究对象,通过模拟其地表微地貌及地下孔(裂)隙构造特征,采用人工模拟降雨试验研究不同雨强下喀斯特坡耕地地表及地下水土及其氮、磷、钾流失特征。结果表明:(1)小雨强(50mm/h)和中雨强下(70mm/h),喀斯特坡耕地坡面产流主要以地下产流为主;大雨强下(90mm/h),地表径流高于地下径流;产沙方式则表现为由小雨的地表和地下产沙并重到中大雨强的地表产沙为主的一个转变过程。(2)在降雨侵蚀过程中,径流各养分输出浓度均表现出一定的初期冲刷效应,受土壤吸附作用影响,雨强对全钾(TK)和全氮(TN)的影响较全磷(TP)明显。(3)地表径流、地表泥沙和总泥沙各养分输出负荷均随雨强增大而增加,坡面径流泥沙总的TK输出负荷以泥沙为主,而TN和TP输出负荷则以径流为主;TP和TN在径流的输出负荷上以地下径流输出为主(其中TP地表负荷比在11.6%—46.2%,TN在7.0%—48.5%之间),而TK则以二者并重(地表负荷比在43.5%—57.0%之间);各养分在泥沙的输出负荷上则均以地表泥沙流失为主,其负荷比均在54.5%以上。研究结果可为喀斯特区坡耕地水土流失及养分流失的源头控制提供基本参数和科学依据。     

Management of Local Stressors Can Improve the Resilience of Marine Canopy Algae to Global Stressors

Coastal systems are increasingly threatened by multiple local anthropogenic and global climatic stressors. With the difficulties in remediating global stressors, management requires alternative approaches that focus on local scales. We used manipulative experiments to test whether reducing local stressors (sediment load and nutrient concentrations) can improve the resilience of foundation species (canopy algae along temperate rocky coastlines) to future projected global climate stressors (high wave exposure, increasing sea surface temperature), which are less amenable to management actions. We focused on Fucoids (Cystoseira barbata) along the north-western Adriatic coast in the Mediterranean Sea because of their ecological relevance, sensitivity to a variety of human impacts, and declared conservation priority. At current levels of sediment and nutrients, C. barbata showed negative responses to the simulated future scenarios of high wave exposure and increased sea surface temperature. However, reducing the sediment load increased the survival of C. barbata recruits by 90.24% at high wave exposure while reducing nutrient concentrations resulted in a 20.14% increase in the survival and enhanced the growth of recruited juveniles at high temperature. We conclude that improving water quality by reducing nutrient concentrations, and particularly the sediment load, would significantly increase the resilience of C. barbata populations to projected increases in climate stressors. Developing and applying appropriate targets for specific local anthropogenic stressors could be an effective management action to halt the severe and ongoing loss of key marine habitats.     

Effect of water table drawdown on peatland nutrient dynamics: implications for climate change

It is anticipated that a lowering of the water table and reduced soil moisture levels in peatlands may increase peat decomposition rates and consequently affect nutrient availability. However, it is not clear if patterns will be consistent across different peatland types or within peatlands given the natural range of ecohydrological conditions within these systems. We examined the effect of persistent drought on peatland nutrient dynamics by quantifying the effects of an experimentally lowered water table position (drained for a 10-year period) on peat KCl-extractable total inorganic nitrogen (ext-TIN), peat KCl-extractable nitrate (ext-NO₃ ^?), and water-extractable ortho-phosphorus (ext-PO₄ ^3?) concentrations and net phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) mineralization and nitrification rates at natural (control) and drained microforms (hummocks, lawns) of a bog and poor fen near Québec City, Canada. Drainage (water table drawdown) decreased net nitrification rates across the landscape and increased ext-NO₃ ^? concentrations, but did not affect net N and P mineralization rates or ext-TIN and ext-PO₄ ^3? concentrations. We suggest that the thick capillary fringe at the drained peatland likely maintained sufficient moisture above the water table to limit the effects of drainage on microbial activity, and a 20 cm lowering of the water table does not appear to have been sufficient to create a clear difference in nutrient dynamics in this peatland landscape. We found some evidence of differences in nutrient concentrations with microforms, where concentrations were greater in lawn than hummock microforms at control sites indicating some translocation of nutrients. In general, the same microtopographic differences were not observed at drained sites. The general spatial patterns in nutrient concentrations did not reflect net mineralization/immobilization rates measured at our control or drained peatlands. Rather, the spatial patterns in nutrient availability may be regulated by differences in vegetation (mainly Sphagnum moss) cover between control and drained sites and possibly differences in hydrologic connection between microforms. Our results suggest that microform distribution and composition within a peatland may be important for determining how peatland nutrient dynamics will respond to water table drawdown in northern peatlands, as some evidence of microtopographic differences in nutrient dynamics was found.     

黄土丘陵区生物结皮坡面产流产沙与其分布格局的关联

生物结皮在黄土丘陵区退耕地广泛发育,并在干扰等因素下形成不同分布格局。为明确生物结皮分布格局对坡面产流产沙的影响,采用模拟降雨试验研究了生物结皮条带状、棋盘状和随机3种分布格局对坡面产流产沙的影响,借助景观生态学方法,计算了生物结皮斑块的分布格局指数,解析了生物结皮分布格局与坡面产流产沙的关联。结果表明,（1）生物结皮分布格局显著影响坡面初始产流时间、径流率和土壤侵蚀速率。相同盖度条件下,生物结皮坡面的随机分布格局较带状和棋盘式分布格局显著降低了坡面径流量和产沙量,其径流率与土壤侵蚀速率分别是带状格局的71.7%、12.9%,是棋盘格局的89.6%、31.8%。（2）坡面径流率与生物结皮斑块最大斑块指数、斑块连结度呈极显著负相关,与分离度呈极显著正相关,与景观分裂指数呈显著正相关。（3）土壤侵蚀速率与生物结皮斑块最大斑块指数、斑块连结度呈显著负相关,与景观分裂指数、分离度呈显著正相关。（4）坡面径流率（Y₁）和土壤侵蚀速率（Y₂）与分离度（SPLIT,Splitting Index）的关系式为：Y₁=1.116+0.017SPLIT,R²：0.957;Y₂=22.767+17.936SPLIT,R²：0.801。（5）以上结果表明分布格局主要是通过影响生物结皮在坡面的分离度进而影响坡面产流产沙,随着生物结皮斑块分离度增大,生物结皮斑块破碎度增大,坡面产流产沙增多。从分布格局的角度解析了生物结皮对产流、产沙的影响,量化了生物结皮坡面径流率与侵蚀率与格局指数之间的关系,为量化认识生物结皮的水土保持功能提供了科学依据。     

不同施肥对雷竹林径流及渗漏水中氮形态流失的影响

雷竹经营过程中化肥的大量施用,是产区水体污染的主要原因之一,养分管理技术可有效控制面源污染。为了探明减量施肥和有机肥施用对雷竹不同氮形态流失的影响,2012年在浙江省临安市雷竹产区设置了4种施肥处理:对照(CK);常规施肥(CF);减量无机(DI);减量有机无机(DOI),试验于5月18日、9月7日、11月9日分别施用肥料总量的40%,30%和30%,施肥后均进行浅翻,深度5 cm左右。通过建立径流场和土壤渗漏水收集装置,同时在试验田附近布置量雨筒,观察2012年不同氮形态浓度及流失负荷随降雨量的动态变化。研究结果表明:不同施肥处理径流水硝态氮、水溶性有机氮(WSON)以及颗粒态氮的浓度分别在3.82-6.82 mg/L、0.89-1.85 mg/L和0.89-1.83 mg/L,其占总氮的百分比分别为60.9%-68.2%、16.0%-18.1%和15.1%-21.6%。不同施肥处理渗漏水中硝态氮、铵态氮及WSON的浓度分别在26.2-92.5 mg/L、0.50-6.42 mg/L和6.57-12.6 mg/L,其占总氮的百分比分别为75.8%-82.9%、1.50%-6.36%和11.2%-20.6%。不同施肥处理径流水的氮总流失负荷,减量无机和减量有机无机相对于常规施肥来说减少了46.9%和23.1%;不同施肥处理的渗漏水的氮总流失负荷,减量无机和减量有机无机相对于常规施肥来说减少了19.1%和52.1%,可见减量施肥和减量有机无机减少氮流失的效果显著。     

滇池流域退耕区植物群落构建对地表径流污染物的削减效应

为探索不同群落的构建在滇池流域的实际应用,以确定削减污染物最优植物群落的配置方式,该研究选取地表径流悬浮物(SS)、COD含量、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝氮(NO_3~--N)六个指标作为主要的分析对象,在滇池流域退耕区开展了不同植物群落配置对地表径流污染物削减效应的试验研究。结果表明:三个植物群落对SS、COD、TN、TP、NO_3~--N在2014年和2015年间均表现出显著性的削减趋势,且三个植物群落对SS、TP和NO_3~--N的削减率均在45%以上,但并未对NH_4~+-N表现出削减效果。不同植物群落对污染物的削减效应存在一定的差异性,但是三个不同群落与年度的交互作用对SS、COD、TN、TP、NO_3~--N五个养分指标的削减并没有表现出显著的差异性。从整体上来看,三种植物群落类型中,以乔-灌-草构建的立体式植物群落对地表径流污染物的削减效果最佳。     

黄土高原典型坝系流域碳氮湿沉降与水体碳氮流失特征

本研究通过对黄土高原坝系流域的碳(C)、氮(N)湿沉降过程、降雨径流过程及其基流过程的动态监测,揭示C、N湿沉降对流域水体碳氮流失的贡献,探讨C、N流失负荷在降雨-径流中的分布,进一步评估黄土高原雨季水体碳氮流失状况。结果表明,研究区域碳、氮湿沉降通量分别为173.95 kg km~(-2)mon~(-1)和43.01 kg km~(-2)mon~(-1),而通过径流的碳、氮流失量为11.52 kg km~(-2)mon~(-1)和2.19 kg km~(-2)mon~(-1)。雨季C、N湿沉降对该地区水体C、N流失的贡献率分别为65.81%和100%,其中流水侵蚀引起的C、N流失贡献率为59.20%和56.16%。黄土高原主要以流水侵蚀为主,C、N主要集中在降雨径流后期,因此截留后期径流可以有效控制养分流失。     

Vertically detailed in situ measurements of gelbstoff: demonstrating the impact of a runoff event

The successful performance of a rapid profiling light absorption instrument in making vertically detailed measurements of gelbstoff (dissolved yellow material) in a mesotrophic water supply reservoir is demonstrated. In situ measurements of gelbstoff spectra (g _λ; m^{? 1}) for the photosynthetically active radiation wavelength (λ) interval (400–700 nm), and values of g ₄₄₀, matched closely values obtained through traditional laboratory spectrophotometric analyses. The advantages of the high vertical resolution capability of the in situ absorption instrument (～10 measurements per meter of depth) was demonstrated through the depiction of the vertical details (subsurface peak about 2.25 m thick) of the enrichment in gelbstoff that occurred following a major runoff event, associated with the entry of inflow(s) as a plunging interflow. Values of g ₄₄₀ increased at the depth of the subsurface peak by nearly 100% as a result of this event. The detailed vertical resolution of gelbstoff is valuable to managers of water supply lakes and reservoirs to support selection of intake depths to avoid delivery of water with high levels of color, and to researchers investigating the origins, fate and transport of this material.     

绿色屋面降雨径流水质及消减污染负荷研究

2011年5月至11月对12场降雨时段的屋面径流和干湿沉降进行采样监测,比较了屋面径流(绿色屋面和沥青屋面)、干湿总沉降和降雨中污染物的浓度和污染负荷,并运用多元统计方法分析了降雨特征对绿色屋面径流水质的影响。结果表明,从径流水质层面上分析,绿色屋面是总悬浮物(TSS)的汇,对p H值有较好的中和作用,对于总磷(TP)、溶解态铜(DCu)和溶解态锌(DZn)是非源非汇,是电导率(EC)、总氮(TN)、氨态氮(NH+4-N)、硝态氮(NO-3-N)、化学需氧量(COD)、5日生化需氧量(BOD5)和溶解态铅(DPb)的源;从污染负荷的角度分析,绿色屋面是NH+4-N、TSS和BOD5的汇,对于TN、DPb、DCu、DZn、TP和COD是非源非汇,是NO-3-N的源;与控制屋面相比,绿色屋面可以消减TSS、TP、BOD5、COD、NH+4-N、DZn和DPb的污染负荷,分别消减了90.53%、49.38%、41.31%、36.48%、35.45%、28.27%和14.20%;但是增加了NO-3-N和TN的污染负荷,分别增加了821.02%和275.48%;绿色屋面径流污染物的浓度与降雨量、降雨历时和降雨强度呈负相关关系,而与降雨间隔呈正相关关系。研究结果为绿色屋面的科学设计及正确评价绿色屋面对径流水质的影响提供依据。     

人工湿地处理农业径流的研究进展

人工湿地（CW）是独特的土壤-植物-微生物-动物系统。按水流方式分为表面流湿地（FWS）和潜流湿地（SFW）。FWS投资低,但占地大,低温地区冬季运行需要独特的考虑。SFW的保温保水效果好,卫生条件较好,但投资高,易堵塞。SFW分为水平潜流湿地（HF）和垂直潜流湿地（VF）。HF床供氧较差,适于去除SS和BOD,但NH3-N的去除较差。VF床供氧好,占地小,适于硝化和去除BOD,但对SS的去除不如HF床,而且构建费高,易堵塞。FWS按系统中的主体植物的不同分为大型自由漂浮植物湿地、大型沉水植物湿地和大型挺水植物湿地。农业径流（AR）由农田排水、灌溉余水、村落污水、畜禽养殖污水和部分雨水径流组成。其污水源具有面广、量大、分散、间歇的峰值和高无机沉淀物负荷的特点。中国大多数农村经济基础薄弱,管理水平不高。农村中的低洼地、低产田和公共用地均可作为生态环境保护用地。农村的污水收集系统欠完善。传统污水处理技术处理AR时难度大、维护管理复杂、投资和运行费高。而CW的耐冲击负荷能力强、投资低、运行费低、维护管理简便,但占地较大。因此CW适合于有地可用的农村的AR的处理。小结了1982年起CW技术在AR处理中的研究和应用。已有研究结合AR的水质、水量规律及农村的特点,进行了CW的设计与工艺改进。对氮、磷、有机物、农药和杀虫剂等污染物的去除效果有较多的研究。关于CW的运行、维护和管理的研究有沉积物积累、水量平衡、去除效果的衡量、植物收割和费用分析。CW的运行效果的衡量应当基于进出水负荷量而非基于进出水浓度。总之CW在AR污染控制中具有良好的应用前景。CW经合理设计和管理后有望实现“零费用运行”或者“盈利性运行”。     

水文过程对缙云山径流盐基离子变化特征的影响

通过选取缙云山针阔混交林(马尾松×四川大头茶)和常绿阔叶林(四川大头茶×四川山矾)内2个标准径流小区,结合野外观测和室内分析研究降雨及径流的化学性质径流盐基离子变化特征,为该地区水环境保护提供依据。结果表明:1)针阔混交林与常绿阔叶林中p H值变化趋势相同均为:地表径流壤中流大气降水。p H与降雨量之间存在显著相关关系。2)在大气降雨-地表径流-壤中流过程中,NH+4的地表径流及壤中流输出总量小于降雨输入量,表明了土壤对NH+4有一定的吸附持留能力。其他盐基离子径流输出量均高于大气降雨的输入量,且主要以壤中流输出为主,元素发生流失。从盐基离子总量来看,径流输出量均增加:针阔混交林(2.86 kg/hm2),常绿阔叶林(2.47 kg/hm2),说明在两种林分内养分均流失。(3)K+、Ca2+、Mg2+和Na+盐基离子输出量与径流量之间存在相关关系,随着径流量的增大径流输出量增加。而NH+4输出量与径流量之间的相关性不明显,说明了NH+4的变化除受径流量的影响外,可能还受微生物、季节等其他因素的影响。     

不同近地表土壤水文条件下雨滴打击对黑土坡面养分流失的影响

目前,土壤水分饱和和壤中流条件下,雨滴打击对养分流失的影响尚不清楚.通过3个近地表土壤水文条件(自由入渗、土壤水分饱和与壤中流)下,土槽上方架设与不架设尼龙纱网模拟降雨对比试验,研究雨滴打击对黑土坡面侵蚀过程及NO3-N、NH4-N与PO4-P随径流和侵蚀泥沙迁移的影响.结果表明,纱网覆盖消除雨滴打击后坡面侵蚀量和泥沙浓度分别减少59.4％-71.6％和57.3％ -73.0％,不同水文条件下减少量的排序为:自由入渗＞壤中流＞土壤水分饱和.消除雨滴打击后养分随径流流失的减少仅在自由入渗条件下体现较明显,该水文条件下NO3-N、NH4-N与PO4-P流失分别减少33.3％、23.1％和40.7％;3种水文条件下,消除雨滴打击均明显减少养分随泥沙的流失,其中自由人渗条件下减少效果最明显,该水文条件下,NO3-N和NH4-N流失分别减少20.9％ -54.9％和25.0％ -62.3％,而PO4-P流失减少在74.6％以上.雨滴打击增大了NO3-N的淋失,但对NH4-N与PO4-P的淋失几乎无影响.消除雨滴打击后,自由人渗条件下养分的等效径流迁移深度减少26.7％-42.6％,而土壤水分饱和与壤中流条件下基本无变化.以上研究结果为有效防治坡面土壤侵蚀和农业非点源污染提供科学理论依据,尤其是在壤中流出现的地方.     

Enterobacteria in feedlot waste and runoff

Samples of beef cattle feedlot waste (FLW), runoff from the pens, and water from a large drainage ditch at the feedlot were examined for Enterobacteriaceae. The drainage ditch receives the runoff but contains primarily subsurface drainage from fields on which FLW is spread for disposal. Planting and enrichment techniques with seven different media were used to isolate 553 cultures of enterobacteria. FLW contains about 50 million enterobacteria/g dry weight. More than 90% of these were Escherichia coli, none of which were enteropathogenic types as determined with multivalent sera. Citrobacter and Enterobacter cloacae were other organisms present in moderate numbers. Application of enrichment techniques broadened the spectrum of enterobacteria isolates to include the four Proteus spp., both Providencia spp., Klebsiella, Enterobacter aerogenes, Arizona, and a single isolate of Salmonella (serological group C₂). Shigella was not isolated. The wide spectrum of enterobacteria in FLW may be a hazard if unsterilized waste is refed. Fewer enterobacteria occurred in the runoff and in the drainage ditch; the most numerous species in FLW also were most numerous at these sites. However, neither Salmonella nor Arizona was isolated from runoff or drainage-ditch waters.     

基于随机森林模型的茹河流域水沙变化及其影响因素研究

水沙关系不协调已成为制约黄河高质量发展的关键问题,揭示径流量与输沙量变化的主要影响因素,对适应生态经济发展条件下的水土流失治理工作具有指导意义。以茹河流域为研究对象,采用M-K检验和Pettitt检验分析茹河流域1989—2019年水沙变化趋势,运用双累积曲线法定量研究了降雨和人类活动对茹河流域径流量、输沙量变化的贡献率,通过随机森林回归分析探索了影响水沙变化的主控因子。结果表明：(1)茹河流域径流量和输沙量峰值对应情况良好,但在2012年之后径流量和输沙量呈现出明显分异,径流量逐渐增加,输沙量平稳减小。(2)茹河流域径流量突变点为1996年和2003年,输沙量突变点为1996年和2004年,影响期的两个阶段中,人类活动对径流量的贡献率分别为95.95%和77.52%,对输沙量的贡献率分别为78.31%和77.91%。(3)显著影响径流量的因子为农作物播种面积、耕地面积、草地面积和人口密度,显著影响输沙量的因子为植被覆盖度、水利环境投资占比、人口密度和工业总产值。(4)农作物播种面积和耕地面积的变化对径流量的影响均呈显著正相关,草地面积和人口密度对径流量响应关系为显著负相关;植被覆盖度...     

The effect of flooding on carbon and nutrient standing stocks of helophyte biomass in rewetted fens

Rewetting can strongly affect the matter balance of peatlands. Owing to evidence of increasing CH₄ emissions and P mobilisation after rewetting, the effects of peatland restoration on climate, eutrophication risks and related controversies are discussed. Our study focuses on the role of helophytes in the carbon and nutrient balance of rewetted fen grasslands of NE Germany. We hypothesise that the helophytes Carex riparia, Glyceria maxima, Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia differ in biomass production and nutrient standing stock according to site conditions and harvest time. We analysed the helophyte biomass three times a year and continuously measured water levels and quality. Biomass production, nutrient standing stock and litter accumulation were highly species specific and depended on nutrient availability, mean water levels and harvesting time. We conclude that helophytes store considerable amounts of carbon and temporarily improve the water quality by withdrawing high amounts of nutrients from the top soil during the growing season, and by reducing nutrient discharges. Restoring peatlands as effective nutrient and carbon sinks in the landscape should favour highly productive potentially peat-forming helophytes as Phragmites australis by establishing adequate water levels. If nutrients are to be removed from the degraded peatland, then management can combine the restoration of helophyte stands by rewetting with harvesting measures.     

Sediment Delivery Ratio of Single Flood Events and the Influencing Factors in a Headwater Basin of the Chinese Loess Plateau

Little is known about the sediment delivery of single flood events although it has been well known that the sediment delivery ratio at the inter-annual time scale is close to 1 in the Chinese Loess Plateau. This study examined the sediment delivery of single flood events and the influencing factors in a headwater basin of the Loess Plateau, where hyperconcentrated flows are dominant. Data observed from plot to subwatershed over the period from 1959 to 1969 were presented. Sediment delivery ratio of a single event (SDR _e) was calculated as the ratio of sediment output from the subwatershed to sediment input into the channel. It was found that SDR _e varies greatly for small events (runoff depth <5 mm or rainfall depth <30 mm) and remains fairly constant (approximately between 1.1 and 1.3) for large events (runoff depth >5 mm or rainfall depth >30 mm). We examined 11 factors of rainfall (rainfall amount, rainfall intensity, rainfall kinetic energy, rainfall erosivity and rainfall duration), flood (area-specific sediment yield, runoff depth, peak flow discharge, peak sediment concentration and flood duration) and antecedent land surface (antecedent precipitation) in relation to SDR _e. Only the peak sediment concentration significantly correlates with SDR _e. Contrary to popular belief, channel scour tends to occur in cases of higher peak sediment concentrations. Because small events also have chances to attain a high sediment concentration, many small events (rainfall depth <20 mm) are characterized by channel scour with an SDR _e larger than 1. Such observations can be related to hyperconcentrated flows, which behave quite differently from normal stream flows. Our finding that large events have a nearly constant SDR _e is useful for sediment yield predictions in the Loess Plateau and other regions where hyperconcentrated flows are well developed.     

沈阳市降雨径流初期冲刷效应

研究探讨城市降雨径流的初期冲刷效应对于城市水环境治理和水污染防治具有重要意义。以沈阳市典型区域为例,对坡顶屋面、平顶屋面和路面3种典型下垫面的降雨径流进行了监测,分析的污染物包括总悬浮颗粒物(TSS)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD)和主要重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn)。利用M(V)曲线和污染物初期冲刷率(MFF₃₀),分析了不同降雨径流事件的初期冲刷强度和发生强冲刷、弱冲刷的概率。结果显示:研究区较易产生初期冲刷现象,约有50%-90%的降雨事件能产生初期冲刷现象。3种下垫面发生初期冲刷的强度依次是:平顶屋面>坡顶屋面>路面。降雨历时和干期长度与初期冲刷效应具有正相关关系,降雨量和降雨强度与初期冲刷先是正相关关系,但当稀释效应大于冲刷效应时,呈现负相关关系。重金属污染物较容易发生初期冲刷现象,而TN易发生强初期冲刷。     

模拟降雨下黄土坡面水沙过程对3种灌草植被垂直结构变化的响应

植被对坡面产流产沙过程的影响随植被类型及其垂直结构组分的变化而变化,然而这些因素如何影响坡面水沙过程却缺乏定量分析。利用野外径流小区和人工模拟降雨试验,研究了黄土丘陵区3种典型灌草（沙棘、柠条、苜蓿）及其不同垂直结构组分（叶、茎、枯落物、根系）对坡面产流和产沙过程的影响。结果表明：3种灌草均具有较好的减流减沙效益,且减沙作用强于减流作用,与裸地相比,灌草植被减少径流量32.49%-44.86%,减少侵蚀量72.99%-80.63%,降低坡面流速29.17%-45.83%。苜蓿的减流效益最佳,为44.86%,柠条的减沙效益最佳,为80.63%。3种植被的减流效益在不同产流时期差异明显,从产流初期到中期和后期逐渐减少,减沙效益在不同产流时期则没有明显变化。植被垂直结构不同组分对于减流减沙效益的相对贡献与其形态特征以及其空间分布方式有着密切的关系。地上部分对于减流效益和减速效益有较大的相对贡献率,平均为75.42%和68.38%,而不同植被茎、叶和枯落物的相对贡献具有一定的差异。根系则发挥较大的减沙作用,平均相对贡献为78.44%。植被垂直结构组分越完整,减流减沙效益越显著。研究对黄土丘陵区水土保持、植被恢复和建设提供重要的科学依据和理论指导。