内源性一氧化氮在内毒素引起的肺动脉高压和肺损伤中的作用

本实验观察了家兔静脉内注入内毒素的主要成分脂多糖(LPS)后平均动脉血压(MAP)、肺动脉压(PAP)及入、出肺血NO含量的变化,并观察了静脉内预注入NO生成抑制剂Nω-硝基-L-精氨酸(L-NNA)及诱生型NO生成抑制剂氨基胍(AG)后PAP和肺损伤的变化.结果观察到:家兔LPS注入后,MAP均明显下降,LPS注入后0.5、1、1.5、2h PAP明显增高(P<0.05).LPS注入后PAP的高峰期(1h)入肺血NO含量明显降低,出肺血NO无明显变化.与对照组相比,LPS注入后3h出肺血NO含量和5h入、出肺血NO含量均明显增多.相关分析表明,兔LPS注入前和LPS注入后1h PAP与入肺血NO含量呈明显的负相关,而LPS注入后 3h和5h两者相关不明显.静脉预注入L-NNA后,LPS处理组的动物PAP明显增高,入、出肺血丙二醛(MDA)含量也明显增高,动物生存率明显降低.肺组织光镜下可见肺萎陷和小血管淤血加重,白细胞明显增加.静脉预注入AG后,LPS处理组的动物MAP在3～5h明显增高,此时PAP无明显改变,但5h时血中MDA含量明显减低,5h时与LPS组相比肺萎陷和小血管淤血减轻,白细胞也明显减少.以上结果提示,内毒素入血后较早期阶段可出现PAP的升高,此时入肺血NO的减少是参与肺动脉压增高(PAH)的机制之一.家兔内毒素进入血后较早期阶段NO对减轻内毒素引起的PAH和肺损伤起重要作用,而较晚的时期当诱生型NO合酶(iNOS)诱生后释放的NO则参与内毒素引起的肺组织炎症反应和肺损伤.     

黄芪皂苷Ⅳ对LPS诱导大鼠心肌损伤的保护作用及机制

目的:研究黄芪皂苷Ⅳ对LPS诱导的大鼠心肌损伤的保护作用及机制.方法:心肌细胞的活力,乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的释放,肌酸激酶(CK)的含量被测量来判断心肌细胞损伤的程度.对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的释放以及Sirt1的蛋白表达进行评估.结果:1,3和10 μM黄芪皂苷Ⅳ可显著降低LPS诱导的心肌细胞LDH,CK和MDA的生成;黄芪皂苷Ⅳ可剂量依赖性地增加SOD的活性,减少TNF-α的释放.黄芪皂苷Ⅳ的干预可剂量依赖性的增加由LPS刺激而引起的乳鼠心肌细胞Sirt1蛋白的表达.结论:结果表明,黄芪皂苷Ⅳ可通过调控氧化应激和Sirt1-TNF-α途径有效发挥对LPS诱导大鼠心肌损伤的保护作用.     

人参皂苷Rb1调节脑微血管NOS/NO改善脑细胞膜通透性

目的:探究人参皂苷Rb1在脂多糖(LPS)诱导的人脑微血管细胞模型中对脑细胞膜通透性的影响。方法:采用噻唑蓝比色法(MTT)及乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放检测不同浓度人参皂苷Rb1对LPS刺激人脑微血管内皮细胞系(HBMEC)存活率的影响;采用EVOM法检测HBMEC细胞通透性;采用Griess法、ELISA法及DAF-FM DA荧光探针分别检测NO、ONOO~-含量及eNOS、iNOS活性;Western blot法检测p-eNOS(ser1177)、iNOS蛋白的表达水平。结果:与正常对照组比较,LPS(5μg/m L)可明显降低HBMEC细胞存活率(P0.01);与LPS组比较,随着人参皂苷Rb1浓度的增加细胞存活率明显升高,且中、高剂量组(40、80μmol/L)具有显著性差异(P0.05、P0.01);LPS导致HBMEC单层细胞电阻值明显降低(P0.01),人参皂苷Rb1高剂量组(80μmol/L)可显著抑制LPS所致的细胞膜通透性升高(P0.05);LPS可明显降低HBMEC细胞NO含量(P0.01)升高ONOO~-含量(P0.05),人参皂苷Rb1中、高剂量组(40、80μmol/L)较LPS组具有显著升高NO含量,降低ONOO~-含量的作用(P0.05);与正常对照组比较,LPS组可明显降低HBMEC细胞磷酸化eNOS (ser1177)蛋白的表达水平,而显著升高iNOS蛋白表达水平(P0.01)。人参皂苷Rb1高剂量组(80μmol/L)较LPS组可显著升高p-eNOS(ser1177)蛋白的表达水平,降低iNOS蛋白的表达水平(P0.05)。结论:人参皂苷Rb1可有效降低iNOS活性,升高eNOS活性继而减少NO水平及ONOO~-含量,显著降低LPS导致的脑细胞膜通透性升高。     

N-乙酰半胱氨酸抗脂多糖诱导的肺动脉损伤的研究

目的 :探讨N 乙酰半胱氨酸 (N acetylcysteine,NAC)减轻脂多糖 (lipopolysaccharide ,LPS)所致的肺损伤及其机制。方法 :应用血管环张力检测技术和扫描电镜方法 ,观察了NAC对LPS引起的肺动脉反应性及肺动脉内皮细胞超微结构变化的影响 ;并测定了肺动脉组织中丙二醛 (malondialhyde ,MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶 (superoxidedismutes ,SOD)及一氧化氮 (nitricoxide,NO)的变化。结果 :LPS(4μg/ml,7h)可降低肺动脉对乙酰胆碱 (ACh)介导的内皮依赖性舒张反应 ,NAC(0 .5mmol/L)可逆转此种反应降低而对正常肺动脉舒缩反应无明显影响 ;NAC可改善LPS引起的肺动脉内皮细胞超微结构损伤并可逆转LPS引起的肺动脉组织中MDA、NO含量增高和SOD活性降低。结论 :NAC可通过抗氧化作用保护肺动脉内皮细胞并增强肺动脉内皮依赖性舒张反应 ,提示此可能是其发挥抗肺动脉压增高从而改善内毒素所致肺损伤的机制之一。     

内毒诱导肺动脉内皮细胞生成过氧亚硝基阴离子的意义

目的：探讨牛肺动脉内皮细胞（BPAEC）产生过氧亚硝基阴离子（ONOO^-）的能力及其作用。方法：用流式细胞免疫荧光技术,定量检测内毒素主要成分脂多糖（LPS）诱导培养的BPAEC中ONOO^-生成标志物硝基酪氨酸（NT）的含量,观察ONOO^-对BPAEC形态变化的影响。结果：LPS可剂量依赖性诱导BPAEC产生ONOO^-明显增多,并为氮基胍部分翻转;ONOO^-可导致BPAEC明显回缩,胞体变小,细胞间隙增宽。结论：LPS诱导BPAEC产生增多的ONOO^-可能参与介导LPS对BPAEC本身的损伤效应。     

五味子乙素对人肝细胞氧化损伤的保护作用

以过氧化氢(H2O2)处理人肝细胞(L02)后分组,分别以五味子乙素(Schizandrin B,Sch B)15、10和5μmol/L浓度保护细胞6 h后测定细胞存活率及培养基上清液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,来考察Sch B对被氧化损伤细胞的保护作用。在H2O2作用下,各组细胞存活率下降,LDH、MDA和AST含量均显著升高,SOD活性显著降低;Sch B处理后LDH、MDA和AST含量均有所降低,SOD活性有所恢复。随着Sch B剂量的增高,这种保护作用表现更加明显。因此,我们认为Sch B可减轻H2O2导致的细胞氧化损伤,能起到一定的保护作用,且该作用呈现一定的剂量依赖性。     

曲古霉素A诱导人膀胱癌细胞周期阻滞和凋亡的研究

目的:探讨组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂曲古霉素A(TSA)对人膀胱癌T24细胞周期和凋亡的影响。方法:以不同剂量TSA(0.1μM,0.3μM和1μM)处理T24细胞。采用MTT法检测细胞存活率,AnnexinV-PI染色检测细胞凋亡,流式细胞仪检测caspase-3活性,Western blot法检测P21蛋白表达。结果:TSA剂量依赖性降低膀胱癌细胞存活率,促进细胞凋亡,表现为AnnexinV阳性细胞明显增多,同时活化的caspase-3水平增高。TSA还可通过诱导膀胱癌细胞周期阻滞于G2/M期抑制细胞生长,且呈剂量依赖性。结论:TSA通过促进caspase-3激活诱导膀胱癌细胞凋亡,同时诱导细胞阻滞于G2/M期。     

唐古特大黄多糖对过氧化氢所致肠上皮细胞损伤的保护作用

目的:观察唐古特大黄多糖(Rheumtanguticum polysaecharide,RTP)对过氧化氢所致正常人肠上皮细胞损伤的保护作用.方法:以过氧化氢(100μmol/L)诱导正常人肠上皮细胞损伤,损伤前用RTP(30,100,300 μg/ml)预处理细胞.采用MTT比色法测定细胞活力并进行形态学观察;吖啶橙染色法及流式细胞术观察细胞凋亡情况,采用分光光度法,用相应试剂盒测定乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性.结果:加入过氧化氢后,细胞活力及SOD活性均降低,而MDA含量、LDH释放量及细胞凋亡数量均增高,与正常组比较具显著性差异(P＜0.05或0.01);以RTP预处理细胞后发现,细胞活力明显增高,且SOD活性增强,同时,MDA水平、LDH活性均降低并可使凋亡细胞数减少.结论:RTP对过氧化氢所致的肠上皮细胞损伤具保护作用,且能抑制细胞凋亡及坏死,表明其具有一定的抗氧化损伤作用.     

L-Arg对LPS诱导的急性肺损伤大鼠肺表面活性物质和肺泡巨噬细胞功能的影响

目的:探讨L-精氨酸(L-Arg)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的急性肺损伤大鼠肺表面活性物质和肺泡巨噬细胞功能的影响。方法:舌下静脉注射脂多糖(LPS)复制肺损伤模型。健康雄性SD大鼠48只,随机分为对照组、模型组(LPS组)和L-Arg治疗组(L-Arg组)(n=16)。分别于给予LPS 3 h或6 h后给予生理盐水(对照组及LPS组,ip)和L-Arg(500 mg/kg ip)(L-Arg治疗组),治疗3 h。原位杂交法(ISH)检测肺组织中肺表面活性蛋白A(SP-A)mRNA的表达;测定肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中的总蛋白(TP)。体外分离培养大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞,以LPS(终浓度10 mg/L)处理巨噬细胞,观察L-Arg对肺泡巨噬细胞的影响。结果:与对照组比较,大鼠肺损伤后SP-A mRNA表达减弱,BALF中TP增多(P<0.01)。肺损伤3 h用L-Arg治疗3 h后,SP-A mRNA阳性细胞表达明显增强,BALF中TP较LPS组相同时间点明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),肺损伤减轻。体外实验中,与正常对照组相比,LPS组细胞培养上清中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、一氧化氮(NO)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNFα-)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)浓度明显增高(P<0.01);L-Arg明显减少LPS所致的LDH的释放,降低TNFα-和IL-6浓度。结论:L-Arg可减轻内毒素性肺损伤,此机制可能与增强SP-AmRNA表达有关;LPS可刺激巨噬细胞分泌促炎因子和NO,L-Arg可抑制LPS对巨噬细胞的作用。     

葡萄糖氧化酶诱导肝细胞氧化应激模型的建立

目的:研究不同浓度葡萄糖氧化酶(GO)对人肝细胞L02氧化应激水平的影响,以确定建立肝细胞氧化应激模型的合适浓度。方法:用不同浓度GO干预L02肝细胞2h,MTT法检测细胞的存活率,流式细胞术检测细胞内活性氧簇(ROS),荧光强度(FI)来表示ROS水平。分光光度法检测检测细胞MDA、GSH,速率法检测细胞培养液LDH、AST和ALT的水平。结果:①随GO浓度增加,肝细胞的存活率逐渐降低,其中75U/L、100U/L和125U/L组存活率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。②随GO浓度增加,MDA含量逐渐增高,其中50U/L、75U/L、100U/L、125U/L组MDA水平较对照组显著增高(P<0.05)。GSH水平随GO浓度增高而逐渐减低,各干预组较对照组均显著降低(P<0.05)。GO各干预组FI均较对照组显著降低(P<0.05)。③各干预组LDH活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),50U/L、75U/L、100U/L、125U/L干预组AST与ALT水平均较对照组显著增高(P<0.05)。结论:GO能引起的肝细胞氧化应激损伤有剂量依赖性,100U/L是建立肝细胞氧化应激的合适浓度。     

过氧亚硝基阴离子通过JAK/STAT信号途径促进系膜细胞纤连蛋白的合成

氧化应激是糖尿病肾病的重要发病机制之一。过氧亚硝基阴离子(peroxynitrite,ONOO–)是参与氧化应激损伤的重要成员,与糖尿病及其并发症密切相关。该文观察高糖环境下ONOO–对系膜细胞合成纤连蛋白(fibronectin,FN)的影响,并探讨其作用机制。实验中,人肾小球系膜细胞分为4组:正常对照组、高糖组、高糖+尿酸组及高糖+AG490组。培养12,24,48 h后收集细胞及其上清液、并提取细胞总蛋白。采用酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)检测细胞上清液中FN的含量,采用免疫细胞化学和Western blot检测NT总蛋白(ONOO–生成的生物标志物)、p-JAK2及p-STAT3蛋白的表达。结果显示,与同期正常组相比,高糖组NT总蛋白、p-JAK2及p-STAT3的表达及FN含量明显增高(P<0.05),并且随着时间的延长表达逐渐增多,以48 h组最为显著;高糖+尿酸组,NT、p-JAK2、p-STAT3及FN较高糖组明显减少(P<0.05);高糖+AG490组,p-JAK2、p-STAT3及FN较高糖组明显减少(P<0.05),但NT表达与高糖组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。由此可见,高糖环境下系膜细胞中存在ONOO–的过量表达,ONOO–通过JAK/STAT信号途径促进系膜细胞FN的合成。     

过氧亚硝基阴离子介导内毒素致肺血管损伤及胆囊收缩素的保护作用

本文探讨过氧亚硝基阴离子（ONOO^-）在内毒素致肺血管损伤中的介导作用和八肽胆囊收缩素（CCK）的保护作用及其机制。结果发现,内毒素主要成分脂多糖（LPS）可诱导大鼠肺组织生成ONOO^-1,ONOO^-能导致肺微血管壁通透性明显增加和肺脏严重病理变化;ONOO^-可引起离体肺动脉反应性异常改变,LPS也可产生类似变化;ONOO^-有较弱的舒血管作用并受到内皮细胞的抑制性调节;LPS诱导培养的牛肺动脉内皮细胞（BPAEC）产生增多的ONOO^-参与介导内皮细胞本身的损伤;CCK能拮抗LPS对BPAEC的损伤效应,此作用由CCK受体介导,并与抑制ONOO^-生成有关。结果提示,清除ONOO^-或减少ONOO^-生成可为防治内毒素引起的急性肺损伤等病理过程提供新对策;CCK是一种有应用前景的细胞保护因子。     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注中nNOS来源的NO对细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注早期nNOS来源的NO对细胞凋亡的影响.方法闭塞大鼠左侧大脑中动脉造成局灶性脑缺血模型,给予选择性nNOS抑制剂-7硝基吲唑,应用原位末端标记法及流式细胞术检测缺血2h再灌注6h细胞凋亡的变化.结果 50mg/kg、25mg/kg剂量的7硝基吲唑可使1、NO含量显著降低.2、NT阳性细胞荧光强度及阳性细胞百分比显著减少.3、TUNEL阳性细胞明显减少.4、细胞凋亡百分率降低,AP峰降低.结论 nNOS来源的NO参与介导脑缺血再灌注早期的细胞凋亡.     

Protective activity of (-)-epicatechin 3-O-gallate against peroxynitrite-mediated renal damage

The protective effect of ( -)-epicatechin 3- O -gallate (ECg) against peroxynitrite (ONOO -)-mediated damage was examined using an animal model and a cell culture system. In rats subjected to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration plus ischemia-reperfusion, the plasma 3-nitrotyrosine level, an indicator of ONOO - production in vivo , was elevated, whereas it declined significantly and dose-dependently after the oral administration of ECg at doses of 10 and 20 μmoles/kg body weight/day for 20 days prior to the process. Moreover, oral administration of ECg significantly enhanced the activities of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, and the antioxidant glutathione, showing enhancement of the biological defense system against the damage induced by ONOO -. In addition, the significant increase in the renal mitochondrial thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance level of LPS and ischemic-reperfused control rats was attenuated in rats given ECg. Furthermore, the elevations in the plasma urea nitrogen and creatinine (Cr) levels and the urinary methylguanidine/Cr ratio induced by the procedure were attenuated markedly after oral administration of ECg, implying amelioration of renal impairment. The addition of ECg (25 or 125 μM) prior to 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1, 800 μM) exposure reduced ONOO - formation and increased the viability of cultured renal epithelial (LLC-PK 1 ) cells in a dose-dependent manner. In particular, ECg inhibited ONOO --mediated apoptotic cell death, which was confirmed by decreases in the DNA fragmentation rate and the presence of apoptotic morphological changes, i.e. small nuclei and nuclear fragmentation. Furthermore, adding ECg before SIN-1 treatment regulated the cell cycle by enhancing G 2 /M phase arrest. This study provides evidence that ECg has protective activity against the renal damage induced by excessive ONOO - in cellular and in vivo systems.     

Protective Activity of (−)-Epicatechin 3- O -gallate against Peroxynitrite-mediated Renal Damage

The protective effect of ( &#109 )-epicatechin 3- O -gallate (ECg) against peroxynitrite (ONOO &#109 )-mediated damage was examined using an animal model and a cell culture system. In rats subjected to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration plus ischemia-reperfusion, the plasma 3-nitrotyrosine level, an indicator of ONOO &#109 production in vivo, was elevated, whereas it declined significantly and dose-dependently after the oral administration of ECg at doses of 10 and 20 &#119 moles/kg body weight/day for 20 days prior to the process. Moreover, oral administration of ECg significantly enhanced the activities of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, and the antioxidant glutathione, showing enhancement of the biological defense system against the damage induced by ONOO &#109 . In addition, the significant increase in the renal mitochondrial thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance level of LPS and ischemic-reperfused control rats was attenuated in rats given ECg. Furthermore, the elevations in the plasma urea nitrogen and creatinine (Cr) levels and the urinary methylguanidine/Cr ratio induced by the procedure were attenuated markedly after oral administration of ECg, implying amelioration of renal impairment. The addition of ECg (25 or 125 &#119 M) prior to 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1, 800 &#119 M) exposure reduced ONOO &#109 formation and increased the viability of cultured renal epithelial (LLC-PK 1 ) cells in a dose-dependent manner. In particular, ECg inhibited ONOO &#109 -mediated apoptotic cell death, which was confirmed by decreases in the DNA fragmentation rate and the presence of apoptotic morphological changes, i.e. small nuclei and nuclear fragmentation. Furthermore, adding ECg before SIN-1 treatment regulated the cell cycle by enhancing G 2 /M phase arrest. This study provides evidence that ECg has protective activity against the renal damage induced by excessive ONOO &#109 in cellular and in vivo systems.     

Endotoxin induces luteal cell apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway

The effect of endotoxin (lipopolysacharide, LPS) exposure on luteal cells was studied using an in vitro cell culture system. Buffalo luteal cells were isolated from corpora lutea of the late luteal phase (days 14-16 post estrus) and exposed to various LPS doses (5, 10 and 100 microg/ml) for different time periods (6, 12, 18 or 24 h). The cultured cells were subsequently evaluated for oxidative stress (super oxide, nitric oxide, inducible nitric oxide synthase activity, reduced glutathione depletion and lipid peroxidation) and apoptotic markers (mitochondrial membrane potential, DNA fragmentation, apoptotic cells and cell viability). LPS exposure significantly increased the production of super oxide (P<0.05) and nitric oxide (P<0.01) and increased inducible nitric oxide synthase activity (P<0.01). LPS exposure further depleted reduced glutathione (P<0.05) levels and induced lipid peroxidation (P<0.05). LPS exposure also induced the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (P<0.05), increased DNA fragmentation (P<0.01) and apoptosis (P<0.01) and decreased cell viability (P<0.01). LPS mediated apoptotic pathway in luteal cells was further characterized using a selected LPS dose (10 microg/ml). It was observed that LPS exposure induced mitochondrial translocation of proapoptotic protein Bax, increased the total Bad expression and down regulated the expression of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl2 and BclXL. LPS exposure further induced cytochrome c release and increased Caspase-9 (P<0.01) and Caspase-3 (P<0.01) activities. LPS exposure also inhibited luteal progesterone secretion (P<0.01). It was evident that the LPS mediated apoptotic effects could be prevented by the coincubation of luteal cells with mitochondrial permeability transition pore blocker Cyclosporine A, inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine and oxidative stress scavenger N-acetyl cysteine. Our study clearly indicates that LPS induces oxidative stress mediated apoptosis in luteal cells through the mitochondrial pathway.     

葛根素减轻部分由过氧亚硝基阴离子导致的糖尿病大鼠晶状体上皮细胞凋亡

本研究观察葛根素是否减轻部分由过氧亚硝基阴离子（peroxynitrite,ONOO^-）导致的糖尿病大鼠晶状体上皮细胞（lens epithelium cell,LEC）凋亡。采用大鼠腹腔注射链脲佐菌素（streptozotocin,STZ）的方法建立糖尿病动物模型。36只大鼠作为对照组,腹腔注射生理盐水;其他72只大鼠腹腔注射STZ（45mg/kg）后分为STZ组和STZ＋葛根素组,每组36只。STZ注射3d后,STZ＋葛根素组大鼠每天腹腔注射葛根素（140mg／kg）。于实验开始后第20、40和60天用裂隙灯检查晶状体的形态学变化后处死动物。用流式细胞仪检测LEC凋亡,用免疫组化方法检测晶状体中ONOO^-的标志物——硝基酪氨酸（nitrotyrosine,NT）的表达,用基因芯片分析技术检测LEC凋亡相关基因iNOS等的表达。结果发现,对照组大鼠晶状体均透明,各项指标基本正常;STZ组大鼠第20天时即出现晶状体混浊,40-60d期间混浊不断加重;STZ＋葛根素组大鼠20-40d时晶状体混浊呈加重趋势,但40-60d以后明显减轻。对照组LEC轻度凋亡,而STZ组凋亡细胞呈持续性增长,STZ＋葛根素组大鼠20-40d时细胞凋亡呈增长趋势,但40-60d以后明显下降。对照组大鼠晶状体NT未见明显表达;STZ组大鼠NT表达明显加强;STZ＋葛根素组大鼠20-40d时NT表达呈增长趋势,但40-60d以后明显下降。对照组凋亡相关基因未见明显变化,STZ组凋亡相关基因iNOS表达明显上调。其他凋亡相关基因如BCL-2、SOD表达明显下调,但NF-κB和TNFR1-FADD-caspase信号转导途径明显上调;STZ＋葛根素组凋亡相关基因表达则呈相反改变。上述结果表明,在糖尿病大鼠晶状体中有ONOO^-的标志物NT表达,证明糖尿病大鼠LEC凋亡部分由ONOO^-诱导,这可能是氧化损伤导致白内障形成的新途径。葛根素能够部分逆转ONOO^-对LEC的致凋亡作用,提示葛根素可能是治疗糖尿病性白内障的有效药物,其治疗机制可能与葛根素直接抑制凋亡和对抗ONOO^-对糖尿病大鼠LEC的损伤有关。     

脂多糖对离体培养大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖的影响

本研究观察到１０－７～１０－５ｋｇ／Ｌ脂多糖（ｌｉｐｏｐｏｌｙｓａｃｈａｒｉｄｅ,ＬＰＳ）可显著促进血管平滑肌细胞（ＶＳＭＣ）的增殖及ＤＮＡ的合成（Ｐ＜００５）。５×１０－４～１０－３ｋｇ／ＬＬＰＳ却抑制ＶＳＭＣ的增殖及ＤＮＡ的合成,降低其活力（Ｐ＜００１）,并呈时间依赖效应。一氧化氮合酶抑制剂ＮＮｉｔｒｏＬＡｒｇｉｎｉｎｅ（ＬＮＮＡ）可拮抗ＬＰＳ的抑制作用。大剂量ＬＰＳ作用组ＶＳＭＣ上清液中一氧化氮（ＮＯ）代谢产物ＮＯ－３和ＮＯ－２的含量与对照组相比显著增加（Ｐ＜００１）,４８ｈ组比２４ｈ组增加９１％,７２ｈ组比４８ｈ组增加４５％;同时,诱导性一氧化氮合酶（ｉｎｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｎｉｔｒｉｃｏｘｉｄｅｓｙｎｔｈａｓｅ,ｉＮＯＳ）免疫组化染色呈阳性。结果表明,低浓度ＬＰＳ促进ＶＳＭＣ增殖和ＤＮＡ合成,而高浓度ＬＰＳ却明显抑制ＶＳＭＣ增殖和ＤＮＡ合成,降低其活力。这种抑制作用可能与ＬＰＳ诱导ＶＳＭＣ产生的ＮＯ有关。     

Phospholipids modulate superoxide and nitric oxide production by lipopolysaccharide and phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate-activated microglia

Microglial activation and inflammatory processes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of neurodegenerative disorders. Recently, peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)), the reaction product of superoxide (O(2)(-)) and nitric oxide (NO) both of which can be generated by activated microglia, has been demonstrated to act as a major mediator in the neurotoxicity induced by activated microglia. On the other hand, phospholipids such as phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) have been reported to modulate the immune function of phagocytes. We therefore evaluated the effects of liposomes which comprise both PS and PC (PS/PC liposomes) or PC only (PC liposomes) regarding the production of both O(2)(-) and NO by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-activated microglia using electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trap technique with a DEPMPO and Griess reaction, respectively. Pretreatment with PS/PC liposomes or PC liposomes considerably inhibited the signal intensity of O(2)(-) adduct associated with LPS/PMA-activated microglia in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, pretreatment with PS/PC liposomes also significantly reduced LPS/PMA-induced microglial NO production. In contrast, pretreatment with PC liposomes had no effect on the NO production. These results indicate that PS/PC liposomes can inhibit the microglial production of both NO and O(2)(-), and thus presumably prevent a subsequent formation of ONOO(-). Therefore, PS/PC liposomes appear to have both neuroprotective and anti-oxidative properties through the inhibition of microglial activation.